Termodinamika-Zbirka (Ciganovic)

zbirka zadataka iz termodinamike strana 1
KVAZISTATI^KE (RAVNOTE@NE)
PROMENE STAWA IDEALNIH GASOVA
2/2/ Vazduh (idealan gas), 2)q2>3!cbs-!w2>1/5416!n40lh*!kvazistati~ki (ravnote`no) mewa stawe do

3)q3>7!cbs-!w3>w2!*/ Odrediti:
a) temperaturu vazduha u karakteristi~nim ta~kama procesa
b) razmewenu toplotu )r23* i zapreminski rad )x23*
c) promenu unutra{we energije )∆v*- entalpije )∆i* i entropije )∆t* vazduha
d) skicirati proces na qw!i!Ut dijagramu
a)
q2 ⋅ w 2 3 ⋅ 21 6 ⋅ 1/5416 q3 ⋅ w 3 7 ⋅ 21 6 ⋅ 1/5416
U2 = > >411!L- U3 = > >:11!L
Sh 398 Sh 398
b)
lK
r23 = d w ⋅ (U3 − U2 ) > 1/83 ⋅ (:11 − 411) >!543!
lh
lK
x23!>!1!
lh
c)
lK
∆v23 = d w ⋅ (U3 − U2 ) > 1/83 ⋅ (:11 − 411) >!543!
lh
lK
∆i23 = d q ⋅ (U3 − U2 ) > 2/11 ⋅ (:11 − 411) >!711!
lh
q3 w3 7 lK
! ∆t23 = g (q- w ) = d w mo − d q mo > 1/83 ⋅ mo >1/8:2!
q2 w2 3 lhL
d)
q U
3 3
2
2
w t
dipl.ing. @eqko Ciganovi} {fmlp@fvofu/zv

2/3/ Dva kilograma kiseonika (idealan gas) po~etnog stawa 2)q>2!cbs-!U>484!L*- usled interakcije sa
toplotnim ponorom stalne temperature, mewa svoje toplotno stawe kvazistati~ki (ravnote`no)
politropski )o>1/9* do stawa 3)!w3> 1/6 ⋅ w 2 */ Skicirati proces u qw!i!Ut koordinatnom sistemu i
odrediti:
a) mehani~ke veli~ine stawa kiseonika )q-!w-!U* u karakteristi~nim ta~kama
b) koli~inu toplote )lK* koju radno telo preda toplotnom ponoru kao i zapreminski rad koji pri tom
izvr{i nad radni telom )lK*
c) promenu entropije izolovanog termodinami~kog sistema u najpovoqnijem slu~aju
q U
3 2
o>1/9 o>1/9
UUQ
2 3
w t
a)
S h U2 371 ⋅ 484 n4 n4
w2 = = >1/:7:9! - w 3 = 1/6 ⋅ 1/:7:9 >1/595:!
q2 2 ⋅ 21 6 lh lh
o o
q2  w 3  w 
=  ⇒ q 3 = q2 ⋅  2  = 2 ⋅ 21 6 ⋅ 3 1/9 > 2/85 ⋅ 21 6 Qb
q 3  w 2   w3 
q 3 ⋅ w 3 2/85 ⋅ 21 6 ⋅ 1/595:
U3 = = >435/62!L
Sh 371
b)
o−κ 1/9 − 2/5 lK
r23 = d w ⋅ ⋅ (U3 − U2 ) > 1/76 ⋅ ⋅ (435/62 − 484) >−:5/66!
o −2 1/9 − 2 lh
R 23 = n ⋅ r23 = 3 ⋅ (− :5/66) >−29:/2!lK
2 2 lK
x23!>! S h ⋅ ⋅ (U2 − U3 ) > 1/37 ⋅ ⋅ (484 − 435/62) >!−74/15!
o −2 1/9 − 2 lh
X23 = n ⋅ x 23 = 3 ⋅ (− 74/15 ) >237/19!lK

c)
lK
∆Ttjtufn!>!∆Tsbeop!ufmp!,!∆Tupqmpuoj!qpops!>!///!>!−1/65!,!1/69!>!1/15!
L
 U q 
∆Tsbeop!ufmp!>!∆T23!> n ⋅  d q mo 3 − S h mo 3  >! !
 U2 q2 
 435/62 2/85  lK
> 3 ⋅  1/:2 ⋅ mo − 1/37 ⋅ mo  >−1/65!
 484 2  L
R 23 −29:/2 lK
∆Tupqmpuoj!qpops!>!−! >!−! >1/69!
UUQ 435/62 L
2/4/ Kiseonik (idealan gas) n>21!lh, mewa stawe kvazistati~ki izobarski i pri tom se zagreva od
temperature U2>411!L!do!U3>:11!L. Kiseonik dobija toplotu od dva toplotna izvora stalnih
temperatura. Odrediti:
a) promenu entropije izolovanog termodinami~kog sistema ako su temperature toplotnih izvora
UUJ2>711!L!i UUJ3>:11
b) temperaturu toplotnog izvora 2!)UUJ2* tako da promena entropije sistema bude minimalna kao i
minimalnu promenu entropije sitema u tom slu~aju
3
UJ3
B
UJ2
b*
lK
∆Ttjtufn!>!∆TSU!,!∆TUJ2!,!∆TUJ2!>!///!>!21!−!5/66!−!4/14!>!3/53!
L
 U q  :11 lK
∆TSU!>! n ⋅  d qmo 3 − S hmo 3  > 21 ⋅ 1/:2 ⋅ mo >21
 U2 q2  411 L
R 2B 3841 lK
∆TUJ2!>!!−! >///>!−! >−!5/66!
UUJ2 711 L
R B3 3841 lK
∆TUJ3!>!!−! >///>!−! >−!4/14!
UUJ3 :11 L

lK
r2B = d q ⋅ (UB − U2 ) > 1/:2 ⋅ (711 − 411) >384!
lh
R 2B = n ⋅ r2B = 21 ⋅ 384 >3841!lK
lK
r B3 = d q ⋅ (U3 − UB ) > 1/:2 ⋅ (:11 − 711) >384!
lh
R B3 = n ⋅ r B3 = 21 ⋅ 384 >3841!lK
b)
 U q dq (UB − U2 ) dq (U3 − UB ) 
∆Ttjtufn>!g!)!UB!*> n ⋅ dqmo 3 − Shmo 3 − − 
 U2 q 2 UB U3 
∂)∆T tjtufn * U 2 
= −n ⋅ d q  23 −
∂)UB *  
 UB U3 
∂)∆Ttjtufn * U2 2
=1 ⇔ − =1 ⇒
∂)UB * 3
UB U3
UB = U2⋅U3 > :11 ⋅ 411 >62:/72!L
Pri temperaturi toplotnog izvora UB>!62:/72!L!promena entropije sistema ima minimalnu

vrednost i ona iznosi:
 U q d q (62:/72 − U2 ) d q (U3 − 62:/72) 

∆Tnjo> n ⋅ d qmo 3 − S hmo 3 + + 
 U2 q2 62:/72 U3 
 :11 1/:2 ⋅ (62:/72 − 411) 1/:2 ⋅ (:11 − 62:/72)  lK
∆Tnjo> 21 ⋅ 1/:2 ⋅ mo + +  >28/7: L
 411 62:/72 :11 

2/5/!Tokom kvazistati~ke (ravnote`ne) politropske ekspanzije n>3!lh idealnog gasa, do tri puta ve}e
zapremine od po~etne, temperatura gasa opadne sa U2>!711!L!na!U3>444!L i izvr{i se zapreminski rad
211!lK. Da bi se proces obavio na opisani na~in, radnom telu se dovodi 31!lK toplote. Skicirati promene
stawa idealnog gasa na qw!i!Ut dijagramu i odredite specifi~ne toplotne kapacitete pri stalnom
pritisku (dq*! i pri stalnoj zapremini!)dw*!datog gasa.
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces od 1 do 2
R23!>!∆V23!,!X23 ⇒ R23!>!n!/!dw!/!)!U3!−!U2!*!,!X23
R 23 − X23 31 − 211 lK
dw = !> >!1/261!
n ⋅ (U3 − U2 ) 3 ⋅ (444 − 711) lhL
U2 711
o −2 mo mo
U2  w 3  U3 444
=  ⇒ o= +2= + 2 >2/646
U3  w2  w3 mo 4
mo
w2
2 X23 ⋅ (o − 2)
X23>!n!/!x23!>! n ⋅ S h ⋅ ⋅ (U3 − U2 ) ⇒ Sh = =
o −2 n ⋅ (U3 − U2 )
− 211 ⋅ (2/646 − 2) lK lK
Sh!>! = 1/211! ⇒ dq!>!dw!,!Sh!>!1/361!
3 ⋅ (444 − 711) lhL lhL
!q !U
!2 !2
o>2/646 o>2/646
!3 !3
!w !t

2/6/!Dvoatomni idealan gas )o>3!lnpm* ekspandira kvazistati~ki adijabatski od U2>711!L!do!U3>411!L a

zatim se od wega izobarski odvodi toplota dok mu temperatura ne dostigne U4>361!L. Odrediti koliko se
zapreminskog rada dobije za vreme ekspazije )lK* i kolika se toplota odvede od gasa za vreme izobarskog
hla|ewa )lK*/
X23 = n ⋅ x 23 = n ⋅ d w (U2 − U3 ) = o ⋅ )Nd w * ⋅ (U3 − U2 )
X23 = 3 ⋅ 31/9 ⋅ (411 − 711) >−23591!lK
R 34 = n ⋅ r34 = n ⋅ dq (U4 − U3 ) = o ⋅ )Ndq * ⋅ (U4 − U3 )
R 34 = 3 ⋅ 3:/2 ⋅ (361 − 411) >!−3:21!lK
2/7/!Termodinami~ki sistem ~ine 21!lh kiseonika (idealan gas) kao radna materija i okolina stalne
temperature Up>1pD kao toplotni ponor. Kiseonik mewa svoje stawe od 2)q>2!NQb-!U>561pD* do 3)q>2
NQb-!U>38pD* na povratan na~in (povratnim promenama stawa).Skicirati promene stawa idealnog gasa u
Ut koordinatnom sistemu i odrediti razmewenu toplotu izvr{eni zapreminski rad.
U !2
!3
Up
!C !B
!t
drugi zakon termodinamike za proces 1−2:
∆Ttjtufn!>!∆Tsbeop!ufmp!,!∆Tplpmjob ⇒ ∆Tsbeop!ufmp!>!−∆Tplpmjob!
 U q  R  U3 q 
n ⋅  d qmo 3 − S hmo 3  = ! 23 ⇒ R23!>Up/! n ⋅  dqmo − Shmo 3 
 U2 q2  UP  U2 q2 
411
R23!>!384! ⋅ 21 ⋅ 1/:2 ⋅ mo >!−!3296/37!lK
834

prvi zakon termodinamike za proces 1−2
R23!>!∆V23!,!X23! ⇒ X23!>!R23!−!n!/!dw!/)U3!.U2*
X23!>! −3296/37 − 21 ⋅ 1/76 ⋅ (411 − 834 ) >676/35!lK
2/8/ Sedam kilograma azota (idealan gas) mewa svoje stawe, na povratan na~in, od stawa 2)q>6!cbs-!u>2pD*
do stawa 3, pri ~emu se dobija zapreminski rad X>2257!lK. Od okoline (toplotnog izvora) stalne
temperature Up>32pD, azotu se dovodi R>2511!lK toplote. Odrediti temperaturu i pritisak radne
materije (azot) na kraju procesa i skicirati promene stawa radnog tela na U−t dijagramu
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces od 1 do 2

R 23 − X23
R23!>!∆V23!,!X23 ⇒ U3 = U2 +
n ⋅ dw
2511 − 2257
U3 = 385 + >!434/14!L
8 ⋅ 1/85
drugi zakon termodinamike za proces od 1 do 2

 U q  R
∆Ttj!>!∆Tsu!,!∆Tp ⇒! 1!>! n ⋅  dqmo 3 − Shmo 3  − 23
 U2 q2  UP
 2  R 23 U3 
q 3 = q2 ⋅ fyq −  =
 n ⋅ U + d q mo U 
 S h  P 2 
 2  2511 434/19 
q 3 = 6 ⋅ 21 6 ⋅ fyq − + 2/15 ⋅ mo  = !1/:!cbs
 1/3:8  8 ⋅ 3:5 385 
!3
!B
!Up
!C
!2

zadaci za ve`bawe: )2/9/!−!2/21/*
2/9/ 3 mola troatomnog idealnog gasa stawa )q>:!cbs-!U>484!L*!kvazistati~ki (ravnote`no) politropski

ekspandira do stawa )w3>5/!w2-!q>2/:!cbs*/!Skicirati proces na qw!j!Ut dijagramu i odrediti:
a) eksponent politrope, o
b) promene unutra{nje energije )lK*- entalipje )lK* i entropije radnog tela )lK0L*
c) koli~inu toplote koja se preda radnom telu )lK*-!u ovom procesu
a) o>2/23
b) ∆V23>.6!lK-!∆I23>.7/5!lK-!∆T23>31/23!K0L
c) R23!>!7/75!LK
2/:/ Idealan gas (helijum) mase n>3/6!lh izobarski (ravnote`no) mewa svoje toplotno stawe pri ~emu
mu se entropija smawi za 7/6!lK0L. Po~etna temperatura gasa iznosi 311pD. Temperatura toplotnog
rezervoara koji u~estvuje u ovom procesu je konstantna i jednaka je ili po~etnoj ili krajwoj
temperaturi radnog tela. Odrediti promenu entropije toplotnog rezervoara.
∆TUS!>9/54!lK0L
2/21/ Termodinami~ki sistem ~ine 4!lh vazduha (idealan gas) kao radna materija i okolina stalne
temperature Up>36pD kao toplotni ponor. Radna materija mewa svoje toplotno stawe od stawa 2)q>1/2
NQb-!u>61pD* do stawa 3)u>6pD* na povratan na~in (povratnim promenama stawa). Pri tome se okolini
predaje 661!lK toplote. Odrediti:
a) pritisak radne materije na kraju procesa
b) utro{eni zapreminski rad )lK* u procesu 1−2
c) skicirati promene stawa radnog tela na Ut dijagramu
a) q3>6/16!cbs
b) X23>−!563/9!LK

2/22/ Idealan gas )n>2!lh* mewa svoje toplotno stawe od 2)q>:!cbs-!w>1/2!n40lh*!do 3)q>2!cbs*/ Prvi put
promena se obavwa kvazistati~ki po liniji 2B3 (vidi sliku) pri ~emu je zavisnost pritiska od zapremine
linearna. Drugi put promena se obavqa kvazistati~ki linijom 2C3 po zakonu qw3>dpotu, pri ~emu se
radnom telu dovodi 31!lK!toplote. Odrediti:
a) dobijeni zapreminski rad )X23* du` promena 2B3!i!2C3
b) koli~inu toplote )R23* dovedenu gasu du` promena 2B3
q
2
w
a)
3 3
q  : n4
w 3 = w 2 ⋅  2  = 1/2 ⋅   >!1/4!
 q3   2 lh
w3
∫
q2 + q 3
)X23 * B = n ⋅ q)w*ew = n ⋅ ⋅ (w 3 − w 2 )
3
w2
: ⋅ 21 6 + 2 ⋅ 21 6
)X23 * B = 2 ⋅ ⋅ )1/4 − 1/2* >211!/214!lK
3
w3
∫ ∫
w3  2 2 
)X23 *C = n ⋅ q)w*ew =n ⋅ L ⋅ w −3 ew = −n ⋅ L ⋅ w −2 = −n ⋅ L ⋅  − 
w2 w
 3 w 2
w2
 2 2 
)X23 *C = −2 ⋅ : ⋅ 21 4 ⋅  −  >71!/214!lK
 1/4 1/2 
K ⋅ n4
napomena:! L = q2 ⋅ w 23 = : ⋅ 21 6 ⋅ 1/23 >:!/214!!
lh3

b)
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces 2C3: )R 23 *C = ∆V23 + )X23 *C !!!!!)2*
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces 2B3:! )R 23 * B = ∆V23 + )X23 * B !!!!!)3*
oduzimawem prethodne dve jedna~ine )2* i )3*!!dobija se:
)R23 * B = )X23 * B − )X23 *C , )R 23 *C >211!−!71!,!31!>!71!lK
2/23/ Jedan kilogram vazduha (idealan gas) stawa 2)q>25!cbs-!U>434!L* kvazistati~ki ekspandira do
stawa 2. Tokom ekspanzije zavisnost pritiska od zapremine je linearna. U toku procesa vazduhu se dovede
R23>216!lK toplote i pri tom se dobije X23>211!lK zapreminskog rada. Odrediti temperaturu i pritisak
vazduha stawa 2.
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces 2−3:! R 23 = ∆V23 + X23

R 23 − X23 216 − 211
R 23 = n ⋅ d w )U3 − U2 * + X23 U3 = U2 + = 434 + >441!L
n ⋅ dw 2 ⋅ 1/83
w2
∫
q2 + q 3 q + q3 U U 
X23 = n ⋅ q)w*ew = n ⋅ ⋅ (w 3 − w 2 ) = n ⋅ 2 ⋅ Sh ⋅  3 − 2 
3 3  q 3 q2 
w3
 X 
n ⋅ S h ⋅ U2 ⋅ q 33 + )3 ⋅ 23 ⋅ q2 + S h ⋅ U2 ⋅ q2 − S h ⋅ U3 ⋅ q2 * ⋅ q 3 − S h ⋅ U3 ⋅ q2 ⋅ q2  = 1
 n 
b ⋅ q 33 + c ⋅ q 3 + d >1
b> 2 ⋅ 398 ⋅ 434 >:3812

 211 ⋅ 21 4 
c> 2 ⋅  3 ⋅ ⋅ 25 ⋅ 21 6 + 398 ⋅ 434 ⋅ 25 ⋅ 21 6 − 398 ⋅ 441 ⋅ 25 ⋅ 21 6  > 3/88 ⋅ 2122
 2 
 
d>− 2 ⋅ 398 ⋅ 441 ⋅ 25 ⋅ 21 6 ⋅ 25 ⋅ 21 6 >− 2/97 ⋅ 2128
:3812⋅ q33 + 3/88 ⋅ 2122 ⋅ q 3 − 2/97 ⋅ 2128 = 1 ⇒
q3 =
− 3/88 ⋅ 2122 ± (3/88 ⋅ 21 )
22 3
+ 5 ⋅ :3812⋅ 2/97 ⋅ 2128
>!6/76!cbs
3 ⋅ :3812

2/24/ Dvoatomni idealan gas!u koli~ini o>31!npm!sabija se ravnote`no od po~etne zapremine W2>1/:
51821 4968
n4 do krajwe zapremine W3>1/3!n4. Promena stawa gasa odvija se po jedna~ini: q(W ) = + ,
W W3
pri ~emu je pritisak izraèn u Qb a zapremina u n4. Odrediti:
a) pritisak i temperaturu gasa na po~etku i kraju procesa
b) izvr{eni nad radnim telom kao i razmewenu toplotu tokom ovog procesa
a)
51821 4968 51821 4968
q2 = + > + >!5:46:!Qb
W2 (W2 )3 1/: 1/: 3
51821 4968 51821 4968
q3 = + > + >!3:8386!Qb
W3 (W3 )3 1/3 1/3 3
q2 ⋅ W2
( )
q2 ⋅ W2 = o ⋅ NS h ⋅ U2 ⇒ U2 =
( )
o ⋅ NS h
=
5:46: ⋅ 1/:
1/13 ⋅ 9426
>378/24!L
q 3 ⋅ W3
( )
q 3 ⋅ W3 = o ⋅ NS h ⋅ U3 ⇒ U3 =
(
o ⋅ NS h) =
3:8386 ⋅ 1/3
1/13 ⋅ 9426
>468/63!L
b)
W3 W3 W3
∫ ∫
 51821 4968   4968 
X23 = q)W*eW >  + 3
eW >  51281 ⋅ mo W −  >
 W W   W 
W2 W2 W2
 W 4968 4968   1/3 4968 4968 

 51281 ⋅ mo 3 − +  >  51281 ⋅ mo − +  >!−86529/3!K
 W2 W3 W2   1/: 1/3 1/: 
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces 2−3: R 23 = ∆V23 + X23
R 23 = o ⋅ (N ⋅ d w ) ⋅ (U3 − U2 ) + X23
R23>! 1/13 ⋅ 31/9 ⋅ (468/63 − 378/24 ) − 86/53 >−49/36!lK

2/25/ Dvoatomnan idealna gas )o>3!lnpm* kvazistati~ki mewa stawe od 2)U>411!L-!q>2!cbs*!do

3)U>:11!L* po zakonu prave linije u Ut koordinatnom sistemu. Pri tome se radnom telu saop{tava 711
lK!rada. Odrediti pritisak radne materije stawa 2 i skicirati proces na Ut djagramu.
R 23 = o ⋅ (N ⋅ d w ) ⋅ (U3 − U2 ) + X23
R23>! 3 ⋅ 31/9 ⋅ (:11 − 411) − 711 >!35471!lK
U2 + U3 3 ⋅ R 23 3 ⋅ 35471 lK
R 23 = ⋅ ∆T23 ⇒ ∆T23 = = >!51/7!
3 U2 + U3 411 + :11 L
 q 
( ) U
(
∆T23 = o ⋅  N ⋅ d q ⋅ mo 3 − NS h ⋅ mo 3 
U2
)
q2 
⇒

 U3 ∆T23 
( )
 N ⋅ d q ⋅ mo U − o 

 3:/2 ⋅ mo
:11 51/7 
−
q 3 = q2 ⋅ fyq 2  > 2 ⋅ 21 6 ⋅ fyq 411 3 

 NS h ( )
  9/426 
   
 
q3!>5/18!/216!Qb!>!5/18!!cbs
U
3

2/26/ Idealan gas sabija se kvazistati~ki od temperature U2>384!L do temperature U3>984!L po zakonu:
U
T = L ⋅ mo + D (!L>−215!lK0L>dpotu!!i!D>dpotu). Odrediti nepovratnost ove promene stawa ,!)∆Ttj-
U2
lK0L*-!ako se toplota predaje izotermnom
toplotnom ponoru temperature UUQ>U2 i grafi~ki je predstaviti na Ut dijagramu
lK
∆Ttjtufn!>!∆TSU!,!∆TUQ!>!///!>!−231/:!,!339/7!>218/8!
L
kJ
∆TSU!>T3!−!T2>///>!−231/:!
K
U3 U2
T3 = L ⋅ mo +D )3* T2 = L ⋅ mo +D )2*
U2 U2
Oduzimawem pretnodne dve jedna~ine dobija se:

U 984 lK
T 3 − T2 = L ⋅ mo 3 = −215 ⋅ mo >−231/:!
U2 384 L
T3
R 23 T
∫ U)T*eT
U3 − U2 984 − 384 lK
∆TUQ> − =− = /// = L ⋅ = −215 ⋅ >339/7
Uuq Uuq Uuq 384 L
T3 T3 T3
T −D T −D
napomena:
∫
T2
U)T*eT = /// =
∫
T2
U2 ⋅ f L eT = U2 ⋅ L ⋅f L
T2
=
T3 − D T2 − D U
mo 3
U2
U2 ⋅ L ⋅ )f L − f L * = U2 ⋅ L ⋅ )f − 2* = L ⋅ )U3 − U2*
Postupak grafi~kiog predstavqawa promene entropije sistema zasnovan je na jednakosti

povr{ina ispod:
1. linije kojom predstavqamo promenu stawa radnog tela
2. linije kojom predstavqamo promene stawa toplotnog ponora
Obe ove povr{ine predstavqaju razmewenu toplotu izme|u

radno tela i toplotnog ponora.

U
3
UUQ 2
t
∆TSU
∆TUQ
∆TTJ
2/27/ Vazduh (idealan gas) kvazistati~ki mewa toplotno stawe od stawa 2)U>411!L*!do stawa!3)U>711!L*!i
pri tome je w2>3/!w3. Prvi put se promena vr{i po zakonu prave linije u Ut!kordinatnom sistemu, a drugi
put se od stawa 1 do stawa 2 dolazi kvazisati~kom politropskom promenom stawa. Odrediti koliko se
lK lK
toplote )lK0lh*!dovede vazduhu u oba slu~aja . )r23 *qsbwb = 246/2 - )r23 *qpmjuspqb = 23:/7
lh lh
Sh ⋅ U b
2/28/ Neki gas koji se pona{a saglasno jedna~ini stawa: q)w* = − ,
w −c w3
)b>82/87!On50lh3-!c> 9/138 ⋅ 21 −5 n40lh!j!Sh>79/9!K0)lhL**-!lwb{jtubuj•lj!izotermski ekspandira pri
temperaturi od 1pD od w2>1/16!n40lh do w3>1/3!n40lh. Odrediti:
a) po~etni i krajwi pritisak gasa kao i dobijeni zapreminski rad tokom ekspanzije
b) po~etni i krajwi pritisak gasa kao i dobijeni zapreminski rad tokom ekspanzije kada bi navedeni
gas posmatrali kao idealan gas iste gasne konstante )Sh*
a) q2>4/64!cbs-!q3>1/:3!cbs-!x23>36/2:!lK0lh
b) q2>4/87!cbs-!q3>1/:5!cbs-!x23>37/15!lK0lh

NEKVAZISTATI^KE (NERAVNOTE@NE)
PROMENE STAWA IDEALNIH GASOVA
2/29/ Vazduh (idealan gas) stawa 2)q2>23!cbs-!U2>366pD* ekspandira nekvazistati~ki adijabatski sa

stepenom dobrote η fy
e >1/9 do stawa 3)q3>2!cbs*/!Odrediti:
a) temperaturu vazduha nakon ekspanzije
b) prira{taj entropije radnog tela usled mehani~ke neravnoteè
c) zakon nekvazistati~ke promene stawa u obliku qwn>jefn
U
q2
q3
B
3
3l
t
a)
κ .2 1.4.2
q  κ  2 1.4
U3L = U2 ⋅  3L  = 639 ⋅   >36:/7!L
 q2   23 
U2 − U3
η fy
e = -!!!!! U3 = U2 + ηEfy ⋅ (U3L − U2 ) = 639 + 1/9 ⋅ (36:/7 − 639) >424/4!L
U2 − U3l
b)
κ 2/5 .2
U  κ .2  424/4  2/5
qB = q2 ⋅  B  = 23 ⋅ 21 6 ⋅   = 2/:4 ⋅ 21 6 Qb
 U2   639 
U q 2 K
∆t nfi = ∆t B3 = dqmo 3 − S hmo 3 = −398 ⋅ mo >299/82!
UB qB 2/:4 lhL

c)
S h ⋅ U2 398 ⋅ 639 n4
! w2 = = 6
>!1/2374!
q2 23 ⋅ 21 lh
S h ⋅ U3 398 ⋅ 424/4 n4
w3 = = 6
>!1/9::3!
q3 2 ⋅ 21 lh
qw n = jefn ⇒ q2 ⋅ w 2n = q 3 ⋅ w n
3
q2 23
mo mo
q3 2
n= = >2/37 ⇒ qw 2/37 = jefn
w3 1/9::3
mo mo
w2 1/2374
2/2:/ Kompresor proizvo|a~a B radi izme|u pritisaka qnjo!>2!cbs!i qnby>!:!cbs. Kompresor

proizvo|a~a C radi izme|u pritisaka qnjo!>2/6!cbs i!!qnby>!21!cbs. U oba slu~aja radni fluid je
vazduh (idealan gas) po~etne temperature!U2>41pD. Temperature vazduha na izlazu iz oba kompresora
su jednake. Odrediti koji je kompresor kvalitetniji sa termodinami~kog aspekta, predpostavqaju}i da
su kompresije adijabatske
Sa termodinami~kog aspekta kvalitetniji je ona kompresija kod koje je
1. na~in: ve}i stepen dobrote adijabatske kompresije

2. na~in: mawa promena entropije sistema
1. na~in:
 κ −2 
κ −2  q  l 
q  U2 ⋅ 2 −  3L  
U2 − U2 ⋅  3L    q2 
l

 q   B 
B = U2 − U3LB =
ηe
 2 B
=
 
)2*
U2 − U3 U2 − U3 U2 − U3
 κ −2 
κ −2  l 
 q  
l U2 ⋅ 2 −  3L 

q   q 
U2 − U2 ⋅  3L    2 C 
U2 − U3LC  q   
C  2 C  
ηe = = = )3*
U2 − U3 U2 − U3 U2 − U3

Deqewem prethodne jedna~ina (1) i (2) dobija se:
q  κ −2 2/5 − 2
2 −  3L  κ  :  2/5
2−  
B
ηe  q 
 2 B  2
= = = 2/32
ηC q  κ −2 2/5 − 2
e 2−  3L   21  2/5
 q  κ 2−  
 2 C  2/6 
Po{to je koli~nik stepena dobrote ve}i od 1 to zna~i da je stepen dobrote

kompresora proizvo|a~a B ve}i od stepena dobrote kompresora proizvo|a~a
C, pa je kompresor proizvo|a~a B kvalitetniji sa termodinami~kog aspekta.
Uo~iti da je zadatak mogao biti re{en i bez zadate temperature U2.
2. na~in:
U3 B q
(∆t tj )B = d q ⋅ mo − S h ⋅ mo 3 B − ∆t p )4*
U2B q2B
U3C q
(∆t tj )C = d q ⋅ mo − S h ⋅ mo 3C − ∆t p )5*
U2C q2C
Oduzimawem jedna~ina!)4*!j!)5*!epcjkb!tf;
 q q   : 21  K
(∆t tj )B − (∆t tj )C = −S h ⋅  mo 3 B − mo 3C  > − 398 ⋅  mo − mo  >−97/24!
 q2B q2C   2 2/6  lhL
(∆t tj )B < (∆t tj )C ⇒ kompresor proizvo|a~a A je kvalitetniji

sa termodinami~kog aspekta.
U
q3
3
B
3l
q2
2
t

2/31/!Pet kilograma kiseonika (idealan gas) ekspandira nekvazistati~ki politropski po zakonu

qw2/2>jefn, od stawa 2)q2>8!cbs-!w2>1/23!n40lh* do stawa 3)U3>−2pD*/ Specifi~na toplota ove promene
stawa iznosi d23>−761!K0lhL. Skicirati proces na Ut dijagramu i odrediti:
a) prira{taj entropije radnog tela usled mehani~ke i usled toplotne neravnoteè
b) promenu entropije izolovanog termodinami~kog sistema ako je temperatura toplotnog izvora 484!L
U
q2
2
q3
o n
B 3
3l
t
a)
q ⋅w 8 ⋅ 216 ⋅ 1/23
U2 = 2 2 = = 434 L
Sh 371
[blpo!qspnfof!qwn!>jefn-!!usbotgpsnj|fnp!v!pcmjl;! U n ⋅ q2 − n = jefn
n
 U 2− n
U2n ⋅ q22 − n = U3n ⋅ q32 − n ⇒ q 3 = q2 ⋅  2 
U 
 3
2/2
6  434  2 − 2/2
q 3 = 8 ⋅ 21 ⋅   >2/17!cbs
 383 
o−κ d − dw ⋅ κ
dolw!>!dlw ⇒ d23 = d w ⇒ o = 23
o −2 d23 − d w
−761 − 831 ⋅ 2/5
o= >2/32
− 761 − 831

o 2 / 32
U o − 2 6  383  2 / 32 − 2
q B = q2 ⋅  B  = 8 ⋅ 21 ⋅   > 3/7 ⋅ 21 6 !Qb
 U   434 
 2 
 U q   2/17  lK
∆Tnfi/ofs/>!∆TB3>! n ⋅  d qmo 3 − S hmo 3  > 6 ⋅  − 1/398 ⋅ mo  >2/3:!
 UB qB   3/7  L
  lK
 > 6 ⋅ 2 ⋅ mo
UB q 383 2/17 
∆Tupq/ofs/>!∆T2B>! n ⋅  dqmo − Shmo B  − 1/398 ⋅ mo  >1/54!
 U2 q2   434 3/ 7  L
lK
∆Tsbeop!ufmp!>!∆Tnfi/ofs/!,!∆Tupq/ofs/!>2/3:,1/54>2/83!
L
b)
lK
∆Ttjtufn!>!∆Tsbeop!ufmp!,!∆Tupqmpuoj!qpops!>!///!>!2/83!−!1/55!>2/39!
L
R 23 277/22 lK
∆Tupqmpuoj!j{wps!>!− =− = −1/55
UUJ 484 L
R 23 = R 2B + R B3 >///>
o−κ 2/32 − 2/5

R 2B = n ⋅ d w ⋅ ⋅ (UB − U2 ) > 6 ⋅ 1/83 ⋅ ⋅ (383 − 434) >277/22!lK
o −2 2/32 − 2
2/32/!Termodinami~ki sistem sa~iwava n>6!lh azota (idealan gas) i okolina temperature Up>38pD.
Azot nekvazistati~ki politropski mewa toplotno stawe od stawa 2)q>21!cbs-!U>566pD* do stawa
3)U>98pD*/!Specifi~ni toplotni kapacitet promene stawa 1−2 iznosi d23>481!K0lhL a nepovratnost
procesa 1−2 iznosi ∆Ttj>2/56!lK0L. Skicirati proces na Ut dijagramu i odrediti stepen dobrote ove
promene stawa.
!U !q2
!2
q3
!o
n
!B
!3
!3l
t

o−κ d23 − d w ⋅ κ
dolw!>!dlw ⇒ d23 = d w ⇒ o=
o −2 d23 − d w
481 − 851 ⋅ 2/5
o= >2/9
481 − 851
R23 = R2B + R B3 !>///>

o−κ 2/9 − 2/5
R 2B = n ⋅ d w ⋅ ⋅ (UB − U2 ) > 6 ⋅ 1/85 ⋅ ⋅ (471 − 839) >!−!791/9!lK
o −2 2/9 − 2
 U q  R
∆TTJ!>!∆TSU!,!∆Tp ∆TTJ = n ⋅  dq mo 3 − S h mo 3  − 23
⇒
 U2 q2  U1
 2  ∆T TJ R 23 U 
q 3 = q2 ⋅ fyq−  + − d q mo 3  =
 n ⋅ UP
 S h  n U2 
 2  2/56 791/9 471 
q 3 = 21 ⋅ 21 6 ⋅ fyq−  − − 2/15 ⋅ mo  = 2/59!!cbs
 1/3:8  6 6 ⋅ 411 839 
o−2 o−2 2/9 −2

U2 q  o q  o  2/59  2/9
=  2  !!!!!!!!!⇒ !!!!!!!! U3l = U2 ⋅  3l  > 839 ⋅   = 422/5!!L
U3l  q 3l   q2   21 
U2 − U3 839 − 471
q3l!>!q3 ⇒ ηFY
E = = >1/99
U2 − U3l 839 − 422/5

2/33/! Kiseonik (idealan gas) sabija se nekvazistati~ki politropski od stawa

2)q>2!cbs-!U>384!L* do stawa 3)q>7!cbs-!U>554!L*/ U toku procesa sabijawa od kiseonika se odvodi
431!lK0lh toplote. Skicirati proces na Ut dijagramu i odrediti stepene dobrote ove promene stawa.
lK
r23 = r2B + r B3 !>!−431!
lh
r2B
− dw ⋅ κ
o−κ UB − U2
r2B = d w ⋅ ⋅ (UB − U2 ) ⇒ o=
o −2 r2B
− dw
UB − U2
−431
− 1/76 ⋅ 2/5
o= 554 − 384 >2/2
− 431
− 1/76
554 − 384
o−2 o−2 2/2−2

U2 q  o q  o 7 2/2
=  2  ⇒ U3l = U2 ⋅  3l  > 384 ⋅   >432/4!L
U3l  q 3l   q2   2
U2 − U3l 384 − 432/4

ηlq
E = = >1/39
U2 − U3 384 − 554
q3
!U
!3
!B
!q2
n
!3l !o
!2

2/34/ Tokom nekvazistati~kog sabijawa n>4!lh butana (idealan gas) od stawa 2)q2>2!cbs-!U2>31pD* do
stawa 3)q3>41!cbs-!T3>T2*- spoqa{wa mehani~ka sila izvr{i rad od 961!lK. Tokom procesa radna
materija predaje toplotu toplotnom ponoru stalne temperature Uq>1pD. Skicirati proces u na Ut
dijagramu i odrediti:
a) promenu entropije termodinami~kog sistema tokom posmatrane promene stawa
b) stepen dobrote nekvazistati~ke kompresije
!U q3
!B !3
n>κ
!3l !q2
!o
!2
t
κ −2 κ −2
U2  q2  κ q  κ
zakon nkv. promene stawa 1−2: =  ⇒ U3 = U2 ⋅  3 
U3  q 3  q 
 2
1.28 − 2
 41  2/39
U3 = 3:4 ⋅   >!727/7!L
 2 
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces!2−3; R23>∆V23,X23
R23 = n ⋅ dw ⋅ (U3 − U2) + X23 > 4 ⋅ 1/6 ⋅ (727/7 − 3:4) − 961 >−475/7!LK
drugi zakon termodinamike za proces!2−3; ∆TTJ!>!∆TSU!,!∆TUQ
lK
∆TSU!>!1!
L
R23 −475/7 lK
∆TUQ = − =− >2/45!!
UUQ 384 L
lK
∆TTJ!>!2/45!,!1!>!2/45!
L

b)
R 23 = R 2B + R B3 !>!−475/7!lK
R 2B
− dw ⋅ κ
o−κ n ⋅ (UB − U2 )
R 2B = n ⋅ d w ⋅ ⋅ (UB − U2 ) ⇒ o=
o −2 R 2B
− dw
n ⋅ (UB − U2 )
−475/7
− 1/6 ⋅ 2/39
4 ⋅ (727/7 − 3:4 )
o= >2/27
− 475/7
− 1/6
4 ⋅ (727/7 − 3:4)
o−2 o−2 2/27 −2

U2 q  o q  o  41  2/27
=  2  ⇒ U3l = U2 ⋅  3l  > 3:4 ⋅   >579/5!L
U3l  q 3l   q2   2 
U2 − U3l 3:4 − 579/5

ηlq
E = = >1/65
U2 − U3 3:4 − 727/7
2/35/ [est kilograma troatomnog idealnog gasa mewa toplotno stawe nekvazistati~ki po zakonu
qwn>jefn!)n>κ* (tj. nekvazistati~ki izentropski) od stawa!2)q2>41!cbs-!U2>727/7!L* do stawa 3)q3>2
cbs*/ Tokom ove promene stawa specifi~na zapremina gasa se pove}a za 1/49!n40lh i pri tome se dobije
811!lK mehani~kog rada. Skicirati promenu stawa idealnog gasa na Ut dijagramu i odrediti:
a) koli~inu razmewene toplote tokom ove promene stawa
b) stepen dobrote ove nekvazistati~ke promene
c) porast entropije radnog tela usled mehani~ke neravnoteè )lK0L*
!q2
!U
!2
n>κ
!o q3
!B
!3
!3l

b*
κ −2 κ −2
U2  q2  κ q  κ
zakon nkv. promene stawa 1−2: =  ⇒ U3 = U2 ⋅  3 
U3  q 3  q 
 2
1.28 − 2
 2  2/39
U3 = 727/7 ⋅   >!3:4!L
 41 
jedna~ina stawa idealnog gasa za po~etak procesa:! q2 ⋅ w2 = Sh ⋅ U2 !!!!!!)2*

jedna~ina stawa idealnog gasa za kraj procesa: q3 ⋅ w 3 = S h ⋅ U3 !!!!)3*
n4
uslov zadatka: w 3 − w 2 = 1/49 !)4*
lh
Re{avawem prethodnog sistema tri jedna~ine sa 3 nepoznate dobija se:

n4 n4 K
w 2 = 1/1396 - w 3 = 1/517 - S h = 249/69
lh lh lhL
SV 9426 lh
N= = = 71
S h 249/69 lnpm
n 7
o= = >1/2!lnpm
N 71
R 23 = o ⋅ )Nd w * ⋅ (U3 − U2 ) + X23 = 1/2 ⋅ 3:/2 ⋅ (3:4 − 727/7 ) + 811 >−352/79!lK
b)
R 23 = R 2B + R B3 !>!−352/79!lK
R2B (Nd w )
− ⋅κ
o−κ n ⋅ (UB − U2 ) N
R 2B = n ⋅ dw ⋅ ⋅ (UB − U2 ) ⇒ o=
o −2 R2B (Nd w )
−
n ⋅ (UB − U2 ) N
−352/79 3:/2
− ⋅ 2/39
7 ⋅ (3:4 − 727/7 ) 71
o= >2/49
− 352/79 3:/2
−
7 ⋅ (3:4 − 727/7 ) 71

o−2 o−2 2/49 −2

U2 q  o q  o  2  2/49
= 2  ⇒ U3l = U2 ⋅  3l  > 727/7 ⋅   >352/8!L
U3l  q 3l   q2   41 
U2 − U3 727/7 − 3:4
ηEfy = = >1/97
U2 − U3l 727/7 − 352/8
c)
 U q  2 lK
∆T nfi/ofs/ = n ⋅ ∆t B3 = n ⋅  d q mo 3 − S h mo 3  > 7 ⋅ (− 249/69 ) ⋅ mo >1/69!
 UB qB  3 L
o−2
U2  q2  o
Zakon kvazistati~ke promene stawa!2−B; = 
UB  q B 
o 2/49
U  o−2  3:4  2/49−2
qB = q2 ⋅  B  = 41 ⋅ 21 6 ⋅   >!3!cbs
 U2   727/7 
2/36/ Tri kilograma vazduha (idealan gas) stawa!2)q2>3!cbs-!U2>261pD*!mewa svoje toplotno stawe
nekvazistati~ki (neravnote`no) izotermski do stawa 3)q3>9!cbs*. Promena entropije radne materije
usled mehani~ke neravnoteè iznosi
∆tnfi>349!K0lhL. Odrediti:
a) dovedeni rad i odvedenu toplotu tokom ove promene stawa )X23-!R23*
b) stepen dobrote izotermske kompresije )ηelq*
qB
q3
U
q2
B
2
3>3l

a)
U3 q  ∆t 
∆t nfi = ∆t B3 = d qmo − S hmo 3 ⇒ q B = q 3 ⋅ fyq nfi 
UB qB  Sh 
 
 349 
q B = 9 ⋅ 21 6 ⋅ fyq 6
 > 29/4 ⋅ 21 !Qb
 398 
R 23 = R 2B + R B3 = /// = −917/4/4 lK
q2 3
R 2B > n ⋅ U2 ⋅ S h ⋅ mo > 4 ⋅ 534 ⋅ 398 ⋅ mo >−917/4!lK
qB 29/4
X23>!R23!>−917/4!lK
b)
X23L −615/:
ηlq
E = = /// = = 1/74
X23 − 917/4
q2 3
X23L = n ⋅ S h ⋅ U ⋅ mo = 4 ⋅ 398 ⋅ 534 ⋅ mo >−615/:!lK
q 3L 9
2/37/ Vazduh (idealan gas) stawa!2)q2>:!cbs-!U2>261pD*!mewa svoje toplotno stawe nekvazistati~ki

(neravnote`no) izotermski do stawa 3)q3>2!cbs*. Promena entropije radne materije usled mehani~ke
neravnoteè )∆tnfi* i promena entropije radne materije usled toplotne neravnoteè )∆tupq* su jednake.
Odrediti stepen dobrote ove nekvazistati~ke izotermske ekspanzije )ηefy*/
q2 qB
U q3
2
B 3>3l

∆tupq!>!∆tnfi ⇒ ∆t2B!>!∆tB3
UB q U q
d q mo − S h mo B > d q mo 3 − S h mo 3 ⇒ q B = q2 ⋅ q 3
U2 q2 UB qB
q B = : ⋅ 21 6 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 21 6 > 4 ⋅ 21 6 !Qb
q2 :
X23L = n ⋅ S h ⋅ U ⋅ mo = 2 ⋅ 398 ⋅ 534 ⋅ mo >377/86!lK
q 3L 2
R 23 = R 2B + R B3 = /// = −917/4/4 lK
q2 :
R 2B > n ⋅ U2 ⋅ S h ⋅ mo > 2 ⋅ 534 ⋅ 398 ⋅ mo >244/48!lK
qB 4
X23>!R23!>244/48!lK
X23 244/48
η fy
e = > >1/6
X23l 377/86
zadaci za ve`bawe: )2/38/−2/39/*
2/38/!Vazduh (idealan gas) po~etnog stawa 2)q>6!cbs-!w>1/337!n40lh* ekspandira nekvazistati~ki

politropski do stawa 3)q>2!cbs-!U>3:4!L*/!Tokom ove promene stawa od radne materije ka okolini se
odvede 27!lK0lh toplote. Odrediti stepen dobrote ove promene stawa kao i promenu entropije vazduha
lK
samo usled mehani~ke neravnoteè. ! η fy
e >1/73-!!∆tnfi>1/37!
lhL
2/39/!Vazduh (idealan gas) stawa 2)q2>1/3!NQb-!u2* mewa svoje toplotno stawe nekvazistati~ki
(neravnote`no) izotermski do stawa 3)q3?q2*/ Promena entropije radne materije usled mehani~ke
neravnoteè iznosi 349!K0lhL/ Stepen dobrote ove nekvazistati~ke promene stawa iznosi ηe>1/95.
Odrediti pritisak vazduha na kraju procesa )q3*/ q3 = 266/6 cbs

PRVI I DRUGI ZAKON TERMODINAMIKE

(ZATVOREN TERMODINAMI^KI SISTEM)
2/3:/ U vertikalno postavqenom cilindru, od okoline

adijabatski izolovanom, (slika), unutra{weg pre~nika e>711
nn, nalazi se vazduh (idealan gas) temperature 31pD. Sud je
zatvoren klipom zanemarqive mase, koji se moè kretati bez
trewa. Na klipu se nalazi teg mase nu>3111!lh. U polaznom !∆{>411!nn
poloàju ~elo klipa se nalazi na visini {>611!nn u odnosu na
dowu bazu cilindra. U cilindru se nalazi elektri~ni greja~
pomo}u kojeg se vazduhu dovodi toplota. Pritisak okoline !{>611
iznosi qp>2!cbs. Odrediti:
a) koli~inu toplote koju greja~ treba da preda gasu tako da se
klip u procesu pomeri za ∆{>411!nn
b) vreme trajawa procesa ako snaga elektri~nog greja~a ,R23
iznosi 2/77!lX
c) rad koji bi izvr{io gas u cilndru ako bi se u trenutku dostizawa stawa 2 istovremeno iskqu~io
greja~ i skino teg sa klipa
d) skicirati sve procese sa radnim telom na qw i Ut dijagramu
a)
e3 ⋅ π 1/7 3 ⋅ π
W2 = ⋅{ = ⋅ 1/6 = 1/2525 n 4
5 5
e3 ⋅ π 1/7 3 ⋅ π
W3 = ⋅ ({ + ∆{ ) = ⋅ (1/6 + 1/4 ) = 1/3373 n 4
5 5
jedna~ina stati~ke ravnoteè za proizvoqan poloàj klipa:

n ⋅h 3111 ⋅ :/92
q = q p + 3u = 2 ⋅ 21 6 + = 2/8 ⋅ 21 6 Qb
e ⋅π 1/7 3 ⋅ π
5 5
jedna~ina stawa idealnog gasa na po~etku procesa:! q ⋅ W2 = n ⋅ Sh ⋅ U2

q ⋅ W2 6
2/8 ⋅ 21 ⋅ 1/2525
n= = = 1/3: lh
S h ⋅ U2 398 ⋅ 3:4
jedna~ina stawa idealnog gasa na kraju procesa:! q ⋅ W3 = n ⋅ Sh ⋅ U3

q ⋅ W3 2/8 ⋅ 21 6 ⋅ 1/3373
U3 = = = 573 L
n ⋅ Sh 1/3: ⋅ 398


R23> n ⋅ d w ⋅ (U3 − U2 ) + q ⋅ (W3 − W2 ) >
R23>! 1/3: ⋅ 1/83 ⋅ (573 − 3:4 ) + 2/8 ⋅ 21 6 ⋅ 21 −4 ⋅ (1/3373 − 1/2525 ) >5:/9!lK
b)
R 23 5:/9
τ= ⋅
= = 41 t
2/77
R 23
c)
napomena: proces 2−3 je kvazistati~ki adijabatski, q4>qp>!2!cbs
κ −2 κ −2 2/5 −2
U3  q3  κ q  κ  2⋅ 216  2/5
=  ⇒ U4 = U3 ⋅  4  = 573 ⋅   >4:8!L
U4  q4   q3   2/8 ⋅ 216 
 
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces 2−3: R 34 = ∆V 34 + X34
X34> −n ⋅ d w ⋅ (U4 − U3 ) >− 1/3: ⋅ 1/83 ⋅ (4:8 − 573) >24/68!lK
q U
3 3
2
4
4 2
w t

2/41/!Cilindar je napravqen prema navedenoj skici. Klip je optere}en tegom nepoznate mase i leì na
osloncu A. U cilindru se nalazi azot stawa!2)q>3/6!cbs-!U>3:4!L*/!Dovo|ewem!23/6!lK!toplote
zapremina azota se udvostru~i. Pritisak okoline iznosi!!qp>!2!cbs-!masa klipa je zanemarqiva a klip
se kre}e bez trewa.!Odrediti:
a) masu tega
b) pri kojoj temperaturi azota u cilindru |e se pokrenuti klip
c) promenu potencijalne energije tega
E
e>291!nn
E>311!nn
n
{>461!nn
a)
2−3!proces u cilindru do pokretawa klipa! )w>dpotu*
3−4!proces u cilndru nakon pokretawa klipa! )q>dpotu*
e3 ⋅ π 1/29 3 ⋅ π
W2 = ⋅{ = ⋅ 1/46 = 1/119: n 4
5 5
jedna~ina stawa idealnog gasa na po~etku procesa:! q2 ⋅ W2 = n ⋅ S h ⋅ U2

q2 ⋅ W2 3/6 ⋅ 21 ⋅ 1/119:
6
n= = = 1/1367 lh
S h ⋅ U2 3:8 ⋅ 3:4
W3!>!W2>1/119:!n4
W4 = 3 ⋅ W2 > 3 ⋅ 1/119: >1/1289!n4
jedna~ina stawa idealnog gasa na kraju procesa:

n ⋅ S h ⋅ U4
q 4 ⋅ W4 = n ⋅ S h ⋅ U4 ⇒ ! q4 = )2*
W4

prvi zakon termodinamike za proces 1−3:
R 23 + R 34 = ∆V23 + ∆V 34 + X23 + X34 > n ⋅ d w ⋅ (U4 − U2 ) + q 4 ⋅ (W4 − W3 ) !!!!!!!)3*
kada jedna~inu (1) uvrstimo u jedna~inu (2) dobija se:

n ⋅ S h ⋅ U4
R 23 + R 34 > n ⋅ d w ⋅ (U4 − U2 ) + ⋅ (W4 − W3 ) ⇒
W4
R 23 + R 34 + n ⋅ d w ⋅ U2 23/6 + 1/1367 ⋅ 1/85 ⋅ 3:4

U4 = =
W4 − W3 1/1289 − 1/119:
n ⋅ d w + n ⋅ Sh ⋅ 1/1367 ⋅ 1/85 + 1/1367 ⋅ 1/3:8 ⋅
W4 1/1289
U4!>8:4/7!L
1/1367 ⋅ 3:8 ⋅ 8:4/7

q4 = > 4/5 ⋅ 21 6 Qb
1/1289
jedna~ina stati~ke ravnoteè za proizvoqan poloàj za proces 2−3

n ⋅h q − qp E3 ⋅ π
q 4 = q p + 3u ⇒ nu = 4 ⋅
E ⋅π 5 h
5
4/5 ⋅ 21 − 2 ⋅ 21 6 1/3 3 ⋅ π
6
nu = ⋅ >879/7!lh
5 :/92
b)
jedna~ina stawa idealnog gasa za stawe 2:! q 3 ⋅ W3 = n ⋅ S h ⋅ U3
q 3 ⋅ W3 4/5 ⋅ 21 6 ⋅ 1/119:
U3 = = = 4:9 L
n ⋅ Sh 1/1367 ⋅ 3:8
c)
W4 − W3 1/1289 − 1/119:
∆Fq> n u ⋅ h ⋅ ∆{ > n u ⋅ h ⋅ 3
> 879/7 ⋅ :/92 ⋅ >3247!K
E ⋅π 1/3 3 ⋅ π
5 5

2/42. Vertikalni cilindar zatvoren je klipom mase nl>:!lh, ~iji je hod ograni~en na kraju cilindra
(slika). U cilindru se nalazi dvoatoman idealan gas stawa!2)q>2/6!cbs-!U>561pD*/ Odrediti:
a) za koliko }e se spustiti klip (zanemariti trewe) dovo|ewem vazduha u mehani~ku i toplotnu
ravnoteù sa okolinom stawa P)q>2!cbs-!U>31pD*
b) koliko se toplote pri tome preda okolini do trenutka pokretawa klipa a koliko nakon
pokrtetawa klipa do trenutka dostizawa ravnoteè sa okolinom
Skicirati procese na qw i Ut dijagramu
nl
e>211!nn
{ {>911!nn
2−3!proces u cilindru do pokretawa klipa! )w>dpotu*

3−4!proces u cilndru nakon pokretawa klipa! )q>dpotu*
q U
2
2
4 3
3
4
w t

a)
e3 ⋅ π 1/23 ⋅ π
W2 = ⋅{ = ⋅ 1/9 = 1/1174 n4
5 5
jedna~ina stawa idealnog gasa na po~etku procesa:! ( )

q2 ⋅ W2 = o ⋅ NS h ⋅ U2
6
q2 ⋅ W2 2/6 ⋅ 21 ⋅ 1/1174
o= = = 2/68 ⋅ 21.5 lnpm
(
NSh ⋅ U2 ) 9426 ⋅ 834
jedna~ina stati~ke ravnoteè za poloàj klipa u stawu 2

n ⋅h : ⋅ :/92
q3 = qp + l = 2 ⋅ 21 6 + > 2/2 ⋅ 21 6 !Qb
3 3
E ⋅π 1/2 ⋅ π
5 5
W3!>!W2>1/1174!n4- q4>q3- ! U4>Up
jedna~ina stawa idealnog gasa na kraju procesa:! (

q 4 ⋅ W4 = o ⋅ NS h ⋅ U4)
(
o ⋅ NS h ⋅ U4 ) 2/68 ⋅ 21 −5 ⋅ 9426 ⋅ 3:4
W4 = = >1/1149!n4
q4 2 ⋅ 21 6
e3 ⋅ π W3 − W4 1/1174 − 1/1149
W3 − W4 = ⋅ ∆{ ⇒ ∆{ =
3
= =0.318 m
5 e ⋅π 1/23 ⋅ π
5 5
b)
jedna~ina stawa idealnog gasa za stawe 2:! ( )
q 3 ⋅ W3 = o ⋅ NS h ⋅ U3
q 3 ⋅ W3 2/2 ⋅ 21 6 ⋅ 1/1174
U3 = =
(
o ⋅ NS h )
2 ⋅ 68 ⋅ 21 .5 ⋅ 9426
>641/96!L

R23 > o ⋅ (Nd w ) ⋅ (U3 − U2 ) > 2/68 ⋅ 21 −5
⋅ 31/9 ⋅ (641/96 − 834) >−1/74!lK
R 34 > o ⋅ (Nd w ) ⋅ (U4 − U3 ) + q 4 ⋅ (W4 − W3 )
R 34 > 2/68 ⋅ 21 −5 ⋅ 31/9 ⋅ (3:4 − 641/96) + 2/2 ⋅ 21 6 ⋅ 21 −4 ⋅ (1/1149 − 1/1174)
R 34 >!−2/16!lK

2/43/!Dvoatoman idealan gas stawa 2)q>2/3!NQb-!U>411!L-!W>1/2!n4*- nalazi se u vertikalno

postavqenom nepokretnom adijabatski izolovanom cilindru sa (bez trewa) pokretnim adijabatskim
klipom zanemarqive mase. Preostali prostor cilindra (iznad klipa) ispuwen je nekom te~nosti
(slika). Usled predaje toplote gasu (od greja~a), on se {iri do stawa 3)q>1/7!NQb-!W>1/33!n4*-!~ime
izaziva prelivawe odgovaraju}e koli~ine te~nosti preko ivica cilindra.
a) izvesti zakon promene stawa gasa u obliku q!>!g)W*
b) prikazati promenu stawa gasa u qW koordinatnom sistemu
c) odrediti zapreminski rad koji izvr{i gas pri ovoj promeni stawa kao i koli~inu toplote koja se u
ovom procesu preda gasu
a)
jedna~ina stati~ke ravnoteè za proizvoqan poloàj klipa u cilindru:
ρ ⋅ h ⋅ Wuf•optu
q = qp + ρ ⋅ h ⋅ i ⇒ q = qp +
e3 π
5
ρ ⋅ h ⋅ (Wdjmjoebs − W ) ρ ⋅ h ⋅ Wdjmjoebs ρ⋅h
q = qp + ⇒ q = qp + − ⋅W
3 3
e π e π e3 π
5 5 5
ρ ⋅ h ⋅ Wdjmjoebs ρ⋅h
qp + = b >dpotu >c>dpotu
3
e π e3 π
5 5
q = b−c⋅W - zavisnost pritiska od zapremine je linearna, a konstante b i

c odre|ujemo iz grani~nih uslova:
q2 = b − c ⋅ W2 )2*
q 3 = b − c ⋅ W3 )3*

q2 − q 3 2/3 ⋅ 21 7 − 1/7 ⋅ 21 7 Qb
c= = > 6 ⋅ 21 7
W3 − W2 1/33 − 1/2 n4
b = q2 + c ⋅ W2 = 2/3 ⋅ 21 7 + 6 ⋅ 21 7 ⋅ 1/2 > 2/8 ⋅ 21 7 Qb
q = 2/8 ⋅ 21 7 − 6 ⋅ 21 7 ⋅ W !!analiti~ki oblik zavisnosti pritiska od zapremine
b)
q
2
w
c)
W3
q2 + q3 2/3 ⋅ 217 + 1/7 ⋅ 217
X23 =
∫
w W2
q)W*eW =
3
⋅ )W3 − W2* =
3
⋅ (1/33 . 1/2) >219!lK

q2 ⋅ W2 = o ⋅ NS h ⋅ U2
q2 ⋅ W2 2/3 ⋅ 21 7 ⋅ 1/33
o= = = 5/9 ⋅ 21 .3 lnpm
(
NS h ⋅ U2 ) 9426 ⋅ 411

q 3 ⋅ W3 = o ⋅ NS h ⋅ U3
q 3 ⋅ W3 1/7 ⋅ 21 7 ⋅ 1/33
U3 = =
(
o ⋅ NS h )
5/9 ⋅ 21 .3 ⋅ 9426
>441/8!L

R23 > o ⋅ (Nd w ) ⋅ (U3 − U2 ) + X23 > 5/9 ⋅ 21 −3
⋅ 31/9 ⋅ (441/8 − 411) + 219 >249/7!lK

2/44/!Dvoatoman idealan gas, stawa 2)q2>1/7NQb-!U2>411!L-!W2>1/3!n4*- nalazi se u horizontalno

postavqenom nepokretnom cilindru sa (bez trewa) pokretnim klipom. Klip je preko opruge, linearne
karakteristike k, povezan sa nepokretnim zidom (slika). Predajom toplote gasu, on se dovodi do stawa
3)q3>2!NQb-!W3>1/5!n4*/ U po~etnom poloàju opruga je rastere}ena.
b* izvesti zakon promene stawa gasa u obliku q>g)W*
b) prikazati promenu stawa idealnog gasa na qw dijagramu
c) odrediti zapreminski rad koji izvr{i gas pri ovoj promeni stawa kao i koli~inu toplote koja se u
ovom procesu preda gasu
∆y
3 2
b*
jedna~ina stati~ke ravnoteè za proizvoqan poloàj klipa u cilindru:
k ⋅ ∆y k ⋅ (W − W2 )
q = qp + ⇒ q = qp + ⇒
3 3
e π  e3 π 
 
5  5 
 
k ⋅ W2 k
q = qp − + ⋅W
3 3
 e3 π   e3 π 
   
 5   5 
   
k ⋅ W2 k
qp − = b >dpotu >c>dpotu
3 3
 e3 π   e3 π 
   
 5   5 
   
q = b+c⋅W- zavisnost pritiska od zapremine je linearna, a konstante b i

c odre|ujemo iz grani~nih uslova:
q2 = b + c ⋅ W2 )2*
q 3 = b + c ⋅ W3 )3*

q 3 − q2 2 ⋅ 21 7 − 1/7 ⋅ 21 7 Qb
c= = > 3 ⋅ 21 7
W3 − W2 1/5 − 1/3 n4
b = q2 − c ⋅ W2 = 1/7 ⋅ 21 7 − 3 ⋅ 21 7 ⋅ 1/3 > 1/3 ⋅ 21 7 Qb
q = 1/3 ⋅ 21 7 + 3 ⋅ 21 7 ⋅ W !!analiti~ki oblik zavisnosti pritiska od zapremine
b)
w
c)
W3
q2 + q 3 1/7 ⋅ 21 7 + 2 ⋅ 21 7
X23 =
∫
w W2
q)W*eW =
3
⋅ )W3 − W2 * =
3
⋅ (1/5 . 1/3) >271!lK

q2 ⋅ W2 = o ⋅ NS h ⋅ U2
q2 ⋅ W2 1/7 ⋅ 21 7 ⋅ 1/3
o= = = 5/9 ⋅ 21 .3 lnpm
(
NS h ⋅ U2 ) 9426 ⋅ 411

q 3 ⋅ W3 = o ⋅ NS h ⋅ U3
q 3 ⋅ W3 2 ⋅ 21 7 ⋅ 1/5
U3 = =
(
o ⋅ NS h )
5/9 ⋅ 21 .3 ⋅ 9426
>2113/3!L

R23 > o ⋅ (Nd w ) ⋅ (U3 − U2 ) + X23 > 5/9 ⋅ 21 −3 ⋅ 31/9 ⋅ (2113/3 − 411) + 271 >972/2!lK

2/45/!U vertikalnom cilindru (slika) unutra{weg pre~nika e>311!nn-

nalazi se o>!1/6!npm dvoatomnog idealanog gasa. Masa klipa je nl>51
lh. Klip je poduprt oprugom linearne karakteristike l. Po~etni
pritisak gasa je q2>2/16!cbs, a pritisak okoline iznosi qp>2!cbs. Plin R23
se hladi tako da u momentu rastere}ewa opruge postigne temperatura od
U3>364!L, pri ~emu se od gasa odvede 2/6!lK toplote. Zanemaruju}i trewe
klipa odrediti: 3
a) po~etnu temperaturu gasa
b) za koliko se podigao gas do momenta rastere}ewa opruge ∆{
b*
jedna~ina stati~ke ravnoteè za klip u trenutku rastere}ewa
opruge:
nl ⋅ h nl ⋅ h 51 ⋅ :/92
q3 + = qp ⇒ q3 = qp − = 2 ⋅ 21 6 − > 1/98 !cbs
3
3
e ⋅π e ⋅π 1/3 3 ⋅ π
5 5 5
jedna~ina stawa idealnog gasa za stawe 2:! (

q 3 ⋅ W3 = o ⋅ NS h ⋅ U3)
(
o ⋅ NS h ⋅ U3 ) 1/6 ⋅ 21 −4 ⋅ 9426 ⋅ 364
W3 = = >1/1232!n4
q3 1/98 ⋅ 21 6

q2 + q 3
R23 > o ⋅ (Nd w ) ⋅ (U3 − U2 ) + ⋅ (W3 − W2 ) )2*
3
jedna~ina stawa idealnog gasa za stawe 1:! (

q2 ⋅ W2 = o ⋅ NS h ⋅ U2) )3*
kombinovawem jedna~ina (1) i (2) dobija se: W2>1/1259!n4-!U2>484!L
W3
∫
q2 + q 3
napomena:! X23 = q)W*eW = ⋅ )W3 − W2 * -!kao u prethodnom zadatku
3
w W2
b)
e3 ⋅ π W2 − W3 1/1259 − 1/1232
W2 − W3 = ⋅ ∆{ ⇒ ∆{ = 5 ⋅ = 5⋅ >97!nn
3
5 e ⋅π 1/3 3 ⋅ π

2/46/!U vertikalnom, toplotno izolovanom cilindru pre~nika e>311!nn sme{tena je opruga

zanemarqive zapremine (slika). Na oprugu je naslowen adijabatski klip mase nl>36!lh. U cilindru se
nalazi azot stawa 2)q2>2/16!cbs!U2>414!L*. U po~etnom trenutku udaqenost klipa od dna cilindra
iznosi {2>611!nn. Duìna opruge (linearne karakteristike) u neoptere}enom stawu iznosi {p>711
nn. Dolivawem ìve )ρ>24711!lh0n4* iznad klipa, klip se spusti za ∆{>211!nn!(zanemariti trewe).
Pritisak okoline iznosi qp>2!cbs. Odrediti:
a) koliko je ìve doliveno )lh*
b) za koliko se pove}ala unutra{wa energija gasa
c) do koje bi temperature trebalo zagrejati azot tako da se klip vrati u po~etno stawe
(pretpostaviti da ne dolazi do isticawa ìve) i koliko bi toplote pri tom trebalo dovesti
e e
∆z
{1 ∆{
{2
{3
a)
jedna~ina stati~ke ravnoteè za poloàj klipa u trenutku 1:
 
 
l ⋅ ({ p − {2 ) nl ⋅ h  q − q + nl ⋅ h  ⋅ e ⋅ π
3
q2 + = q + ⇒ l =
 e3 ⋅ π  5 ⋅ ({ p − {2 )
p p 2
e3 ⋅ π e3 ⋅ π
 
5 5  5 
 
 
36 ⋅ :/92  1/3 3 ⋅ π
l = 2 ⋅ 21 6 − 2/16 ⋅ 21 6 +
O
⋅ >992/8!


3
1/3 ⋅ π 

5 ⋅ (1/ 7 − 1 / 6 ) n
 5 
e3 ⋅ π 1/3 3 ⋅ π
W2 = ⋅ {2 = ⋅ 1/6 = 1/1268 n 4
5 5
e3 ⋅ π 1/3 3 ⋅ π
W3 = ⋅ ({ 2 − ∆{ ) = ⋅ (1/6 . 1/2) = 1/1237 n 4
5 5
κ κ 2/5
q2  W3  W   1/1268 
=  ⇒ q 3 = q2 ⋅  2  = 2/16 ⋅ 21 6 ⋅   = 2/54 ⋅ 21 6 Qb
q 3  W2   W3   1/1237 

jedna~ina stati~ke ravnoteè za poloàj klipa u trenutku 2:
l ⋅ ({ p − {2 + ∆{ ) nl ⋅ h
q3 + 3
= qp + + ρ Ih ⋅ h ⋅ z ⇒
e ⋅π e3 ⋅ π
5 5
 
 
l ⋅ ({ p − {2 + ∆{ ) nl ⋅ h
z= + 3 − p⋅
2
− 3 q q
 3
e ⋅π e ⋅π  ρ ⋅h
  Ih
 5 5 
 
 
2483/3 ⋅ 1/3 36 ⋅ :/92
z>  6
6 2
− + 2/ 54 ⋅ 21 − 2/ 16 ⋅ 21 ⋅ >3:3!nn
 1/3 3 ⋅ π 3
1/3 ⋅ π  24711 ⋅ :/92
 
 5 5 
e3 ⋅ π 1/3 3 ⋅ π
nIh = ρ Ih ⋅ ⋅ z = 24711 ⋅ ⋅ 1/3:3 >235/87!lh
5 5
b)
jedna~ina stawa idealnog gasa na po~etku procesa:! q2 ⋅ W2 = n ⋅ S h ⋅ U2
q2 ⋅ W2 2/16 ⋅ 21 ⋅ 1/1268
6
n= = = 1/129 lh
S h ⋅ U2 3:8 ⋅ 414
jedna~ina stawa idealnog gasa na kraju procesa:! q 3 ⋅ W3 = n ⋅ S h ⋅ U3

q 3 ⋅ W3 2/54 ⋅ 21 ⋅ 1/12376
U3 = = = 448/2 L
n ⋅ Sh 1/129 ⋅ 3:8
∆V23 = n ⋅ d w ⋅ (U3 − U2 ) > 1/129 ⋅ 1/85 ⋅ (448/2 − 414) >!1/56!lK
c)
uo~iti da je: W4!>!W2- q4>q3
jedna~ina stawa idealnog gasa za stawe 3:! q 4 ⋅ W4 = n ⋅ S h ⋅ U4

q 4 ⋅ W4 2/54 ⋅ 21 ⋅ 1/12686
U4 = = = 531 L
n ⋅ Sh 1/129 ⋅ 3:8
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces 2−3: R 34 = ∆V 34 + X34

R34> n ⋅ d w ⋅ (U4 − U3 ) + q 3 ⋅ (W4 − W3 ) >
R34>! 1/129 ⋅ 1/85 ⋅ (531 − 448/2) + 2/54 ⋅ 21 6 ⋅ 21 −4 ⋅ (1/1268 − 1/1237 ) >2/66!lK

2/47/ Toplotno izolovan cilindar, sa pokretnim toplotno izolovanim klipom, podeqen je nepokretnom,
toplotno propustqivom (dijatermijskom) pregradom na dva dela (slika). U delu B nalazi se troatomni
idealan gas po~etnog staqa B)qB2>1/26!NQb-!WB2>1/6!n4-!UB2>911!L*- a u delu C dvoatomni idealan gas
po~etnog stawa C)qC2>1/6!NQb-!WC2>1/3!n4-!UC2>411!L*/ Odrediti zapreminu u delu B i pritisak u delu C
u trenutku uspostavqawa termodinami~ke ravnoteè.
uo~iti da je:
qB2>qB3
WC2>WC3
UB3>UC3
B
jedna~ina stawa idealnog gasa A na po~etku procesa:

q ⋅W
(
q B2 ⋅ WB2 = o B ⋅ NS h ⋅ UB )⇒ o B = B2 B2
NS h ⋅ UB ( )
1/26 ⋅ 21 7 ⋅ 1/6
oB = > 2/24 ⋅ 21 −3 lnpm
9426 ⋅ 911
jedna~ina stawa idealnog gasa!C!ob!po~etku procesa:

q ⋅W
( )
q C2 ⋅ WC2 = oC ⋅ NS h ⋅ UC ⇒ oC = C2 C2
NS h ⋅ UC ( )
1/6 ⋅ 21 7 ⋅ 1/3
oC = > 5/12 ⋅ 21 −3 lnpm
9426 ⋅ 411
prvi zakon za promenu stawa radnih tela B i C u celom cilindru
R23!>!∆V23!,X23
1 = o B ⋅ (Nd w ) B ⋅ (UB3 − UB2 ) + oC ⋅ (Nd w )C ⋅ (UC3 − UC2 ) + q B ⋅ (WB3 − WB2 ) !!!!)2*
jedna~ina stawa ideal. gasa A u trenutku uspostavqawa toplotne ravnoteè:

q ⋅W
(
q B3 ⋅ WB3 = o B ⋅ NS h ⋅ UB3) ⇒ UB3 = B3 B3
o ⋅ NS h (
)3*
)

kada se jedna~ina (2) stavi u jedna~inu (1) dobija se:
 q ⋅W   q ⋅W 
1 = oB ⋅ (Ndw )B ⋅  B3 B3 − UB2  + oC ⋅ (Ndw )C ⋅  B3 B3 − UC2  + q B ⋅ (WB3 − WB2)
 (
 oB ⋅ NSh 
 )  oB ⋅ NSh
 ( 
 )
o B ⋅ (Nd w )B ⋅ UB2 + oC ⋅ (Nd w )C ⋅ UC2 + q B ⋅ WB2
WB 3 =
(Nd w )B (Nd w )C
⋅ q B3 + ⋅ q C3 + q B
(NS h ) (
NS h )
2/24 ⋅ 21 −3 ⋅ 3:/2 ⋅ 21 4 ⋅ 911 + 5/12 ⋅ 21 −3 ⋅ 31/9 ⋅ 21 4 ⋅ 411 + 1/26 ⋅ 21 7 ⋅ 1/6
WB 3 =
3:/2 ⋅ 21 4 31/9 ⋅ 21 4
⋅ 1/26 ⋅ 21 7 + ⋅ 1/6 ⋅ 21 7 + 1/26 ⋅ 21 7 q B
9426 9426
odavde se dobija: WB3>1/416!n4
1/26 ⋅ 21 7 ⋅ 1/416
vra}awem u jedna~inu!)3*;! UB3 = >598!L!>!UC3
2/24 ⋅ 21 .3 ⋅ 9426
lK
napomena: (Nd w )B >3:/2! troatoman idealan gas
lnpmL
(Nd w )C >31/9! lK dvoatoman idealan gas

lnpmL
kedna~ina stawa ideal. gasa C u trenutku uspostavqawa toplotne ravnoteè;
( ) oC ⋅ NS h ⋅ UC3 ( )
q C3 ⋅ WC3 = oC ⋅ NS h ⋅ UC3 ⇒ q C3 =
WC3
5/12 ⋅ 21 .3 ⋅ 9426 ⋅ 598
q C3 = > 9/2 ⋅ 21 6 !Qb
1/3

2/48/!Vertikalan, toplotno izolovan cilindar, zatvoren i sa gorwe i sa

)X23*B
dowe strane pokretnim klipovima (toplotno izolovanim, zanemarqivih
masa, koji se kre}u bez trewa), podeqen je nepropusnom, krutom i
nepokretnom pregradom na deo B i deo C (slika). Pregrada je zanemarqivog
toplotnog kapaciteta i pruà zanemarqiv otpor kretawu toplote. U delu B
B nalazi se dvoatoman idealan gas, a u delu C troatoman idealan gas. U
po~etnom poloàju gas u delu B ima stawe B2)WB2>1/6!n4-!qB2>1/5!NQb-
UB2>411!L* gas u delu C u stawe C2)WC2>1/5!n4-!qC2>1/16!NQb-!UC2>411!L*/
Odrediti zapreminski rad koji treba obaviti pri sabijawu gasa u delu B, C
da bi zapremina gasa u delu C bila dva puta ve}a.
jedna~ina stawa idealnog gasa A na po~etku procesa:

q ⋅W
q B2 ⋅ WB2 = o B ⋅ NS h ⋅ UB( ⇒ )
o B = B2 B2
NS h ⋅ UB ( )
1/5 ⋅ 21 7 ⋅ 1/6
oB = > 9/13 ⋅ 21 −3 lnpm
9426 ⋅ 411
jedna~ina stawa idealnog gasa C na po~etku procesa:

q ⋅W
(
q C2 ⋅ WC2 = oC ⋅ NS h ⋅ UC ⇒ ) oC = C2 C2
NS h ⋅ UC ( )
7
1/16 ⋅ 21 ⋅ 1/3
oC = > 9/13 ⋅ 21−4 lnpm
9426 ⋅ 411
uslov zadatka: WC3!>!3!/!WC2!>!1/9!n4-

dijatermijska pregrada: UB3>UC3
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces u cilindru:
R23!>!∆V23!,)!X23!*B!,!)!X23!*C
1 = oB ⋅ (Ndw )B ⋅ (UB3 − UB2) + oC ⋅ (Ndw )C ⋅ (UC3 − UC2) + (X23 )B + qC ⋅ (WC3 − WC2) )2*
jedna~ina stawa idealnog gasa C na kraju procesa:

(
qC3 ⋅ WC3 = oC ⋅ NSh ⋅ UC3 ) )3*
kombinovawem jedna~ina )2* i )3*-!sistem dve jedna~ine sa dve nepoznate,

dobija se: UB3>712!L-!!)X23*B>−6:1/4!lK

2/49/!U izolovanom i sa obe strane zatvorenom cilindru nalaze se dva idealna gasa me|usobno odeqena
bez trewa pomi~nim i toplotno propusnim klipom. Po~etni pritisak oba gasa iznosi!qB2>qB3>4!cbs/
U delu nalazi se kiseonik stawa B)UB2>3:4!L-!nB>1/2!lh*-!a u delu C nalazi se metan stawa!C)UC2>634
L-!nC>1/2!lh*/!Odrediti:
a) pritisak i temperaturu oba gasa trenutku uspostavqawa termodinami~ke ravnoteè
b) promenu entropije sitema koja nastaje u procesu koji po~iwe od zadatog po~etnog stawa i traje do
trenutka uspostavqawa termodinami~ke ravnoteè
B C
b*
jedna~ina stawa idealnog gasa B (po~etak procesa) : q B2 ⋅ WB2 = n B ⋅ S hB ⋅ UB2
n B ⋅ S h ⋅ UB2 1/2 ⋅ 371 ⋅ 3:4
WB2 = = >1/1365!n4
q B2 4 ⋅ 21 6
jedna~ina stawa idealnog gasa B (kraj procesa): q C2 ⋅ WC2 = nC ⋅ S hC ⋅ UC2

nC ⋅ S hC ⋅ UC2 1/2 ⋅ 631 ⋅ 634
WC2 = = >1/1:17!n4
q C2 4 ⋅ 21 6
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces u cilindru: R 23 = ∆V23 + X23
∆V23>1 ⇒ V2 = V 3
V2 = n B ⋅ d wB ⋅ UB + nC ⋅ d wC ⋅ UC
V 3 = n B ⋅ d wB ⋅ U + + nC ⋅ d wC ⋅ U +
n B ⋅ d wB ⋅ UB2 + nC ⋅ d wC ⋅ UC2 1/2 ⋅ 1/76 ⋅ 3:4 + 1/2 ⋅ 2/93 ⋅ 634

U+ = = >573/6!L
n B⋅ d wB + nC ⋅ d wC 1/2 ⋅ 1/76 + 1/2 ⋅ 2/93
jedna~ina stawa idealnog gasa B na kraju procesa:

n B ⋅ S hB ⋅ U +
q B3 ⋅ WB3 = n B ⋅ S hB ⋅ U + ⇒ WB3 = )2*
q B3
jedna~ina stawa idealnog gasa C na kraju procesa:
nC ⋅ S hC ⋅ U +
q C3 ⋅ WC3 = nC ⋅ S hC ⋅ U + ⇒ WC3 = )3*
q C3

n B ⋅ S hB
deqewem jedna~ina!)2*!i!)3*!dobija se;! WB3 = WC3 )4*
nC ⋅ S hC
jednake zapremine cilindra pre i posle procesa;!WB2!,WC2!>WB3!,WC3!!!!)5*
kada se jedna~ina!)4*!uvrsti u jedna~inu!)5*!dobija se i re{i po!WC3!dobija se;
WB2 + WC2 1/1365 + 1/1:17

WC3!>! = >1/1884!!n4
n B ⋅ S hB 1/2 ⋅ 371
+2 +2
nC ⋅ S hC 1/2 ⋅ 631
1/2 ⋅ 371
vra}awem u jedna~inu )4*!dobija se; WB3 = 1/1884 ⋅ >1/1498!n4
1/2 ⋅ 631
n B ⋅ S hB ⋅ U + 1/2 ⋅ 371 ⋅ 573/6

q B3 = = > 4/2 ⋅ 21 6 !Qb!>!qC3
WB3 1/1498
b)
K
∆TTJ!>!∆TSU!,!∆Tplpmjob!>!///!>!33/:!
L
K
∆Tplpmjob>!1! (adijabatski procesi u oba cilindra)
L
K
∆TSU!>! ∆T B + ∆T C >!///>!51/8!−!41/8!>!33/:!
L
 UB3 q 
!∆TB!>g!)!q-!U*!> nB ⋅  dqmo − Shmo B3  >
 UB2 qB2 
 573/6 4/2 ⋅ 21 6 
∆TB!> 1/2 ⋅  1/:2 ⋅ mo − 1/371 ⋅ mo  >51/8! K
 3:4 4 ⋅ 21 6  L
 
 UC3 q 
∆TC!>!g!)!q-!U*!> nC ⋅  dqmo − Shmo C3  >
 UC2 qCB2 
 573/3 4/2⋅ 216  lK
∆TC!>! 1/2⋅  3/45 ⋅ mo − 1/631 ⋅ mo >−41/89!
 634 4 ⋅ 216 
L
 

2/4:/!U zatvorenom, delimi~no adijabatski izolovanom (vidi sliku), horizontalnom cilindru nalazi se
o>3!lnpm dvoatomnog idealnog gasa. Pokretna adijabatska povr{ina (klip) deli cilindar na dva jednaka
dela )WB>WC!*/ Po~etno stawe idealnog gasa (u oba dela) odre|eno je istim veli~inama stawa q>2!cbs-
U>399!L. Dovo|ewem toplote kroz neizolovani deo cilindra (leva ~eona povr{ina) dolazi do kretawa
klipa (bez trewa) dok pritisak u delu C ne dostigne 5!cbs ( pri tome se usled kvazistati~nosti ne
naru{ava mehani~ka ravnoteà tj. i pritsak u delu B iznosi
5!cbs). Odrediti:
a) zapreminski rad koji izvr{i radno telo u delu B (levi deo cilindra)
b) koli~inu toplote koja se preda radnom telu u istom delu cilindra
R23
B C
a)
jedna~ina stawa idealnog gasa u delu A na po~etku procesa:
q ⋅W
(
q B2 ⋅ WB2 = o B ⋅ NS h ⋅ UB ⇒ )
o B = B2 B2
NS h ⋅ UB ( ) )2*
q C2 ⋅ WC2
(
q C2 ⋅ WC2 = oC ⋅ NS h ⋅ UC ) ⇒ oC =
( )
NS h ⋅ UC
)3*
iz jedna~ina )2*!i!)3* se dobija: oB!>!oC )4*

uslov zadatka: o>oB!,!oC )5*
kombinovawem jedna~ina!)4*!i!)5*!dobija se: oB>!2!lnpm-!oC>2!lnpm
promena stawa idealnog gasa u delu!C!je kvazistati~ka i adijabatska:

κ −2 2/5 −2
q  κ  5 ⋅ 21 6  2/5
UC3 = UC2 ⋅  C3  = 399 ⋅  6

 = 539 L
 q C2   2 ⋅ 21 
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces u delu C; !!!!! (R 23 )C = (∆V23 )C + (X23 )C
(X23 )C = −(∆V23 )C = −oC ⋅ (Nd w ) ⋅ (UC3 − UC2 ) > −2 ⋅ 31/9 ⋅ (539 − 399) >−3:23!lK
(X23 )B = −(X23 )C >3:23!lK

b)
jedna~ina stawa idealnog gasa u delu B na po~etku procesa: (
q B2 ⋅ WB2 = o B ⋅ NS h ⋅ UB2 ) ⇒
(
o B ⋅ NS h ⋅ UB2 )
WB2 = )6*
q B2
jedna~ina stawa idealnog gasa u delu B na kraju procesa: (

q B3 ⋅ WB3 = o B ⋅ NS h ⋅ UB3 ) ⇒
( )
o B ⋅ NS h ⋅ UB3
WB3 = )7*
q B3
U U 
oduzimawem (7*!−!)6*!dobija se;! ( )
WB3 − WB2 = o ⋅ NS h ⋅  B3 − B2  !)8*
 q B3 q B2 
jedna~ina stawa idealnog gasa u delu C na po~etku procesa: (

q C2 ⋅ WC2 = oC ⋅ NS h ⋅ UC2 ) ⇒
(
oC ⋅ NS h ⋅ UC2 )
WC2 = )9*
q C2
jedna~ina stawa idealnog gasa u delu C na kraju procesa: (

q C3 ⋅ WC3 = oC ⋅ NS h ⋅ UC3 ) ⇒
(
o W ⋅ NS h ⋅ UC3 )
WC3 = ):*
q C3
U 
oduzimawem (9*!−!):*!dobija se; ( ) U
WC2 − WC3 = o ⋅ NS h ⋅  C2 − C3  !!)21*
 q C2 q C3 
iz ~iwenice da su leve strane jedna~ina!)8*!i!)21*!jednake dobija se:
UB3 UB2 U U U U U 
− > C2 − C3 ⇒ UB3 = q B3 ⋅  B2 + C2 − C3 

q B3 q B2 q C2 q C3  q B2 q c2 q C3 
 399 399 539 

UB3 = 5 ⋅ 21 6 ⋅  6
+ 6
−  >2987!L
 2 ⋅ 21 2 ⋅ 21 5 ⋅ 21 6 
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces u delu B; !!!!! (R 23 ) B = (∆V23 ) B + (X23 )B
(R23 )B = o B ⋅ (Nd w ) ⋅ (UB3 − UB2 ) + X23 > 2 ⋅ 31/9 ⋅ (2987 − 399) + 3:23 >!46:53!lK

2/51. U hermeti~ki zatvorenim i toplotno izolovanim cilindrima B i C , koji su razdvojeni

slavinom (vidi sliku) nalazi se po!n>5!lh vazduha (idealan gas) stawa 2B)q>21!cbs-!U>511!L*,
odnosno 2C)q>2!cbs-!U>511!L). U krajwem levom delu cilindra C nalazi se adijabatski klip koji moè
da se kre}e u cilindru, ali uz savladavawe sila trewa. Otvarawem slavine, klip se usled razlike
pritisaka kre}e i sa stepenom dobrote ηlqe >1/9 sabija vazduh u cilindru C dok se ne uspostavi
mehani~ka ravnoteà. Skicirati procese sa radnim telom na zajedni~kom
Ut dijagramu i odrediti:
a) pritisak i temperaturu u cilindrima B i C u stawu mehani~ke ravnoteè
b) promenu entropije izolovanog termodinami~kog sistema od zadatog po~etnog stawa do stawa
mehani~ke ravnoteè izme|u vazduha u cilindrima B i C
a)
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces u delu A;! (R 23 ) B = (∆V23 ) B + (X23 )B !!)2*
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces u delu C;!! (R 23 )C = (∆V23 )C + (X23 )C !!!)3*
sabirawem jedna~ina (1) + (2) dobija se: (∆V23 )B = −(∆V23 )C ! ⇒

UB3 − UB2 = UC2 − UC3 ili UB2 + UC2 = UB2 + UC3 )4*
napomena: po{to su oba cilindra adijabatski izolovana od okoline

(R23 )B = (R23 )C =0.
zapreminski rad koji izvr{i radno telo B i zapreminski rad
koji se izvr{i nad radnim telom C su jednaki, ali suprotni
po znaku (X23 ) B = −(X23 )C

jedna~ina stawa idealnog gasa u delu B na po~etku procesa: (

q B2 ⋅ WB2 = o B ⋅ NS h ⋅ UB2 ) ⇒
(
o B ⋅ NS h ⋅ UB2)
WB2 = )5*
q B2
jedna~ina stawa idealnog gasa u delu B na kraju procesa: (

q B3 ⋅ WB3 = o B ⋅ NS h ⋅ UB3 ) ⇒
(
o B ⋅ NS h ⋅ UB3)
WB3 = )6*
q B3
U U 
oduzimawem (5*!−!)5*!dobija se;! ( )
WB3 − WB2 = o ⋅ NS h ⋅  B3 − B2  !)7*
 q B3 q B2 
jedna~ina stawa idealnog gasa u delu C na po~etku procesa: (

q C2 ⋅ WC2 = oC ⋅ NS h ⋅ UC2 ) ⇒
(
oC ⋅ NS h ⋅ UC2 )
WC2 = )8*
q C2
jedna~ina stawa idealnog gasa u delu C na kraju procesa: (

q C3 ⋅ WC3 = oC ⋅ NS h ⋅ UC3 ) ⇒
(
o W ⋅ NS h ⋅ UC3)
WC3 = )9*
q C3
U 
oduzimawem )8*!−!)9*!dobija se; ( ) U
WC2 − WC3 = o ⋅ NS h ⋅  C2 − C3  !!):*
 q C2 q C3 
iz ~iwenice da su leve strane jedna~ina!)7*!i!):*!jednake dobija se:
UB3 UB2 U U UB3 UC3 U U

− > C2 − C3 ⇒ + > B2 + C2 ⇒
q B3 q B2 q C2 q C3 q B3 q C3 q B2 q C2
UB3 + UC3 U U
> B2 + C2 ! )21*
qy q B2 q C2
kada se u jedna~inu )21* uvrsti jedna~ina )4* dobija se:

UB2 + UC2 U U U + UC2 511 + 511
> B2 + C2 ⇒ qy!>! B2 =
qy q B2 q C2 UB2 UC2 511 511
+ 6
+
q B2 q C2 21 ⋅ 21 2 ⋅ 21 6
qy!> 2/93 ⋅ 21 6 Qb
napomena:! qB3!>!qC3>!qy!(uslov mehani~ke ravnoteè na kraju procesa)

κ −2 2/5 −2
q  κ  2/93 ⋅ 21 6  2/5
UC3l = UC2 ⋅  C3l  = 511 ⋅   >585/7!L
 2 ⋅ 21 6 
 q C2   
UC3l − UC2 UC3l − UC2
ηlq
e = ⇒ UC3 = UC2 +
UC3 − UC2 ηlq
e
585/7 − 511
UC3> 511 + >5:4/4!L
1/9
iz jedna~ine!)4*!!!!!⇒ UB3 = UB2 + UC2 − UC3 = 511 + 511 − 5:4/4 = 417/8 L
b)
lK
∆TTJ!>!∆TSU!,!∆Tplpmjob!>!///!>!2/15!
L
lK
∆Tplpmjob>!1! (adijabatski procesi u oba cilindra)
L
lK
∆TSU!>! ∆T B + ∆T C >!///>!1/9:!,!1/26!>!2/15!
L
 q   417/8 2/93 ⋅ 216 

!∆TB!> nB ⋅  dqmo
UB3
− Shmo B3  > 5 ⋅ 2⋅ mo − 1/398 ⋅ mo  >1/9:! lK
 UB2 qB2   511 21 ⋅ 216  L
 
 q   5:4/4 2/93 ⋅ 21 6 
∆TC!> nC ⋅  dqmo
UC3
− Shmo C3  > 5 ⋅ 2 ⋅ mo − 1/398 ⋅ mo  >1/26! lK
 UC2 qCB2   511 2 ⋅ 21 6  L
 
qB2
qy
3C
U
3lC
qC2
2B
UB2>UC2
2C
3B
3lB

2/52/!Geometrijski identi~ni, adijabatski i bez trewa poktretni klipovi hermeti~ki zaptivaju dva
horizontalno postavqena, toplotno izolovana, nepokretna cilindra. Klipovi su me|usobno spregnuti
preko sistema zup~astih letvi, odnosno preko fiksnog i bez trewa pokretnog zup~anika (slika). U
levom cilindru )B*- nalazi se 1/9!lh sumpor dioksida (idealan gas), a u desnom cilindru )C* 1/9!lh
kiseonika (idealan gas). U polaznom poloàju, sumpor-dioksid se nalazi u stawu B2)qB2>1/23!NQb-
UB2>411!L*- a kiseonik u stawu C2!)qC2>1/19!NQb-!UC2>411!L*. Odrediti koli~inu elektri~ne
energije koju bi elektri~ni greja~ H trebao da preda sumpor-dioksidu, da bi se temperatura kiseonika
snizila do UC3>393!L/
H
qB C
B
qbnc
QC
jedna~ina stawa idealnog gasa C na po~etku procesa:! q C2 ⋅ WC2 = nC ⋅ S hC ⋅ UC2
nC ⋅ S hC ⋅ UC2 1/9 ⋅ 371 ⋅ 411

WC2 = = >1/89!n4
q C2 1/19 ⋅ 21 7
κ
q U  κ −2
zakon kvazistati~ke adijabatske promene stawa gasa!C;!!!! C2 =  C2 
q C3  UC3 
κ 2/5
U  κ −2  393  2/5 −2
q C3 = q C2 ⋅  C3  = 1/19 ⋅ 21 7 ⋅  >! 1/75 ⋅ 21 6 Qb
 UC2   411 
jedna~ina stawa idealnog gasa C!na kraju procesa:!!!! q C3 ⋅ WC3 = nC ⋅ S hC ⋅ UC3
nC ⋅ S hC ⋅ UC3 1/9 ⋅ 371 ⋅ 393

WC3 = = >1/:2!n4
q C3 1/755 ⋅ 21 6
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces u delu C;!!!!!! (R 23 )C = (∆V23 )C + (X23 )C
(X23 )C >! − nC ⋅ d wC ⋅ (UC3 − UC2 ) > −1/9 ⋅ 1/76 ⋅ (393 − 411) >!:/47!lX

(X23 )B >! (X23 )C >!:/47!lX
jedna~ina stawa idealnog gasa A na po~etku procesa: q B2 ⋅ WB2 = n B ⋅ S hB ⋅ UB2
n B ⋅ S hB ⋅ UB2 1/9 ⋅ 241 ⋅ 411

WB2 = = >1/37!n4
q B2 1/23 ⋅ 21 7
uslov jednakih promena zapremina: WB3!−!WB2!>!WC3!−!WC2!
WB3!>!WB2!,!WC3!−!WC2 WB3>1/37!,!1/:2!−!1/89!>!1/4:!n4
jedna~ina stati~ke ravnoteè za idealan gas!C!na kraju procesa:
qC3!>!qbnc!−!q{vq•bojl! ⇒ q{vq•bojl!>!qbnc!−!qC3!>!2!−!1/75!>!1/47!cbs
jedna~ina stati~ke ravnoteè za idealan gas!B!na kraju procesa:
qB3!>!qbnc!,!q{vq•bojl! ⇒ qB3!>!2!,!1/47!>!2/47!cbs
jedna~ina stawa idealnog gasa!B!na kraju procesa:!! q B3 ⋅ WB3 = n B ⋅ S hB ⋅ UB3

q B3 ⋅ WB3 2/47 ⋅ 21 6 ⋅ 1/4:
UB 3 = = >621!L
n B ⋅ S hB 1/9 ⋅ 241
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces u delu!B;!!!!! (R 23 ) B = (∆V23 ) B + (X23 )B
(R23 )B > n B ⋅ d wB (UB3 − UB2 ) + (X23 )B = 1/9 ⋅ 1/56 ⋅ (621 − 411) + :/47 >95/:7!lX

2/53/ U toplotno izolovanom spremniku zapremine W>1/4!n4- nalazi se idealan gas B)Sh>394!K0lhL-
dw>821!K0lhL-!q>2!cbs-!U>3:4!L*/ Gre{kom je u ovaj spremnik pu{tena izvesna koli~ina idealnog gasa
C tako da je nastala me{avina idealni gasova stawa 2)q>2/49!cbs-!U>431!L*/ Da bi se saznalo koji je
gas u{ao u spremnik izmerena je ukupna masa me{avine nB,nC>1/573!lh, a zatim je me{avina
zagrejana to temperature od U3>464!L. Za ovo zagrevawe je utro{eno R23>21/4!lK toplote. Odrediti
koli~inu )nC* i vrstu )Sh-!dw* dodatog gasa C.
jedna~ina stawa idealnog gasa A pre me{awa: q B ⋅ WB = n B ⋅ S hB ⋅ UB

qB ⋅ W 2 ⋅ 21 6 ⋅ 1/4
nB = = = 1/473 lh
S hB ⋅ UB 394 ⋅ 3:4
koli~ina dodatog gasa: nC!>)nB!!,!nC!*!−!nB!>!1/573!−!1/473!>1/2!lh
jedna~ina stawa me{avine idealnih gasova B,C pre zagrevawa, stawe (1):
2  q2 ⋅ W 
( )
q2 ⋅ WB = n B ⋅ S hB + nC ⋅ S hC ⋅ U2 ⇒ S hC = ⋅
nC  U2
− n B ⋅ S hB 

2  2/49 ⋅ 21 6 ⋅ 1/4  K
S hC = ⋅ − 1/473 ⋅ 394  >37:/4!
1/2  431  lhL

prvi zakon termodinamike za proces zagrevawa me{avine: R 23 = ∆V23 + X23

2  R23 
R 23 = (n B ⋅ d wB + nC ⋅ d wC ) ⋅ (U3 − U2 ) ⇒ d wC = ⋅  − n B ⋅ d wB 
nC  U3 − U2 
2  21/4 ⋅ 21 4  K
d wC = ⋅ − 1/473 ⋅ 821  >662
1/2  464 − 431 
 lhL

2/54!U adijabatski izolovanom sudu sa nepropusnim i adijabatskim pregradnim zidom odvojeno je B)O3-
W>8!n4-!q>5!cbs-!U>394!L* od C)DP3-!W>!5!n4-!q>9!cbs-!U>684!L*/ Izvla~ewem pregradnog zida gasovi }e
se izme{ati. Odrediti:
a) temperaturu )U+* i pritisak )q+* dobijene me{avine
b) dokazati da je proces me{awa O3!i!DP3 nepovratan
!B !C
a)
jedna~ina stawa idealnog gasa B pre me{awa: q B ⋅ WB = n B ⋅ S hB ⋅ UB
q B ⋅ WB 5 ⋅ 21 6 ⋅ 8
nB = = = 44/42 lh
S hB ⋅ UB 3:8 ⋅ 394
jedna~ina stawa idealnog gasa C pre me{awa: q C ⋅ WC = nC ⋅ S hC ⋅ UC

q C ⋅ WC 9 ⋅ 21 6 ⋅ 5
nC = = = 3:/66 lh
S hC ⋅ UC 29: ⋅ 684
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces me{awa: R 23 = ∆V23 + X23
∆V23>1 ⇒ V2 = V 3
V 3 = n B ⋅ d wB ⋅ U + + nC ⋅ d wC ⋅ U +
n B ⋅ d wB ⋅ UB + nC ⋅ d wC ⋅ UC 44/42 ⋅ 1/85 ⋅ 394 + 3:/66 ⋅ 1/77 ⋅ 684

U+ = = >522!L
n B⋅ d wB + nC ⋅ d wC 44/42 ⋅ 1/85 + 3:/66 ⋅ 1/77
jedna~ina stawa me{avine idealnih gasova u trenutku uspostavqawa

(
toplotne ravnoteè: q + ⋅ (WB + WC ) = n B ⋅ S hB + nC ⋅ S hC ⋅ U + )
(n B ⋅ S hB + nC ⋅ S hC ) ⋅ U ∗
(44/42 ⋅ 3:8 + 3:/66 ⋅ 29:) ⋅ 522
q+ = = > 6/89 ⋅ 21 6 Qb
WB + WC 8+5

napomena: pritisak gasne me{avine q+ se moè odrediti i primenom

Daltonovog zakona q+!> q +B + q C+ pri ~emu q +B i q C+ imaju
slede}a zna~ewa:
q +B − pritisak gasa B u gasnoj me{avini u trenutku

dostizawa toplotne ravnoteè
q C+ − pritisak gasa C u gasnoj me{avini u trenutku

dostizawa toplotne ravnoteè
jedna~ina stawa idealnog gasa B u trenutku uspostavqawa toplotne

ravnoteè: q +B ⋅ (WB + WC ) = n B ⋅ S hB ⋅ U +
n B ⋅ S hB ⋅ U + 44/42 ⋅ 3:8 ⋅ 522
q +B = = = 4/81 ⋅ 21 6 !Qb
WB + WC 8+5
jedna~ina stawa idealnog gasa C u trenutku uspostavqawa toplotne

ravnoteè: q C+ ⋅ (WB + WC ) = nC ⋅ S hC ⋅ U +
nC ⋅ S hC ⋅ U + 3:/66 ⋅ 29: ⋅ 522
q C+ = = = 3/19 ⋅ 21 6 !Qb
WB + WC 8+5
b)
lK
∆TTJ!>!∆TSU!,!∆Tplpmjob!>!///!>23/95! !?1
L
R23 lK
∆Tplpmjob>−! = 1! (sud izolovan od okoline)
Up L
lK
∆TSU!>∆TB!,!∆TC>!///>!24/78!−!1/94!>23!/95!
L
 U∗ W + WC 
∆TB!> n B ⋅ g (U- w ) !> n B ⋅  d wB mo + S hB mo B >
 U WB 
 B 
 522 8+5 lK
∆TB!> 44/42 ⋅  1/85 ⋅ mo + 1/3:8 ⋅ mo  >24/78!
 394 8  L
 U∗ W + WC 
∆TC!> nC ⋅ g (U- w ) !> nC ⋅  d wC mo + S hC mo B >
 UC WC 
 
 522 8+5 lK
∆TC!> 3:/66 ⋅  1/77 ⋅ mo + 1/29: ⋅ mo  >!−1/94!
 684 5  L

2/55. Toplotno izolovan sud podeqen je izolovanom pregradom na dva dela (slika). U delu B zapremine
WB>2/6!n4 nalazi se vodonik (idealan gas) stawa B)qB>1/3!NQb-!UB>3:4!L*/ U delu C zapremine
WC>1/5!n4, nalazi se azot stawa C)qC>1/4!NQb-!nC>2!lh*. U jednom trenutku sa pregrade se uklawa
izolacioni nepropusni sloj sa pregrade, ~ime ona postaje toplotno ne izolovana polupropustqiva
membrana, kroz koju mogu da prolaze samo molekuli vodonika. Odrediti
a) promenu entropije sistema tokom procesa koji po~iwe uklawawem sloja pregrade i traje do
uspostavqawa toplotne ravnoteè u sudu
b) pritisak u delu suda B i delu suda C na kraju ovog procesa
B C
a)
q B ⋅ WB 1/3 ⋅ 21 7 ⋅ 2/6
nB = = = 1/36 lh
S hB ⋅ UB 5268 ⋅ 3:4

q C ⋅ WC 1/4 ⋅ 21 7 ⋅ 1/5
UC = = >515!L
S hC ⋅ nC 3:8 ⋅ 2
∆V23>1 ⇒ V2 = V 3
V 3 = n B ⋅ d wB ⋅ U + + nC ⋅ d wC ⋅ U +
n B ⋅ d wB ⋅ UB + nC ⋅ d wC ⋅ UC 1/36 ⋅ 21/5 ⋅ 3:4 + 2 ⋅ 1/85 ⋅ 515

U+ = = >428/7!L
n B⋅ d wB + nC ⋅ d wC 1/36 ⋅ 21/5 + 2 ⋅ 1/85
lK
∆TTJ!>!∆TSU!,!∆Tplpmjob!>!///!>1/39! !?1
L
R23 lK
∆Tplpmjob>−! = 1! (sud izolovan od okoline)
Up L
lK
∆TSU!>∆TB!,!∆TC>!///>!1/57!−!1/29!>1/39!
L

 U∗ W + WC 
∆TB!> n B ⋅ g (U- w ) !> n B ⋅  d wB mo + S hB mo B >
 UB WB 
 
 428/7 2/6 + 1/5  lK
∆TB!> 1/36 ⋅ 21/5 ⋅ mo + 5/268 ⋅ mo  >1/57!
 3:4 2/6  L
 U∗ W 
∆TC!> nC ⋅ g (U- w ) !> nC ⋅  d wC mo + S hC mo C >
 U WC 
 C 
 428/7  lK
∆TC!> 2 ⋅  1/85 ⋅ mo  >!−1/29!
 515  L
b)
jedna~ina stawa idealnog gasa B u trenutku uspostavqawa toplotne
ravnoteè: q +B ⋅ (WB + WC ) = n B ⋅ S hB ⋅ U +
n B ⋅ S hB ⋅ U + 1/36 ⋅ 5268 ⋅ 428/7
q +B = = = 2/85 ⋅ 21 6 !Qb
WB + WC 2/6 + 1/5
q +B − pritisak vodonika u sudu A i istovremeno parcijalni pritisak

vodonika gasa ugasnoj me{avini (vodonik +azot) u delu suda B u
trenutku dostizawa toplotne ravnoteè
jedna~ina stawa idealnog gasa C u trenutku uspostavqawa toplotne

ravnoteè: q C+ ⋅ WC = nC ⋅ S hC ⋅ U +
nC ⋅ S hC ⋅ U + 2 ⋅ 3:8 ⋅ 428/7
q C+ = = = 3/47 ⋅ 21 6 !Qb
WC 1/5
q C+ − parcijalni pritisak azota gasnoj me{avini (vodonik +azot) u delu

suda C u trenutku dostizawa toplotne ravnoteè
(qC )3 > q +B + q C+ = 2/85 ⋅ 21 6 , 3/47 ⋅ 21 6 > 5/2 ⋅ 21 6 Qb
(qC )3 − pritisak u sudu C u trenutku dostizawa toplotne ravnoteè

2/56/ Adijabatski izolovan termodinami~ki sistem prikazan na slici ~ine:

− zatvoren rezervoar )B* stalne zapremine WB>1/4!n4, u kojem se nalazi
kiseonik (idealan gas) stawa B)qB>3/7!cbs-!UB>411!L*
− zatvoren vertikalni cilindar )C* sa bez trewa pokretnim klipom, u kojem se
nalazi nC>!2!lh metana (idealan gas) stawa C)qC>3!cbs-!UC>511!L*/
(pokretni klip svojom teìnom obezbe|uje stalan pritisak gasa)
Otvarawem ventila dolazi do me{awa gasova. Smatraju}i da pri me{awu gasova ne}e do}i do hemijske
reakcije (eksplozija) odrediti:
a) rad koji izvr{i klip za vreme procesa me{awa
b) promenu entropije ovog adijabatski izolovanog sistema za vreme procesa me{awa
b*
B C

q B ⋅ WB 3/7 ⋅ 21 6 ⋅ 1/4
nB = = = 2 lh
S hB ⋅ UB 371 ⋅ 411

nC ⋅ S hC ⋅ UC 2 ⋅ 631 ⋅ 511
WC = = >2/15!n4
qC 3 ⋅ 21 6
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces me{awa: !!R23!>!∆V23!,!X23
[ ]
1> n B ⋅ d wB ⋅ U + + nC ⋅ d wC ⋅ U + − [n B ⋅ d wB ⋅ UB + nC ⋅ d wC ⋅ UC ] + X23 )2*
izra~unavawe zapreminskog rada: X23!>! q C ⋅  W + − WB − WC  !! )3*

 
jedna~ina stawa dobijene me{avine idealnih gasova:

(
q C ⋅ W + = n B ⋅ S hB + nC ⋅ S hC ⋅ U + )
)4*

(n B ⋅ S hB + nC ⋅ S hC ) ⋅ U +
)4* ⇒ W+ =
qC
ovu jedna~inu uvrstimo u jedna~inu (2):
( )
 n B ⋅ S hB + nC ⋅ S hC ⋅ U + 
X23 = q C ⋅  − WB − WC 
 qC 
ovu jedna~inu uvrstimo u jedna~inu )2* odakle se nakon sre|ivawa dobija:
n B ⋅ d wB ⋅ UB + n C ⋅ d wC ⋅ UC + q C ⋅ (WB + WC )
U+ =
n B ⋅ d wB + n C ⋅ d wC + n B ⋅ S hB + n C ⋅ S hC
2 ⋅ 1/76 ⋅ 411 + 2 ⋅ 2/93 ⋅ 511 + 3 ⋅ 21 6 ⋅ 21 −4 ⋅ (1/4 + 2/15 )

U+ = >477/6!L
2 ⋅ 1/76 + 2 ⋅ 2/93 + 2 ⋅ 1/37 + 2 ⋅ 1/63
)4* ⇒ W+ =
(2 ⋅ 371 + 2 ⋅ 631) ⋅ 477/6 >2/54!n4
3 ⋅ 21 6
)3*! ⇒ X23 = 3 ⋅ 21 6 ⋅ 21 −4 ⋅ [2/54 − 1/4 − 2/15 ] >29!lK
b)
lK
∆TTJ!>!∆TSU!,!∆Tplpmjob!>!///!>1/654!
L
R23 lK
∆Tplpmjob>−! = 1! (sud i cilidar izolovani od okoline)
Up L
lK
∆TSU!>∆TB!,!∆TC>!///>!1/647!,!1/118!>1/654!
L
 U+ W+ 
∆TB> n B ⋅  d wB mo + S hB mo  > 2 ⋅  1/76 ⋅ mo 477/6 + 1/37 ⋅ mo 2/54  >1/647 lK
 UB WB   411 1/4  L
 
 U∗ W+ 
∆TC> nC ⋅  d wC mo + S hC mo  = 2 ⋅ 2/93 ⋅ mo 477/6 + 1/63 ⋅ mo 2/54  >1/118! lK
 UC WC   511 2/15  L
 

2/57/ Termodinami~ki sistem prikazan na slici ~ine:

− zatvoren rezervoar )B* stalne zapremine WB>1/37!n4, u kojem se nalazi
kiseonik (idealan gas) stawa B)qB>5!cbs-!UB>511!L*
− zatvoren rezervoar )C* stalne zapremine WC>1/37!n4 u kojem vlada apsolutni
vakum
− okolina stalne temperature Up>399!L
Otvarawem ventila kiseonik se {iri i u toku procesa {irewa okolini preda
25/5!lK toplote.
a) odrediti pritisak kiseonika nakon {irewa
b) dokazati da je proces {irewa kiseonika nepovratan.
B C
a)
jedna~ina stawa idealnog gasa B pre {irewa: q B ⋅ WB = n B ⋅ S h ⋅ UB2
q B ⋅ WB 5 ⋅ 21 6 ⋅ 1/37
nB = = = 2 lh
S hB ⋅ UB2 371 ⋅ 511
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces {irewa: R 23 = ∆V23 + X23
R 23 25/5
R 23 = n ⋅ d w (UB3 − UB2 ) ⇒ UB3 = UB2 + = 511 − >491!L
n ⋅ dw 2 ⋅ 1/83
jedna~ina stawa idealnog gasa B nakon {irewa: q B3 ⋅ (WB + WC ) = n B ⋅ S h ⋅ UB3

n B ⋅ S h ⋅ UB 3 2 ⋅ 371 ⋅ 491
q B3 = = >! 2/: ⋅ 21 6 Qb
WB + WC 1/37 + 1/37
b)
lK
∆TTJ!>!∆TSU!,!∆Tplpmjob!>!///!>1/258,1/16!>!1/2:8! !?!1
L
R 23 − 25/5 lK
∆Tplpmjob>−! =− >1/161!
Up 399 L
 U q   491 2/:  lK
∆TSU> n B ⋅  d q mo B3 − S hmo B3  > 2 ⋅  1/:2 ⋅ mo − 1/37 ⋅ mo  >1/258
 UB2 QB2   511 5  L

2/58/!Adijabatski izolovan sud podeqen je nepropusnom i adijabatskom membranom na dva dela WB>1/4!n4
i WC>1/6!n4 (slika). U delu B nalazi se nB>1/6!lh kiseonika (idealan gas) temperature UB>411!L, a u
delu C!nC>2!lh sumpor-dioksida (idealan gas) temperature UC>641!L. U delu A kiseonik po~iwe da se
me{a ventilatorom snage
41!X/ Membrana je projektovana da pukne kada razlika pritisaka prema{i ∆q>73!lQb i u tom trenutku se
iskqu~uje ventilator. Odrediti:
a) vreme do pucawa membrane
c* temperaturu i pritisak nastale me{avine posle pucawa membrane, a po uspostavqawu
termodinami~ke ravnoteè
X23
B !C
b*
jedna~ina stawa idealnog gasa C: q C ⋅ WC = nC ⋅ S hC ⋅ UC
nC ⋅ S hC ⋅ UC 2 ⋅ 241 ⋅ 641
qC = = > 2/49 ⋅ 21 6 Qb
WC 1/6
uslov pucawa membrane: ∆q = q B3 − q C

6 4 6
q B3 = q C + ∆q = 2/49 ⋅ 21 + 1/73 ⋅ 21 > 3 ⋅ 21 !Qb
jedna~ina stawa idealnog gasa B neposredno pred pucawe membrane:

q ⋅W 3 ⋅ 21 6 ⋅ 1/4
q B3 ⋅ WB = n B ⋅ S hB ⋅ UB3 ⇒ UB 3 = B 3 B = >572/6!L
n B ⋅ S hB 1/6 ⋅ 371
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces u delu A (za vreme rada ventilatora)
R 23 = ∆V23 + XU23 ⇒ XU23 = −∆V23
XU23 = −n B ⋅ d wB ⋅ (UB3 − UB2 ) = −1/6 ⋅ 1/76 ⋅ (572/6 − 411) >−63/6!lK
XU23 − 63/6
τ= ⋅
= >!2861!t
X U23 . 41 ⋅ 21 .4

b)
∆V23>1 ⇒ V2 = V 3
V2 = n B ⋅ d wB ⋅ UB3 + nC ⋅ d wC ⋅ UC
V 3 = n B ⋅ d wB ⋅ U + + nC ⋅ d wC ⋅ U +
n B ⋅ d wB ⋅ UB3 + nC ⋅ d wC ⋅ UC 1/6 ⋅ 1/76 ⋅ 572/6 + 2 ⋅ 1/56 ⋅ 641

U+ = = >612/4!L
n B⋅ d wB + nC ⋅ d wC 1/6 ⋅ 1/76 + 2 ⋅ 1/56

(
(n B ⋅ S hB + nC ⋅ S hC ) ⋅ U ∗
(1/6 ⋅ 371 + 2 ⋅ 241) ⋅ 612/4 > 2/74 ⋅ 21 6 Qb
q+ = =
WB + WC 1/4 + 1/6
2/59/!Adijabatski izolovan sud podeqen je nepropustqivom i adijabatskom membranom na dva dela WB>1/4
n4!i!WC>1/6!n4 (vidi sliku). U delu B nalazi se nB>1/6!lh kiseonika (idealan gas) temperature UB>411
L, a u delu C!nC>2!lh sumpor-dioksida (idealan gas) temperature UC>461!L/ Me{awe kiseonika se obavqa
ventilatorom pogonske snage 41!X, sumpor-dioksida ventilatorom pogonske snage 56!X. Membrana je
projektovana tako da pukne kada razlika pritisaka prema{i ∆q≥75/3!lQb i u tom trenutku se iskqu~uju
oba ventilatora. Odrediti:
a) vreme do pucawa membrane
b) temperaturu i pritisak nastale me{avine posle pucawa membrane, a po uspostavqawu
termodinami~ke ravnoteè
B C
)XU23*B )XU23*B

b*
 ⋅ 
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces u delu!B;!!! (R 23 ) B = (∆V23 ) B +  X U23 ⋅ τ 
 B
 ⋅ 
n B ⋅ d wB ⋅ (UB3 − UB2 ) = − X U23 ⋅ τ  )2*
 B
 ⋅ 
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces u delu!C;! (R 23 )C = (∆V23 )C +  X U23 ⋅ τ 
 C
 ⋅ 
nC ⋅ d wC ⋅ (UC3 − UC2 ) = − X U23 ⋅ τ  )3*
 C
 ⋅ 
 X U23 
 B n ⋅ d ⋅ (UB3 − UB2 )
deqewem jedna~ina!)2*!i!)3*!dobija se;! > B wB !!!!!)4*
 ⋅  nC ⋅ d wC ⋅ (UC3 − UC2 )
 X U23 
 C
jedna~ina stawa idealnog gasa!C!neposredno pred!pucawa membrane:

nC ⋅ S hC ⋅ UC3
q C3 ⋅ WC = nC ⋅ S hC ⋅ UC3 ⇒ q C3 = )5*
WC
jedna~ina stawa idealnog gasa!B!neposredno pred!pucawa membrane:

n B ⋅ S hB ⋅ UB3
q B3 ⋅ WB = n B ⋅ S hB ⋅ UB3 ⇒ q B3 = )6*
WB
oduzimawem jedna~ina!)6*!i )5*!dobija se:

n B ⋅ S hB ⋅ UB3 nC ⋅ S hC ⋅ UC3
q B 3 − q C3 = − )7*
WB WC
uslov pucawa membrane: ∆q = q B3 − q C3 )8*
kombinovawem jedna~ina!)4*-!)7*!i!)8*!dobija se:
UB3!>!577/26!L UC3!>!641!L
vra}awem UB3!u jedna~inu!)2*!ili UC3!u jedna~inu )3*!dobija se:

−n B ⋅ d wB ⋅ (UB3 − UB2 ) −1/6 ⋅ 1/76 ⋅ (577/26 − 411)
τ= ⋅
= >2911!t
− 41
X U23

b)
∆V23>1 ⇒ V2 = V 3
V2 = n B ⋅ d wB ⋅ UB3 + nC ⋅ d wC ⋅ UC3
V 3 = n B ⋅ d wB ⋅ U + + nC ⋅ d wC ⋅ U +
n B ⋅ d wB ⋅ UB3 + nC ⋅ d wC ⋅ UC3 1/6 ⋅ 1/76 ⋅ 577/26 + 2 ⋅ 1/56 ⋅ 641

U+ = = >614/3!L
n B⋅ d wB + nC ⋅ d wC 1/6 ⋅ 1/76 + 2 ⋅ 1/56

(
(n B ⋅ S hB + nC ⋅ S hC ) ⋅ U ∗ (1/6 ⋅ 371 + 2 ⋅ 241) ⋅ 614/3
q+ = = > 2/75 ⋅ 21 6 Qb
WB + WC 1/4 + 1/6

zadaci za ve`bawe: )2/5:/!−2/61/*
2/5:/ Verikalni cilindar unutra{weg pre~nika e>361!nn,

adijabatski izolovan od okoline, zatvoren je sa gorwe strane bez
trewa pokretnim adijabatskim klipom mase nl>61!lh. Klip na sebi
nosi oprugu zanemarqive teìne, linearne karakteristike l>231 nu
O0dn3 i u po~etnom poloàju udaqen je od dna cilindra {>511!nn
(slika). Pritisak okoline iznosi qp>2!cbs/ U cilindru se nalazi
vazduh (idealan gas) temperature U2>3:4!L. Na oprugu se odozgo m
po~iwe spu{tati teg nbtf!nU>411!lh/ Od trenutka kada teg dodirne
opruga , on po~inwe oprugu sa klipom potiskivati na dole,
istovremeno sabijaju}i oprugu i gas u cilindru. Odrediti
a) za koliko se spusti klip )∆{* a koliko sabije opruga )∆m* do
trenutka kada sila u uètu postane jednaka nuli (stawe 2)
b) do koje temperature bi trebalo zagrejati vazduh stawa 2 da bi
klip vratili u prvobitni poloàj i koliko toplote je za to {
potrebno dovesti
e
a) ∆{>21:!nn- ∆m>356!nn
b) U>563/9!L- R>4/2!lK
2/61/ Cilindar je napravqen prema slici. Slobodno

pomi~ni klip zanemarqive mase, optere}en tegom mase nu
nU>311!lh, nalazi se u po~etnom poloàju na kao na
slici. U cilndru se nalazi vazduh po~etne temperature
U2>634!L koji se hladi predaju}i kroz zidove cilindra
∆{
toplotu okolini stawa P)qp>2!cbs-!!Up>3:4!L* sve do E e>291!nn
uspostavqawa toplotne ravnoteè sa okolinom.
Odrediti: E>311!nn
a) pri kojoj temperaturi vazduha u cilindru }e klip
dodirnuti oslonac (stawe 2) { {>461!nn
b) pritisak gasa na po~etku i kraju procesa
c) koli~inu toplote koju vazduh preda okolini tokom ∆{>261!nn
e
procesa 1−2−3
a) U3!>456/7!L
b) q2!>2/73!cbs-!q4!>2/48!cbs
c) R24!>!−4/27!lK


(OTVOREN TERMODINAMI^KI SISTEM)
2/62/ Vazduh (idealan gas) struji stacionarno kroz vertikalnu

cev visine 4/7!n, konstantnog popre~nog preseka, masenim
⋅ 3
protokom od n >411!lh0i (slika). Cev je toplotno izolovana
od okoline, a u cevi je instaliran greja~ koji vazduhu predaje
toplotu. Stawe vazduha na ulazu u cev odre|eno je veli~inama
stawa 2)q2>2/3!cbs-!U2>3:4!L-!x>5/6!n0t*, a na izlazu 3)q3>2
cbs!U3>472!L*. Odrediti:
a) brzinu vazduha na izlazu iz cevi {3−{2
c* toplotni protok koji greja~ saop{tava vazduhu
a)
jedna~ina stawa idealnog gasa na ulazu u cev: 2
q2 ⋅ w 2 = S h ⋅ U2
S h ⋅ U2 398 ⋅ 3:4 n4
w2 = = >1/8118!
q2 2/3 ⋅ 21 6 lh
jedna~ina stawa idealnog gasa na izazu iz cevi: q 3 ⋅ w 3 = S h ⋅ U3

S h ⋅ U3 398 ⋅ 472 n4
w3 = = >2/1472!
q3 2 ⋅ 21 6 lh
e23 ⋅ π e 3 ⋅π
x2 ⋅ x3 ⋅ 3
jedna~ina kontinuiteta: 5 = 5
w2 w3
w3 2/1472 n
x 3 = x2 ⋅ = 5/6 ⋅ >7/76!
w2 1/8118 t
b)
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces u cevi:! R 23 = ∆ I23 + X U23 + ∆Fl23 + ∆Fq23
⋅ ⋅ x 33 − x 23
⋅ ⋅
R 23 = ∆ n⋅ d q ⋅ (U3 − U2 ) + n⋅ + n⋅ ({ 3 − {2 )
3
⋅ 411 411 7/76 3 − 5/6 3 411
R 23 = ⋅ 2 ⋅ 21 4 ⋅ (472 − 3:4) + ⋅ + ⋅ 4/7 >6779!X
4711 4711 3 4711

⋅
2/63/ U toplotno izolovanoj komori me{aju se tri struje idealnih gasova: kiseonik B) n >7!lh0t-!q>1/29
⋅ ⋅
NQb-!u>361pD*- azot C) n >4!lh0t-!q>1/44!NQb-!u>6:1pD* i ugqen−monoksid D) n >3!lh0t-!q>1/49!NQb-
u>551pD*/ Pritisak dobijene sme{e na izlazu iz komore q+>1/2!NQb/!Zanemaruju}i promenu kineti~ke
energije kao i potencijalne energije, odrediti:
a) temperaturu )U+* i zapreminski protok ( W + ) dobijene sme{e
c* promenu entropije sistema za proces me{awa
C me{avina
a)
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces u me{noj komori:
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
R 23 = ∆ I23 + X U23 + ∆Fl23 + ∆Fq23 ⇒ I2 = I3
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
I2 = n B ⋅ d qB ⋅ UB + nC ⋅ d qC ⋅ UC + nD ⋅ d qD ⋅ UD
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
I3 = n B ⋅ d qB ⋅ U + + nC ⋅ d qC ⋅ U + + nD ⋅ d qD ⋅ U +
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
+
n B ⋅ d qB ⋅ UB + nC ⋅ d qC ⋅ UC + nD ⋅ d qD ⋅ UD
U =
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
n B ⋅ d qB + nC ⋅ d qC + nD ⋅ d qD
7 ⋅ 1/:2 ⋅ 634 + 4 ⋅ 2/15 ⋅ 974 + 3 ⋅ 2/15 ⋅ 824
U+ = = 76:/7!L
7 ⋅ 1/:2 + 4 ⋅ 2/15 + 3 ⋅ 2/15
jedna~ina stawa idealne gasne me{avine na izlazu iz komore za me{awe:

 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ 
q + ⋅ W + =  n B ⋅ S hB + nC ⋅ S hC + nD ⋅ S hD  ⋅ U + ⇒
 
 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ 
 n B ⋅ S hB + nC ⋅ S hC + nD ⋅ S hD  ⋅ U +
W+ =
 
=
(7 ⋅ 371 + 4 ⋅ 3:8 + 3 ⋅ 3:8) ⋅ 76:/7
+
q 2 ⋅ 21 6
n4
W + = 31 !
t

b)
⋅
jedna~ina stawa idealnog gasa B u nastaloj me{avini: q +B ⋅ W + = n B ⋅ S hB ⋅ U +
⋅
n B ⋅ S hB ⋅ U + 7 ⋅ 371 ⋅ 76:/7
q +B = = >1/62 ⋅ 21 6 !Qb
+ 31
W
⋅
jedna~ina stawa idealnog gasa C u nastaloj me{avini: q C+ ⋅ W + = nC ⋅ S hC ⋅ U +
⋅
nC ⋅ S hC ⋅ U + 4 ⋅ 3:8 ⋅ 76:/7
q C+ = = >1/3: ⋅ 21 6 !Qb
+ 31
W
⋅
jedna~ina stawa idealnog gasa D u nastaloj me{avini: q +D ⋅ W + = nD ⋅ S hD ⋅ U +
⋅
nD ⋅ S hD ⋅ U + 3 ⋅ 3:8 ⋅ 76:/7
q +D = = >1/31 ⋅ 21 6 !Qb
+ 31
W
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ lX
∆ Ttj > ∆ T SU , ∆ Tp >!///!>7/26!
L
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ lX
∆ T SU > ∆ T B , ∆ TC , ∆ TD >!///>4/34!,!2/44!,!2/6:!>!7/26!
L
⋅
⋅ R23 lX
∆ Tp = − >1! (adijabatski izolovana komora za me{awe)
Up L
⋅ ⋅  U+ q+ 
∆ T B = g (q- U ) = n B .  d qB mo − S hB mo B =
 UB qB 
 
⋅  76:/7 1/62 ⋅ 21 6  lX
∆ T B > 7 ⋅  1/:2 ⋅ mo − 1/37 ⋅ mo = 4/34
 634 7
1/29 ⋅ 21   L

⋅ ⋅  U+ q+ 
∆ TC > g (q- U ) > nC /!  d qC mo − S hC mo C  >
 UC q C 

⋅  76:/7 1/3: ⋅ 21 6  lX
∆ TC > 4 ⋅ 2/15 ⋅ mo − 1/3:8 ⋅ mo >2/44!
 974 1/44 ⋅ 21 7  L

⋅ ⋅  U+ q+ 
∆ TD > g (q- U ) > nD /!  d qD mo − S hC mo D >
 UD qD 
 
⋅  76:/7 1/31 ⋅ 21 6 
∆ TD > 3 ⋅ 2/15 ⋅ mo − 1/3:8 ⋅ mo  >2/6:! lX
 824 1/49 ⋅ 21 7  L
 

2/64/ “Ludi nau~nik” tvrdi da je mogu}e, bez izmene toplote i/ili rada sa okolinom, struju vazduha stawa
⋅
2) n >2!lh0t-!q>4!cbs-!U>3:4!L* razdvojiti na dve struje. Struju 2 stawa 3)q>3/8!cbs-!U>444!L* i struju 3
stawa 4)q>3/8!cbs-!U>384!L*/ Dokazati da je “ludi nau~nik” u pravu. Zanemariti promene kineti~ke i
potencijalne energije vazduha.
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces u razdelnoj komori:

⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
R 23 = ∆ I23 + X U23 + ∆Fl23 + ∆Fq23 ⇒ I2 = I3
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
n2⋅ d q ⋅ U2 > n3 ⋅ d q ⋅ U3 + n4 ⋅ d q ⋅ U4 )2*
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
jedna~ina kontinuiteta: n2 = n3 + n4 )3*
⋅ lh ⋅ lh
kombinovawem jedna~ina!)2*!j!)3*!dobija se: n3 >1/44! -! n4 >1/78!
t t
drugi zakon termodinamike za proces u razdelnoj komori:
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ X
∆ Ttj > ∆ T SU , ∆ Tp >!///!>36/7!
L
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ X
∆ T SU > ∆ T 3 , ∆ T 4 >!///>63/85!−38/25!>!36/7!
L
⋅
⋅ R23 X
∆ Tp = − >1! (adijabatski izolovana komora za me{awe)
Up L
⋅ ⋅  U q 
∆ T 3 = g (q- U ) = n3 .  d q mo 3 − S h mo 3 
 U2 q2 
⋅  444 3/8  X
∆ T 3 > 1/44 ⋅ 2 ⋅ mo − 1/398 ⋅ mo  = 63/85
 3:4 4  L
⋅ ⋅  U q 
∆ T 4 = g (q- U ) = n4 .  d q mo 4 − S h mo 4  =
 U2 q2 
⋅  384 3/8  X
∆ T 4 > 1/77 ⋅ 2 ⋅ mo − 1/398 ⋅ mo  = −38/25
 3:4 4  L
⋅
Kako je ∆ Ttj ?!1, ovaj proces je mogu} pa je “ludi nau~nik” u pravu.

2/65/ [ire}i se u gasnoj turbini, tok vazduha (idealan gas), mewa !2 R23
⋅
svoje toplotno stawe od stawa 2) W 2>1/3!n40t- q>21!cbs-!U>691!L*!,
⋅
na ulazu u turbinu, do stawa 3) W 3>2/3!n40t-!q>2!cbs*- na izlazu iz
we. Tokom {irewa usled neidealnog toplotnog izolovawa turbine, XU23
toplotni protok sa vazdu{nog toka na okolni vazduh iznosi 29!lX.
Zanemaruju}i promene kineti~ke i potencijalne energije vazdha ,
odrediti:
a) snagu turbine
b) dokazati da je proces u turbini nepovratan (temperatura okoline
iznosi Up>3:4!L) !3
a)
⋅ ⋅
jedna~ina stawa idealnog gasa na ulazu u turbinu: q2 ⋅ W 2 = n⋅ S h ⋅ U2
⋅
⋅q ⋅ W 2 21 ⋅ 21 6 ⋅ 1/3 lh
n= 2 = >2/3!
S h ⋅ U2 398 ⋅ 691 t
⋅ ⋅
jedna~ina stawa idealnog gasa na izlazu iz turbine: q 3 ⋅ W 3 = n⋅ S h ⋅ U3
⋅
q3 ⋅ W 3 2 ⋅ 21 6 ⋅ 2/3
U3 = = >459/5!L
⋅ 398 ⋅ 2/3
Sh ⋅ n
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces u turbini:

⋅ ⋅ ⋅
R 23 = ∆ I23 + X U23 + ∆Fl23 + ∆Fq23 ⇒
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
X U23 = R23 − ∆ I23 = R23 − n⋅ dq ⋅ (U3 − U2) > −29 − 2/3 ⋅ 2 ⋅ (459/5 − 691) >371!lX
b)
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ X
∆ Ttj > ∆ T SU , ∆ Tp >!///!>72/5!,!292/5!>353/9! ?!1
L
⋅
⋅ R23 − 29 X
∆ Tp = − =− >72/5!
Up 3:4 L
⋅ ⋅ ⋅  U q 
∆ T SU = ∆ T23 = g (q- U ) = n .  d q mo 3 − S h mo 3 
 U2 q2 
⋅
 459/5 2 X
∆ T SU > 2/3 ⋅ 2 ⋅ mo − 1/398 ⋅ mo  = 292/5
 691 21  L

⋅
2/66/!U dvostepenoj gasnoj turbini ekspandira n >3!lh0t vazduha (idealan gas) od po~etnog pritiska
q2>71!cbs!do krajweg pritiska q5>21!cbs. Nakon ekspanzije u prvom stepenu turbine vazduh se uvodi u
me|uzagreja~ u kome se izobarski zagreva do temperature U2>U4>911!L/ Ekspanzije u oba stepena su
adijabatske i kvazistati~ke. Zanemariti promene potencijalne i kineti~ke energije. Skicirati
proces u qw i Ut koordinatnim sistemima i odrediti:
a) pritisak u me|uzagreja~u tako da snaga dvostepene turbine bude maksimalna
b) snagu dvostepene turbine u tom slu~aju
2
XU23
3 4
R34 XU45
5
q U
2
2 4
3 4
3 5
5
w
t
a)
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
Q = X U23 + X U 45 = n⋅ d q ⋅ (U2 − U3 + U4 − U5 ) !>!///
κ κ
q2  U2  κ −2  U  κ −2
=  ⇒ q3 = q2 ⋅  3  >qy )2*
q3  U3   U2 
κ κ
q4  U4  κ −2  U  κ −2
=  ⇒ q4 = q5 ⋅  4  >qy )3*
q5  U5   U5 

kombinovawem jedna~ina (1) i (2) dobija se:
κ κ κ κ −2
 U  κ −2  U  κ −2 q2  U4 ⋅ U2  κ −2  q2  κ U4 ⋅ U2
q2 ⋅  3  > q5 ⋅  4  ⇒ =  ⇒   =
 U2   U5  q5  U5 ⋅ U3  q 
 5 U5 ⋅ U3
2− κ
U ⋅U  q  κ
⇒! U3 = 4 2 ⋅  2 
U5  q5 
 2− κ   2− κ 
⋅  U4 ⋅ U2  q2  κ  ∂Q ⋅  U ⋅U  q  κ 
Q = n⋅ dq ⋅  U2 − 
⋅   + U4 − U5  = n⋅ dq ⋅  4 2  2
⋅ − 2
∂U5 3 q 
 U5  q5    U5  5 
   
 2− κ  2− κ
∂Q U ⋅U  q  κ  q  κ
2  2
=1 ⇔  4
⋅  − 2 = 1 ⇒ U5 = U4 ⋅ U2 ⋅  2 
∂U5  U5
3
 q5    q5 
 
2− κ 2−2/5
q  κ  71 ⋅ 216  2/5
U5 = U4 ⋅ U2 ⋅  2  > 911 ⋅ 911 ⋅   >72:/44!L ⇒
 21 ⋅ 216 
 q5   
2−2/5 κ 2/5
911 ⋅ 911  71 ⋅ 216  2/5  U  κ −2  72:/44 2/5 −2
U3 = ⋅ >72:/44!L- q3 = q2 ⋅  3  > 71 ⋅ 216 ⋅   >35/6!cbs
72:/44  21 ⋅ 216   U2   911 
b)
Qnby = 3 ⋅ 2⋅ (911 − 72:/44 + 911 − 72:/44) >833/79!lX

⋅
2/67/!Kopresor, snage!3!lX-!usisava okolni vazduh (idealan gas) stawa!2)q>2!cbs-!U>3:4!L-! n >1/16
lh0t*!i adijabatski ga sabija do stawa!3/!Nakon toga se vazduh adijabatski prigu{uje do po~etnog
pritiska )q4>q2*. Prira{taj entropije vazduha za vreme adijabatske kompresije i adijabatskog
prigu{ivawa je jednak. Odrediti stepen dobrote adijabatske kompresije. Zanemariti promene
kineti~ke i potencijalne energije vazduha.
2 3 4
XU23
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces u otvorenom termodinami~kom sistemu

⋅ ⋅ ⋅
ograni~enom isprekidanom linijom: R 24 = ∆ I24 + X U24 + ∆Fl24 + ∆Fq24
⋅
⋅ ⋅ XU23 3
1 = n⋅ d q ⋅ (U4 − U2 ) + X U23 ⇒ U4 = U2 − ⋅
= 3:4 + >444!L
1/16 ⋅ 2
n⋅ d q
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces u prigu{nom ventilu :

⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
R 34 = ∆ I34 + X U34 + ∆Fl34 + ∆Fq34 ⇒ I3 = I 4 ⇒ U3>U4
U3 q U q
∆t23 = ∆t 34 ⇒ d q mo − S h mo 3 = d q mo 4 − S h mo 4 ⇒
U2 q2 U3 q3
dq 2
U  3⋅Sh  444  3⋅1/398
q 3 = q2 ⋅  3  = 2 ⋅ 21 6 ⋅   > 2/36 ⋅ 21 6 !Qb q3l>q3
 U2   3:4 
κ −2 κ −2 2/5 −2
U2 q  κ q  κ  2/36  2/5
=  2  ⇒ U3l = U2 ⋅  3l  = 3:4 ⋅   >423/4!L
U3l  q 3l   q2   2 
U2 − U3l 3:4 − 423/4

ηlq
e = = >1/59
U2 − U3 3:4 − 444

2/68/!!U turbo kompresorskoj stanici se vr{i dvostepena kvazistati~ka adijabatska kompresija.

Kompresor usisava 6!lnpm0i okolnog vazduha (idelan gas) stawa!2)q>2!cbs-!U>3:4!L* i sabija ga na
neki me|u pritisak pri kojem se daqe hladi do temperature okoline. Nakon toga se vazduh sabija na
kona~ni pritisak 5)q>:!cbs*. Zanemaruju}i promene potencijalne i kineti~ke energije, odrediti:
a) vrednost me|u pritiska )q3>q4*!pri kojem su snage potrebne za oba stepena sabijawa jednake
b) u{tedu u snazi u ovom procesu u odnosu na kompresiju bez me|uhla|ewa, tj. kada bi se kvazistati~ka
adijabatska kompresija od stawa 2)q>2!cbs-!U>3:4!L* do pritiska od :!cbs!vr{ila u jednom stepenu
XU45
R34 XU23
2
a)
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces u kompresoru niskog pritiska:
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
R 23 = ∆ I23 + X U23 + ∆Fl23 + ∆Fq23 ⇒ X U23 = n⋅ d q ⋅ (U2 − U3 ) !!!!!!!)2*
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces u kompresoru visokog pritiska:

⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
R 45 = ∆ I45 + X U 45 + ∆Fl 45 + ∆Fq45 ⇒ X U 45 = n⋅ d q ⋅ (U4 − U5 ) !!!!!!!)3*
⋅ ⋅
Kombinovawem uslova zadatka X U23 = X U 45 !i!U2>U4!sa jedna~inama!)2*!i!)3*
dobija se!U3>U5/
κ κ
q2  U2  κ −2  U  κ −2
=  ⇒ q3 = q2 ⋅  3  )4*
q3  U3   U2 
κ κ
q4  U4  κ −2  U  κ −2
=  ⇒ q4 = q5 ⋅  4  )5*
q5  U5   U5 

κ −2
q  3κ
deqewem jedna~ina!)4* i!)5*!dobija se: U5 = U2 ⋅  5 
 q2 
2/5 −2
 :  3⋅2/5
U5 = 3:4 ⋅   >512/15!L!>!U3
 2
2/5
 512/15  2/5 −2
iz jedna~ine!)4*! ⇒ q 3 = 2 ⋅ 21 ⋅  6
 >! 4 ⋅ 21 6 Qb!>!q4
 3:4 
b)
κ −2 2/5 −2
q  κ : 2/5
U5( = U2 ⋅  5  > 3:4 ⋅   >659/:3!L
 q2   2
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
potrebna snaga u prvom slu~aju: X U = X U23 + X U 45
⋅ ⋅
( )
X U > o⋅ Nd q ⋅ (U2 − U3 + U4 − U5 ) =
6
4711
⋅ 3:/2 ⋅ (3:4 − 512/15 ) >!−5/48!LX
⋅ - ⋅
potrebna snaga u drugom slu~aju: X U = X U25 (
⋅ - ⋅
( )
X U > o⋅ Nd q ⋅ (U2 − U5 ( ) =
6
4711
⋅ 3:/2 ⋅ (3:4 − 659/:3) >!−21/45!LX
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ -
u{teda u snazi: ∆ X U = X U − X U >−5/48,21/45!>!6/:8!lX
5′
U
zatvorena povr{ina!!)3−4−5−5′−3*!predstavqa u{tedu u
⋅
snazi ( ∆ X U *!koja je ostvarena dvostepenom
5 kompresijom (u odnosu na jednostepenu kompresiju)
3
4 2

2/69/!U dvostepenom kompresoru sa me|uhla|ewem, pri ustaqenim uslovima, sabija se neravnote`no

(nekvazistati~ki) i adijabatski!1/4!lh0t!azota (idealan gas), od polaznog stawa!2)q2>1/2!NQb-!U2>3:4!L*
do stawa!5)q5>1/7!NQb-!U5>561!L*/!Stepeni dobrote prilikom sabijawa u oba stepena su jednaki i iznose
ηJe = ηJJe = 1/9 /!Odrediti ukupnu snagu za pogon kompresora i toplotnu snagu koja se odvodi pri hla|ewu
(izme|u dve kompresije), ako se proces me|uhla|ewa odvija pri stalnom pritisku!q3>q4!>!1/4!NQb/
Zanemariti promene kineti~ke i potencijalne energije vazduha i prikazati sve procese na!Ut!dijagramu.
XU45
4
3
XU23
R34
2
κ −2 κ −2 2/5 −2
U2  q2  κ q  κ 4 2/5
=  ⇒ U3l = U2 ⋅  3l  = 3:4 ⋅   >512!L
U3l  q3l   q2   2
U2 − U3l U2 − U3l 3:4 − 512

ηJe = ⇒ U3 = U2 − = 3:4 − = 539!L
U2 − U3 ηJe 1/9
κ −2 κ −2
U4 q  κ q  κ
=  4  ⇒ U5l = U4 ⋅  5l  ! )2*
U5l  q 5l   q4 
U4 − U5l
ηJJe = ⇒ U5l = U4 − ηJJe ⋅ (U4 − U5 ) )3*
U4 − U5
kombinovawem jedna~ina!)2*!i!)3*!dobija se: U4>465!L-!U5l>542!L

⋅ ⋅
odvedena toplota u fazi me|uhla|ewa )3−4*; R 34 = n⋅ (r34 )q=dpotu
⋅ ⋅
R 34 = n⋅ d q ⋅ (U4 − U3 ) = 1/4 ⋅ 2/15 ⋅ (465 − 539) >!−34/2!lX

⋅ ⋅ ⋅
ograni~enom isprekidanom linijom: R 34 = ∆ I25 + X U25 + ∆Fl25 + ∆Fq25
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
X U25 = R 34 − ∆ I25 = R 34 − n⋅ d q ⋅ (U5 − U2 ) > −34/2 − 1/4 ⋅ 2/15 ⋅ (561 − 3:4)
⋅
X U25 >−83/2!lX
napomena: ukupna snaga za pogon oba kompresora jednaka je zbiru snaga

potrebnih za pogon kompresora niskog pritiska i kompresora
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
visokog pritiska tj:! X U25 = X U23 + X U 45


(PUWEWE I PRA@WEWE REZERVOARA)
2/6:/!Vazduh (idealan gas) stawa!)q>2!cbs-!U>3:1!L) nalazi se u toplotno izolovanom rezervoaru

zapremine!W>1/7!n4/!Toplotno izolovanim cevovodom u rezervoar se uvodi vazduh (idealan gas) stawa
)q>21!cbs-!U>511!L). Tokom procesa u rezervoaru je stalno ukqu~en greja~ snage!3/6!lX/!Kada vazduh u
rezervoaru dostigne stawe!)q>5!cbs-!U>611!L*!prekida se dotok vazduha i iskqu~uje greja~. Odrediti
vreme trajawa procesa puwewa rezervoara kao i maseni protok vazduha koji se uvodi u rezervoar.
po~etak: q>2!cbs-!U>3:1!L
kraj: q>5!cbs-!U>611!L
ulaz: q>21!cbs-!U>511!L
jedna~ina stawa idealnog gasa za po~etak: q qpd ⋅ W = nqpd ⋅ S h ⋅ Uqpd

q qpd ⋅ W 2 ⋅ 21 6 ⋅ 1/7
nqpd = = >1/83!lh
S h ⋅ Uqpd 398 ⋅ 3:1
jedna~ina stawa idealnog gasa za kraj: q ls ⋅ W = nls ⋅ S h ⋅ Uls

q ls ⋅ W 5 ⋅ 21 6 ⋅ 1/7
nls = = >2/78!lh
S h ⋅ Uls 398 ⋅ 611
materijalni bilans procesa puwewa: nqp + nvm = nls + nj{

nvm = nls − nqp >2/78!−!1/83!>!1/:6!lh
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces puwewa:
R 23 − X23 = Vls − Vqp + Ij{ − Ivm R 23 = nls ⋅ d w ⋅ Uls − nqp ⋅ d w ⋅ Uqp − nvm ⋅ d q ⋅ Uvm
R 23 = 2/78 ⋅ 1/83 ⋅ 611 − 1/83 ⋅ 1/83 ⋅ 3:1 − 1/:6 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 511 >81/97!lK
R 23 81/97
τ= ⋅
= >39/4!t
3/6
R 23
⋅ nvm 1/:6 h
nvm = = >44/7!
τ 39/4 t

2/71/!U verikalnom toplotno izolovanom cilindru-!povr{ine popre~nog preseka B>1/2!n3-! nalazi se

vazduh (idealan gas) stawa )U>291pD-!n>1/16!lh), ispod toplotno izolovanog klipa mase koja odgovara
teìni od!31!lO-!a na koji spoqa deluje atmosferski pritisak od!1/2!NQb!(slika). U cilindar se, kroz
toplotno izolovan cevovod, naknadno uvede vazduh stawa!)q>1/5!NQb-!U>651pD-!n>1/2!lh*!{to dovede
do pomerawa klipa (bez trewa)/!Zanemaruju}i promene kineti~ke i potencijalne energije uvedenog
vazduha odrediti koliki rad izvr{i vazduh nad okolinom kao i temperaturu vazduha u cilindru na
kraju procesa.
kraj
∆z
po~etak
ulaz
Gufh 31 ⋅ 21 4
po~etak: U>564!L-!q> q p + = 2 ⋅ 21 6 + >4!cbs-!n>1/16!lh
B 1/2
kraj: q>4!cbs
ulaz: q>5!cbs-!U>924!L-!n>1/2!lh
jedna~ina stawa idealnog gasa za po~etak: q qpd ⋅ Wqpd = nqpd ⋅ S h ⋅ Uqpd

nqpd ⋅ S h ⋅ Uqpd 1/16 ⋅ 398 ⋅ 564
Wqpd = = >1/1328!n4
q qpd 4 ⋅ 21 6
materijalni bilans procesa puwewa: nqp + nvm = nls + nj{
nls = nqp + nvm >1/16!,!1/2!>!1/26!lh
jedna~ina stawa idealnog gasa za kraj: q ls ⋅ Wls = nls ⋅ S h ⋅ Uls !!!)2*
R 23 − X23 = Vls − Vqp + Ij{ − Ivm −X23 = nls ⋅ d w ⋅ Uls − nqp ⋅ d w ⋅ Uqp − nvm ⋅ d q ⋅ Uvm
)3*
Wls
X23 =
∫()
Wqpd
(
q W ⋅ eW = q qpd ⋅ Wls − Wqpd ) !!!)4*

kada se jedna~ine )2*!i )4* uvrste u jedna~inu )3* dobija se:
q ls ⋅ Wls
( )
− q qpd ⋅ Wls − Wqpd = nls ⋅ d w ⋅
nls ⋅ S h
− nqp ⋅ d w ⋅ Uqp − nvm ⋅ d q ⋅ Uvm ⇒
nqp ⋅ d w ⋅ Uqp + nvm ⋅ d q ⋅ Uvm + q qpd ⋅ Wqpd

Wls =
dw
q qpd + ⋅ q lsbk
Sh
1/16 ⋅ 1/83 ⋅ 564 + 1/2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 924 + 4 ⋅ 21 6 ⋅ 21 −4 ⋅ 1/1328
Wls = >1/1:9:!n4
6 −4 1/83 6
4 ⋅ 21 ⋅ 21 + ⋅ 4 ⋅ 21
398
q ls ⋅ Wls 4 ⋅ 21 6 ⋅ 1/1:9:
)2*!!!⇒ ! Uls = = >79:/3!L
nls ⋅ S h 1/26 ⋅ 398
( )
)4*!!!⇒! ! X23 = qqpd ⋅ Wls − Wqpd = 4 ⋅ 216 ⋅ 21 −4 ⋅ (1/1:9: − 1/1328) >34/27!lK
2/72/!Kroz toplotno izolovan cevovod, unutra{weg pre~nika!e>21!nn*-!biva uveden azot!)O3-!idealan

gas*!stawa!)U>416!L-!q>1/7!NQb-!x>21!n0t) u toplotno izolovan rezervoar zapremine!W>1/7!n4!!u
kojem se ve} nalazi ugqen−dioksid!)DP3-!idealan gas) stawa!)q>1/2!NQb-!U>3:4!L*/!Ako se proces
puwewa prekida kada pritisak sme{e u rezevoaru dostigne!1/6!NQb-!odrediti:
a) temperaturu me{avine idealnih gasova u rezervoaru na kraju procesa puwewa
b) promenu entropije sistema za vreme procesa puwewa
c) vreme trajawa procesa puwewa rezervoara
po~etak: q>2!cbs-!U>3:4!L-!DP3
kraj: q>6!cbs-!DP3!+!O3
ulaz: q>7!cbs-!U>416!L-!x>21!n0t-!!O3
a)
R 23 − X23 = Vls − Vqp + Ij{ − Ivm

 x3 
( )
1 = nDP3 ⋅ dwDP3 + nO3 ⋅ dwO3 ⋅ Uls − nDP3 ⋅ dwDP3 ⋅ Uqp − nO3 ⋅  dqO3 ⋅ Uvm +
 3 
!!)2*

jedna~ina stawa me{avine idealnih gasova za zavr{etak puwewa:

q ls ⋅ W = )nDP3 ⋅ S hDP3 + nO3 ⋅ S hO3 * ⋅ Uls !!!! !!!!!!!)3*
jedna~ina stawa idealnog gasa za )DP3*!po~etak: q qpd ⋅ W = nDP3 ⋅ S hDP3 ⋅ Uqpd

!!!!!!!)4*

q qpd ⋅ W 2 ⋅ 21 6 ⋅ 1/7
)4* ⇒ nDP3 = = >2/19!lh
S hDP3 ⋅ Uqpd 29: ⋅ 3:4
kombinovawem jedna~ina!)2*!i!)3*!dobija se:! Uls>494/7!L-! nO3 >2/:5!lh
b)
K
∆Ttjtufn!>!∆Tubeop!ufmp!,!∆Tplpmjob!>!///!>:47/4!
L
K
∆Tplpmjob>1! ! (sud adijabatski izolovan od okoline)
L
K
∆Tsbeop!ufmp!> ∆TDP3 + ∆TO3 >!///>!2:3!,!855/4!>!:47/4!
L
 U W 494/7 K
∆T DP3 >g)U-!W*> nDP3 ⋅  dwDP3 mo ls + ShDP3 mo  = 2/19 ⋅ 1/77 ⋅ mo >2:3!
 Uqp 
W 3:4 L

 O3
q lsbk 
 U 
∆TO3 >g)U-!Q*> nO3 ⋅  d qO3 mo ls − S hO3 mo  >
 Uvm q vm
 
 494/7 4/79  K
∆TO3 > 2/:5 ⋅ 2/15 ⋅ mo − 1/3:8 ⋅ mo  >///>!855/4!
 416 7  L
O
jedna~ina stawa idealnog gasa )O3* za kraj: q ls3 ⋅ W = nO3 ⋅ S hO3 ⋅ Uls
nO3 ⋅ ShO3 ⋅ Uls 2/:5 ⋅ 3:8 ⋅ 494/7
qO
ls =
3 = > 4/79 ⋅ 216 Qb
W 1/7
c)
nO3 2/:5
τ= ⋅
>///> >484/2!t
6/3 ⋅ 21−4
nO3
⋅ e3π 1/123 π lh
nO3 = ρvmb{ ⋅ x ⋅ >///> 7/73 ⋅ 21 ⋅ > 6/3 ⋅ 21−4
5 5 t
q vmb{ 7 ⋅ 21 6 lh
ρ vmb{ = = >7/73! 4
S hO3 ⋅ Uvmb{ 3:8 ⋅ 416 n

2/73/ U rezervoaru zapremine!W>1/4!n4!nalazi se azot stawa!)q>231!cbs-!U>411!L*/!Ventil na rezervoaru

se brzo otvori, ispusti se izvesna koli~ina azota u atmosferu a zatim se ventil ponovo zatvori, tako da
se moè smatrati da pri takvim uslovima nema razmene toplote izme|u rezervoara i okoline. Ne
posredno po zatvarawu ventila pritisak azota u rezervoaru iznosi!q>71!cbs/!Odrediti:
a) koli~inu azota koja je istekla iz rezervoara )lh* kao i temperaturu azota u rezervoaru neposredno
posle zatvarawa ventila
c* koli~inu toplote koju bi trebalo dovesti preostalom vazduhu u sudu da bi dostigao pritisak koji je je
imao pre pra`wewa )NK*
b*
Promena stawa azota koji se za vreme procesa pra`wewa nalazi u sudu je
kvazistai~ka adijabatska promena, pa se temperatura azota u sudu na kraju
procesa praèwa moè odrediti iz zakona kvazistati~ke adijabatske promene:
κ −2 κ −2 2/5 −2
Uls  qls  κ q  κ  71 
Uls = Uqp ⋅  ls 
2/5
= ⇒ = 411 ⋅   >357/2!L
Uqp  qqp   qqp 
   231 
jedna~ina stawa idealnog gasa za po~etak: q qpd ⋅ W = nqpd ⋅ S h ⋅ Uqpd

qqpd ⋅ W 231 ⋅ 216 ⋅ 1/4
nqpd = = >51/5!lh
Sh ⋅ Uqpd 3:8 ⋅ 411
jedna~ina stawa idealnog gasa za kraj: q ls ⋅ W = nls ⋅ S h ⋅ Uls

q ls ⋅ W 71 ⋅ 21 6 ⋅ 1/4
nls = = >35/74!lh
S h ⋅ Uls 3:8 ⋅ 357/2
materijalni bilans procesa pra`wewa: nqp + nvm = nls + nj{

nj{ = nqp − nls >51/5!−!35/74!>!26/88!lh
b)
2!>!kraj )n>35/74!lh-!q>71!cbs-!U>357/2!L*
3 ! )n>35/74!lh-!q>231!cbs-!U>@*
jedna~ina stawa idealnog gasa za stawe 2: q3 ⋅ W = n ⋅ Sh ⋅ U3 ⇒

6
q3 ⋅ W 231 ⋅ 21 ⋅ 1/4
U3 = = >5:3/2!L
n ⋅ Sh 35/74 ⋅ 3:8
R23 = n ⋅ (r23 )w =dpotu = n ⋅ dw ⋅ (U3 − U2) > 35/74 ⋅ 1/85 ⋅ (5:3/2 − 357/2) >5/59!NK

ME[AVINE IDEALNIH GASOVA

2/74. Za me{avinu idealnih gasova, kiseonika )B*!i azota!)C), odredititi molsku masu!)Nn*-!gasnu
konstantu!)Shn*-!specifi~ne toplotne kapacitete pri stalnom pritisku!)dqn) i pri stalnoj zapremini
)dwn!*-!eksponent izentropske promene stawa!)κn*!kao i parcijalne pritiske komponenata!B!i!C!ako se
me{avina nalazi na
qn>2!cbs!i ako je sastav me{avine zadat na slede}i na~in:
b* hB>1/7-!hC>1/5
c* sB>1/3-!sC>1/9
b*
2 2 lh
N hN = = >41/38!
hB hC 1/7 1/5 lnpm
+ +
NB NC 43 39
Shn =
(NSh ) = 9426 >385/7:! K
Nn 41/38 lhL
K
d Qn = h B ⋅ d QB + hC ⋅ d QC = 1/7 ⋅ 1/:2 ⋅ 21 4 + 1/5 ⋅ 2/15 ⋅ 21 4 >:73!
lhL
K
d wn = d qn − S hn = :73 − 385/7: >798/42
lhL
d qt :73
κn = = >2/5
d wn 798/42
NN 41/38
qB = hB ⋅ ⋅ q n = 1/7 ⋅ ⋅ 2 >1/68!cbs
NB 43
q C = q n − q B = 2 − 1/68 >1/54!cbs
b)
lh (NS h ) 9426
Nn = sB ⋅ N B + sC ⋅ NC = 1/3 ⋅ 43 + 1/9 ⋅ 39 = 39/9! S hn = = >399/83
lnpm Nn 39/9
K
lhL
NB N 43 39 K
dqn = sB ⋅ ⋅ dqB + sC ⋅ C ⋅ dqC = 1/3 ⋅ ⋅ 1/:2 + 1/9 ⋅ ⋅ 2/15 >2122/22
NN NN 39/9 39/9 lhL
K
d wn = d qn − S hn = 2122/22 − 399/83 >833/4:
lhL
d qt 2122/22
κn = = >2/5
d wn 833/4:
q B = sB ⋅ q n = 1/3 ⋅ 2 >1/3!cbs
q C = q n − q B = 2 − 1/3 >1/9!cbs

2/75/!Me{avina idealnih gasova-!n>2!lh-!sastoji se od azota!)B), zapreminskog udela!51& i metana!)C*-

zapreminskog udela!)71%). Me{avina se zagreva od temperature!U2>411!L!do temperature!U3>711!L!na
dva na~ina. Prvi put je promena stawa kvazistati~ki izohorska, a drugi put se odvija kvazistati~ki po
zakonu prave linije u!Ut!koordinatnom sistemu. U oba slu~aja po~etna i krajwa stawa radnog tela su
jednaka. Skicirati promene stawa na Ut dijagramu i odrediti:
a) zapreminski rad )lK* du` promene!2−2 koja se odvija po zakonu prave linije
b) promenu entropije izolovanog sistema!)lK0L*!koji ~ine radna materija i toplotni izvor stalne
temperature!UUJ>U3!za slu~aj izohorske promene stawa
U
3
lh
Nn = sB ⋅ N B + sC ⋅ NC = 1/5 ⋅ 39 + 1/7 ⋅ 27 = 31/9!
lnpm
NB N 39 27 lK
dwn = sB ⋅ ⋅ dwB + sC ⋅ C ⋅ dqC = 1/5 ⋅ ⋅ 1/85 + 1/7 ⋅ ⋅ 2/93 >2/35!
NN NN 31/9 31/9 lhL
a)
t3
∫
U2 + U3 U + U3  U w 
R 23 = n ⋅ U (t ) ⋅ et = n ⋅ ⋅ ∆t23 = n ⋅ 2 ⋅  d wn ⋅ mo 3 + S hn mo 3 
3 3  U2 w2 
t2
711 + 411 711

R 23 = 2 ⋅ ⋅ 2/35 ⋅ mo >497/89!lK
3 411
∆V23 = n ⋅ ∆v23 = n ⋅ d wtn ⋅ (U3 − U2 ) = 2 ⋅ 2/35 ⋅ (711 − 411) >483!lK
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces 2−3 koji se odvija po pravoj liniji:
R23!>!∆V23!,!X23 ⇒ X23!>!R23!−!∆V23!>!497/89−483>25/89!lK

b)
K
∆TTJ!>!∆TSU!,!∆TUJ!>!///>!96:/6!−!731!>34:/6!
L
U3 711 K
∆TSU!>n!/!∆t23!>! n ⋅ d wtnmo = 2 ⋅ 2/35 ⋅ mo >96:/6!
U2 411 L
R23 483 K
∆TUJ!>! − >///> − >!!−731!
UUJ 711 L
R 23 = n ⋅ (r23 )w =dpotu = n ⋅ d wn ⋅ (U3 − U2 ) = 2 ⋅ 2/35 ⋅ (711 − 411) >483!lK
2/76/![upqa kugla zanemarqive mase unutra{weg pre~nika!e>2!n!sastavqena je od dve polovine koje

su tesno priqubqene (slika). U kugli se nalazi me{avina idealnih gasova vodonika )B*-
ugqen−dioksida )C* i azota )D* sastava sB>1/46-!sC>1/5!j!sD>1/36!stawa 2)q>1/3!cbs-!U>3:4!L*/ Na dowoj
polovini kugle obe{en je teret mase nU>5111!lh. Pritisak okoline iznosi qp>2!cbs. Odrediti
koliko toplote treba dovesti me{avini idealnih gasova u kugli da bi se polovine mogle razdvojiti.
lh
Nn = sB ⋅ N B + sC ⋅ NC + sD ⋅ ND = 1/46 ⋅ 3 + 1/5 ⋅ 55 + 1/36 ⋅ 39 = 36/4!
lnpm
(NS h ) 9426 K
S hn = = >439/77!
Nn 36/4 lhL
NB N N
d wn = sB ⋅ ⋅ d wB + sC ⋅ C ⋅ d qC + sD ⋅ D ⋅ d qD
NN NN NN
3 55 39 lK
d wn = 1/46 ⋅ ⋅ 21/5 + 1/5 ⋅ ⋅ 1/77 + 1/36 ⋅ ⋅ 1/85 >1/:6!
36/4 36/4 36/4 lhL
e 4 π 24 ⋅ π
zapremina lopte: W> = >1/6347!n4
7 7

jedna~ina stawa me{avine idealnih gasova stawa!)2*;! q2 ⋅ W = n ⋅ S hn ⋅ U2

q2 ⋅ W 1/3 ⋅ 21 6 ⋅ 1/6347
n= = >1/22!lh
S hn ⋅ U2 439/77 ⋅ 3:4
jedna~ina stati~ke ravnoteè neposredno pred odvajawe dowe polovine

n ⋅h
(stawe 2): q 3 + 3u > q p !!! !!⇒
e ⋅π
5
n ⋅h 5 ⋅ 21 4 ⋅ :/92
q3!>! q p − 3u = 2 ⋅ 21 6 − > 1/6 ⋅ 21 6 Qb
e ⋅π 23 ⋅ π
5 5
jedna~ina stawa me{avine idealnih gasova stawa!)3*;!!! q 3 ⋅ W = n ⋅ S hn ⋅ U3

q3 ⋅ W 1/6 ⋅ 21 6 ⋅ 1/6347
U3 = = >835/26!L
n ⋅ S hn 1/22 ⋅ 439/77
R23 = n ⋅ (r23 )w =dpotu = 1/22⋅ 1/:6 ⋅ (U3 − U2 ) = 1/33 ⋅ 1/:6 ⋅ (835/26 − 3:4) >56/4!lK
2/77/!Za situaciju u proto~nom ure|aju za me{awe (prikazanu na slici) koji radi pri stacionarnim
uslovima, odrediti da li se u sistem dovodi mehani~ka snaga ili se iz sistema mehani~ka snaga odvodi
i izra~unati wenu vrednost!)lX*/
⋅
⋅
R 23 = −21 lX
X U23 = @
struja 1:
x2>311!n0t struja 2:
U2>611pD x3>1!n0t
n2>21!u0i U3>531pD
n3>7!u0i
molski sastav:
B; DP3>61& molski sastav:
C; O3>61& D; O3>71&
E; P3>51&
me{avina:
x+>41!n0t
U+>611pD

struja 1:
lh
Nn2 = sB ⋅ NB + sC ⋅ NC = 1/6 ⋅ 55 + 1/6 ⋅ 39 = 47!
lnpm
⋅
⋅ n2 21 ⋅ 21 4 lnpm(B + C)
o2 = = >388/89!
Nn2 47 i
⋅ ⋅ lnpmB
o B = sB ⋅ o2 = 1/6 ⋅ 388/89 >249/9:!
i
⋅ ⋅ lnpmC
oC = sC ⋅ o2 = 1/4 ⋅ 382/85 >249/9:!
i
struja 2:
lh
Nn3 = sD ⋅ ND + sE ⋅ NE = 1/7 ⋅ 39 + 1/5 ⋅ 43 >3:/7!
lnpm
⋅
⋅ n3 7 ⋅ 21 4 lnpm(D + E )
o3 = = >313/81!
Nn3 3:/7 i
⋅ ⋅ lnpmD
o D = sD ⋅ o 3 = 1/7 ⋅ 313/81 >232/73!
i
⋅ ⋅ lnpmE
oE = sE ⋅ o3 = 1/5 ⋅ 313/81 >92/19!
i
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces me{awa fluidnih struja:

⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
R 23 = ∆ I23 + X U23 + ∆Fl23 + ∆Fq23 ⇒ X U23 = R 23 − ∆ I23 − ∆Fl23
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
∆ I23 = I3 − I2 >///>435:/88!−!4229/7:!>!242/19!lX
⋅ ⋅ ⋅  ⋅ ⋅ 
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
I2 > o B ⋅ Nd q B + oC ⋅ Nd q C  ⋅ U2 + oD ⋅ Nd q D + oE ⋅ Nd q E  ⋅ U3
   
⋅
249/9: 249/9:  232/73 92/19 
I2 >  ⋅ 48/5 + ⋅ 3:/2 ⋅ 884 +  ⋅ 3:/2 + ⋅ 3:/2 ⋅ 7:4
 4711 4711   4711 4711 
⋅
I2 >4229/7:!lX

⋅ ⋅ ⋅  ⋅ ⋅ 
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
I3 > o B ⋅ Nd q B + oC ⋅ Nd q C  ⋅ U + + oD ⋅ Nd q D + oE ⋅ Nd q E  ⋅ U +
   
⋅
249/9: 249/9:  232/73 92/19 
I3 >  ⋅ 48/5 + ⋅ 3:/2 ⋅ 884 +  ⋅ 3:/2 + ⋅ 3:/2 ⋅ 884
 4711 4711   4711 4711 
⋅
I3 >435:/88!lX
∆Fl23 = ∆Fltusvkb
23
2
+ ∆Fltusvkb
23
3
>///>−65/42!,!1/86!>−64/67!lX
⋅ ⋅ ( )
 x+
∆F tusvkb2 =  o B ⋅ N B + oC ⋅ NC  ⋅
3
− (x 2 )3
l23
  3
3 3
 249/9: 249/9:  41 − 311
∆F tusvkb2 =  ⋅ 55 + ⋅ 39  ⋅ >−65/42!lX
l23
 4711 4711  3
∆F tusvkb3
⋅ ⋅ ( )
 x+
=  o D ⋅ ND + oE ⋅ NE  ⋅
3
− (x 3 )3
l23 3
 
3 3
 232/73 92/19  41 − 1
∆F tusvkb3 =  ⋅ 39 + ⋅ 43  ⋅ >,1/86!lX
l23
 4711 4711  3
⋅
X U23 >!−21!−!242/19!,!65/42!>!−97/88!lX
⋅
Po{to je vrednost za X U23 negativan broj to zna~i da se u sistem dovodi mehani~ka snaga.
⋅
2/78/ Vazduh (idealna gas) po~etne temperature!Uw2>61pD-!masenog protoka! n w>3!lh0t!zagreva se u
rekuperativnom razmewiva~u toplote na ra~un hla|ewa me{avine idealnih gasova DP3!i!TP3!od
⋅
Un2>511pD!do!Un3>351pD. Maseni protok me{avine idealnih gasova je! n n>4!lh0t-!a maseni udeo!DP3!u
me{avini je!91&/!Razmewiva~ toplote je toplotno izolovan od okoline. Pokazati da je proces razmene
toplote u razmewiva~u toplote nepovratan. Zanemariti promene kineti~ke i potencijalne energije
gasnih struja kao i padove pritiska gasnih struja pri strujawu kroz razmewiva~ toplote.
DP3!,!TP3
vazduh

hDP3 = 1/9 ⇒ hTP3 = 2 − hDP3 = 1/3
lK
d qn = hDP3 ⋅ d qDP3 + hTP3 ⋅ d qTP3 = 1/9 ⋅ 1/96 + 1/3 ⋅ 1/69 >1/9!
lhL
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces u razmewiva~u toplote:

⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
R 23 = ∆ I23 + X U23 + ∆Fl23 + ∆Fq23 ⇒ I2 > I3
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
n w ⋅ d qw ⋅ Uw2 + nn ⋅ d qn ⋅ Un2 = n w ⋅ d qw ⋅ Uw3 + nn ⋅ d qn ⋅ Un3
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
n w ⋅ d qw ⋅ Uw2 + nn ⋅ d qn ⋅ Un2 − nn ⋅ d qn ⋅ Un3
Uw 3 = ⋅
n w ⋅ d qw
3 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 434 + 4 ⋅ 1/9 ⋅ 784 − 4 ⋅ 1/9 ⋅ 624
Uw3 = >626!L
3 ⋅2
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ lX
∆ T TJ = ∆ TSU + ∆ T plpmjob >//!/>1/39!
L
⋅ ⋅ R 23 lX
∆ T plpmjob = − =1 (razmewiva~ toplote je izolovan od okoline)
Up L
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ lX
∆ TSU = ∆ T w + ∆ Tn = /// >1/:4!−!1/76!>!1/39! !
L
⋅ / /  U q  626 lX
∆ T w = n w ⋅ g (q- U ) = n w ⋅  d qw mo w3 − S hw mo w3  > 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅ mo >1/:4!
 Uw2 q w2  434 L
⋅ / /  U q  624 lX
∆ T n = nn ⋅ g (q- U ) = nn ⋅  d qn mo n3 − S hn mo n3  > 4 ⋅ 1/9 ⋅ mo >−1/76!
 Un2 q n2  784 L
napomena: po{to je promena entropije sistema pozitivan broj

⋅
( ∆ T TJ > 1 ) to zna~i da je proces razmene toplote u
razmewiva~u toplote nepovratan

2/79/!!Me{avina idealnih gasova (kiseonik i ugqen−dioksid), pogowena kompresorom snage!2:!lX-

struji kroz kanal. Usled neidealnog izolovawa kanala i kompresora okolini se predaje!2/39!lX
⋅
toplote. Zapreminski protok i temperatura me{avine na ulazu u kanal iznose! W 2>1/26!n40t!i
U2>486!L. Na izlazu iz kanala, pri pritisku!q>3!cbs-!zapreminski protok i temperatura me{avine
⋅
iznose! W 3>1/22!n40t!i!U3>586!L/!Zanemaruju}i promene kineti~ke i potencijalne energije me{avine
idealnih gasova, odrediti:
a) masene udele komponenata u me{avini
b) promeu entropije sistema u navedenom procesu, ako temperatura okoline iznosi Up>3:4!L
a)
R23
2 XU23 3
jednan~ina stawa me{avine idealnih gasova na izlazu iz kanala:
⋅
q3 ⋅ W 3
( ) 3 ⋅ 21 6 ⋅ 1/22
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ lnpm
q 3 ⋅ W 3 = o⋅ NS h ⋅ U3 ⇒ o= = >!6/68/21−4!
(
NS h ⋅ U3 )9426 ⋅ 586 t
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces u kanalu:

⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
R 23 = ∆ I23 + X U23 + ∆Fl23 + ∆Fq23 (
⇒!!!!!! R 23 = o⋅ Nd q )n ⋅ (U3 − U2 ) + X U23
⋅ ⋅
R 23 − X U23 − 2/39 + 2:
(Ndq )n = = >42/92!
lK
⋅
o⋅ (U3 − U2 ) 6/68 ⋅ 21 −4
⋅ (586 − 486) lnpmL
(Ndq )n = sP3 ⋅ (Ndq )P3 + sDP3 ⋅ (Ndq )DP3 )2*

sP3 + sDP3 = 2 )3*
Kombinovawem jedna~ina!)2* i!)3*!dobija se:! sP3 >1/7:-!!! sDP3 >1/42
sP3 ⋅ NP3 1/7: ⋅ 43

hP3 = = >1/7
sP3 ⋅ NP3 + sDP3 ⋅ NDP3 1/7: ⋅ 43 + 1/42 ⋅ 55
hDP3 = 2 − hP3 = 2 − 1/7 >!1/5

b)
jedna~ina stawa me{avine idealnih gasova na ulazu u kanal:
( )
⋅
o⋅ NS h ⋅ U2
( )
⋅ ⋅
q2 ⋅ W 2 = o⋅ NS h ⋅ U2 ⇒ q2 = ⋅
W2
−4
6/68 ⋅ 21 ⋅ 9426 ⋅ 486
q2 = > 2/27 ⋅ 21 6 !Qb
1/26
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ X
∆ T TJ = ∆ TSU + ∆ T plpmjob >//!/>5/48!,!27/76!>32/13!
L
⋅ R 23 − 2/39 X
∆ T plpmjob = − =− >5/48!
Up 3:4 L
/ /  
( )
⋅ ⋅
( U
)
∆ T SU = ∆ T n > o⋅ g (q- U ) = o⋅  Nd qn ⋅ mo 3 − NS hn ⋅ mo 3
U2
q
q2

 
⋅
 586 3  X
∆ T n > 6/68 ⋅ 21 −4 ⋅  42/92 ⋅ mo − 9/426 ⋅ mo  > 27/76
 486 2/27  L
zadatak za ve`bawe: )2/7:*
2/7:/!U ~eli~noj boci zapremine W>1/2!n4!nalazi se vazduh ) sP3 >1/32-! sO3 >1/8:* okolnog stawa
P)qp>2!cbs-!Up>3:4!L*/ Boca se puni ugqen−dioksidom. Odrediti:
a) koliko se lh!DP3!treba ubaciti u bocu, da bi molski udeo kiseonika u novonastaloj me{avini bio
6& i koliki je tada pritisak me{avine u boci pri temperaturi od 3:4!L
b) koliko toplote treba dovesti da se me{avina u boci zagreje na 564!L
a) nDP3 > :/6 ⋅ 21 −4 !lh-!!!q>2/16!cbs

b) R23>25/76!lK

POLUIDEALNI GASOVI
2/81/!Tokom kvazistati~ke promene stawa 2−2 kiseoniku (poluidealan gas) mase!n>1/4!lh, po~etnog
stawa!2)U2>484!L-!q2) predaje se toplota pri ~emu se kisonik zagreje do!U3>784!L. Specifi~ni
toplotni kapacitet kiseonika tokom ove promene stawa mewa se po zakonu:
d23 U
= 1/: + 2 ⋅ 21 −4
[lK 0)lhL] [L ]
Od stawa 2 kiseonik kvazistati~ki izotermski mewa stawe do stawa!4!)q4>q2*/!Odrediti koli~inu
toplote!)lK*!koja se kisoniku preda:
b* tokom procesa!2−3
c* tokom procesa!3−4
a)
U3 U3
R 23 = n ⋅
∫()
U2
d U ⋅ eU = n ⋅
∫
U2
 1/: + 2 ⋅ 21 − 4 U  ⋅ eU
 

( )
R 23 = n ⋅ 1/: ⋅ U3 − U2 + 6 ⋅ 21 − 5 ⋅ U33 − U23 

( )
(
R 23 = 1/4 ⋅ 1/: ⋅ (784 − 484) + 6 ⋅ 21 − 5 ⋅ 784 3 − 484 3  >239/18!lK
 
)
b)
(1/: + 2 ⋅ 21 U ) ⋅ eU = 1/: ⋅ mo U
U3 U3
d(U ) ⋅ eU
∫ ∫
−4
∆t23 = = 3
+ 2 ⋅ 21 −4 ⋅ (U3 − U2 )
U U U2
U2 U2
784 lK
∆t23 = 1/: ⋅ mo + 2 ⋅ 21 −4 ⋅ (784 − 484) >1/94!
484 lhL
U3
2  U3 U2  2
dq = ⋅  dq ⋅ U3 − dq ⋅ U2  = ⋅ (1/:757 ⋅ 784 − 1/:329 ⋅ 484) >
U2 U3 − U2  12 U2

 784 − 484
U3
lK
dq >2/129!
U2 lhL
 U3 U q  q3 U3
U3
∆t23 =  d q mo 3 − S h mo 3  !! ⇒ ! S h mo = dq mo − ∆t23
 U U q  q2 U2
 2 2 2  U2
q3 784 lK
S h mo = 2/129 ⋅ mo − 1/94 >−1/34
q2 484 lhL

t4
 
∫
U4 U q
R 34 = n ⋅ U (t ) ⋅ et = n ⋅ U3 ⋅ ∆t 34 = n ⋅ U3 ⋅  d q mo 4 − S hmo 4 
 U q3 
t3
 U3 3 
q3
R 34 = n ⋅ U3 ⋅ S hmo = 1/4 ⋅ 784 ⋅ (− 1/34) >−57/55!lK
q2
2/82/!Zavisnost molarnog toplotnog kapaciteta od temperature za neki poluidealan gas, pri stalnom
D qN  U 
pritisku, data je izrazom: = 3:/3 + 5/18 ⋅ 21 −4  − 384 
[K 0 npmL]  [L ] 
b* odrediti koli~inu toplote koju treba predati gasu da bi se on zagrejao od polazne temperature
U2>3:1!L!do temperature!U3>684!L-!ako se predaja toplote vr{i pri stalnom pritisku!q>2/6!NQb-!a
posle izobarskog {irewa gas zauzima zapreminu!W3>1/9!n4
b) odrediti koli~inu toplote koju je potrebno predati istoj koli~ini istog gasa, da bi se on zagrejao od
iste polazne temperature!U2!do iste temperature!U3-!ako gas biva zagrevan pri stalnoj zapremini
b*
jedna~ina stawa idealnog gasa stawa!3;! (
q 3 ⋅ W3 = o ⋅ NS h ⋅ U3 )
q 3 ⋅ W3 2/6 ⋅ 21 7 ⋅ 1/9
o= =
( )
NS h ⋅ U3 9426 ⋅ 684
>1/36!lnpm
U3 U3
(R23 )q=dpotu = o⋅
∫
U2
D qN (U ) ⋅ eU = o ⋅
∫[
U2
3:/3 + 5/18 ⋅ 21 −4 ⋅ (U − 384) ⋅ eU ]
  3
− U23  
(R23 )q=dpotu = o ⋅ 3:/3 ⋅ (U3 − U2) + 5/18 ⋅ 21−4 ⋅  U3 
− 5/18 ⋅ 21−4 ⋅ 384 ⋅ (U3 − U2)
  3  
  3
− 3:13  
(R23 )q=dpotu = 1/36 ⋅ 3:/3 ⋅ (684 − 3:1) + 5/18 ⋅ 21−4 ⋅  684 
− 2/22 ⋅ (684 − 3:1)
  3  
(R23 )q=dpotu >3/22!NK

b)
U3 U3
(R23 )w =dpotu = o⋅
∫
U2
D wN (U ) ⋅ eU = o ⋅
∫[
U2
( )]
D qN (U ) − NS h ⋅ eU
U3
(R 23 )w =dpotu = o⋅
∫[
U2
( )] ( )
D qN (U ) − NS h ⋅ eU = (R 23 )q=dpotu − o ⋅ NS h ⋅ (U3 − U2 )
(R 23 )w =dpotu = 3/22 ⋅ 21 7 − 1/36 ⋅ 9426 ⋅ (684 − 3:1) = 2/63 NK
⋅
2/83/!Vazduh (poluidealan gas), masenog protoka! n w>1/3!lh0t, po~etne temperature!Uw>711pD-!pri
konstantnom pritisku, struji kroz adijabatski izolovanu cev u kojoj se hladi kiseonikom (poluidealan
gas) koji struji kroz cevnu zmiju, a zatim se i me{a sa jednim delom ovog kiseonika (slika).
Temperatura tako nastale me{avine iznosi UN>411pD-!a maseni udeo kiseonika u toj sme{i je!hC>1/6.
Temperatura kiseonika na ulazu u cev je!UL2>31pD-!a na izlazu iz cevi!UL3>311pD/!Pritisak
kiseonika je stalan. Odrediti maseni protok kiseonika kojim se vr{i hla|ewe vazduha )nB,nC*.
Zanemariti promene potencijalne i kineti~ke energije poluidealnih gasova.
kiseonik,!nB,nC-!3:4!L
vazduh,!nw-!984!L
me{avina,!nC!,nw-!684!L
kiseonik,!nB-!584!L

⋅ ⋅
nC ⋅ h ⋅ nw 1/6 ⋅ 1/3 lh
hC = ⋅ ⋅
⇒ nC = C = >1/3!
2 − hC 2 − 1/6 t
n w + nC
Uw2=711p D Un =411p D
lK lK
d qw >2/161! - d qw >2/131!
1 lhL 1 lhL
Ul2=31p D Ul 3 =311p D
lK lK
d ql >1/:222! - d ql >1/:466!
1 lhL 1 lhL
Un =411p D
lK
d ql >1/:6!
1 lhL

⋅ ⋅ ⋅
ograni~enom isprekidanom linijom: ! R 23 = ∆ I23 + X U23 + ∆Fl23 + ∆Fq23
⋅ ⋅
I2 = I3
Uw2 Ul2
⋅ ⋅  ⋅ ⋅ 
I2 = n w ⋅ d qw ⋅ Uw2 +  n B + nC d ql ⋅ Ul2
1   1
⋅ ⋅ Un ⋅ Ul 3 ⋅ Un
I3 = n w ⋅ d qw ⋅ Un + n B ⋅ d ql ⋅ Ul3 + nC ⋅ d ql ⋅ Un
1 1 1
⋅  Un Uw2  ⋅  Un Ul2 
n w ⋅  d qw ⋅ Un − d qw ⋅ Uw2  + nC ⋅  d ql ⋅ Un − d ql ⋅ Ul2 
⋅  
 1 1   1 1 
nB = Ul2 Ul 3
d ql ⋅ Ul2 − d ql ⋅ Ul3
1 1
⋅ 1/3 ⋅ (2/13 ⋅ 684 − 2/16 ⋅ 984) + 1/3 ⋅ (1/:6 ⋅ 684 − 1/:222⋅ 3:4 ) lh
nB = >1/17!
1/:222⋅ 3:4 − 1/:466 ⋅ 584 t
⋅ ⋅ lh
n B + nC = 1/3 + 1/17 >1/37!
t

VELIÎNE STAWA REALNIH FLUIDA
2.1. Odrediti specifi~nu entalpiju, specifi~nu entropiju, specifi~nu zapreminu kao

i specifi~nu unutra{wu energiju vode stawa (p=1 bar, t=20oC).
kJ kJ m3
hw = 83.9 , sw = 0.296 , vw = 0.001001
kg kgK kg
priru~nik za termodinamiku (tabela 4.2.6. ′′iznad crte′′) strana 41−55
kJ
uw = hw − p . vw = 83.9 −1.105 .10−2.0.001001 = 83.8
kg
2.2. Odrediti specifif~nu entalpiju, specifi~nu entropiju, specifi~nu zapreminu

i specifi~nu unutra{wu energiju pregrejane vodene pare stawa (p=25 bar, t=360oC).
kJ kJ m3
hpp = 3146 , spp = 6.870 , vpp = 0.1117
kg kgK kg
priru~nik za termodinamiku (tabela 4.2.6. ′′ispod crte′′) strana 41−55
kJ
upp = hpp − p . vpp = 3146– −25 .105 .10−2 .0.1117 = 2866.75
kg
2.3. Odrediti specifi~nu unutra{wu energiju, specifi~nu entropiju i temperaturu

a) kqu~ale vode pritiska p=10 bar
b) suvozasi}ene vodene pare pritiska p=10 bar
a)
kJ kJ
u′’= 761.6 , s’′ = 2.138 , tK= 179.88oC
kg kgK
priru~nik za termodinamiku (tabela 4.2.4.) strana 36−38
b)
kJ kJ
u”′′= 2583 , s′′”= 6.587 , tK= 179.88oC
kg kgK
2.4. Odrediti specifi~nu entalpiju i temperaturu vla`ne vodene pare stawa (x=0.95,
p=15 bar).
kJ
hx = h' +x ⋅ (h"−h' ) = ... = 844 .6 + 0.95 ⋅ (2792 − 844 .6 ) =2694
kg
kJ kJ
h′’ = 844.6 , h′′”= 2792
kg kg
tx = tK = 198.28 C o
dipl.ing. @eqko Ciganovi} zelko@eunet.yu

2.5. Odrediti specifi~nu entropiju i pritisak vla`ne vodene pare stawa (x=0.6,
t=200oC).
kJ
s x = s ' + x ⋅ (s"−s ' ) = ... = 2.3308 + 0 .6 ⋅ (6 .4318 − 2 .3308 ) =4.7806
kgK
kJ kJ
s’′ = 2.3308 s′′”= 6.4318
kgK kgK
px = pK = 15.551 bar
2.6. Primewuju}i postupak linearne interpolacijeodrediti:

a) specifi~nu entalpiju pregrejane vodene pare stawa (p=1 bar, t=250oC)
b) specifi~nu entropiju pregrejane vodene pare stawa (p=7 bar, t=300oC)
c) specifi~nu entalpiju pregrejane vodene pare stawa (p=5 bar, t=350oC)
a)
kJ
y1 = hpp= 2954 tabela 4.2.6. strana 41−55, za p=1 bar i t=240oC=x1
kg
kJ
y2 = hpp= 2993 tabela 4.2.6. strana 41−55, za p=1 bar i t=260oC=x2
kg
y − y1 2993 − 2954 kJ
hpp= 2 ⋅ (x − x1) + y1 = ⋅ (250 − 240 ) + 2954 = 2973.5
x2 − x1 260 − 240 kg
b)
kJ
y1 = spp= 7.366 tabela 4.2.6. strana 41−55, za p=6 bar=x1 i t=300oC
kgK
kJ
y2 = spp= 7.226 tabela 4.2.6. strana 41−55, za p=8 bar=x2 i t=300oC
kgK
y − y1 7.226 − 7.366 kJ
spp= 2 ⋅ (x − x1) + y1 = ⋅ (7 − 6) + 7.366 = 7.296
x2 − x1 8 −6 kgK
c)
1.korak
kJ
y1 = hpp= 3148 tabela 4.2.6. strana 41−55, za p1 =4 bar i t=340oC=x1 .
kg
kJ
kg
y 2 − y1 3190 − 3148 kJ
h1 = hpp= ⋅ (x − x 1 ) + y 1 = ⋅ (350 − 340) + 3148 = 3169
x2 − x2 360 − 340 kg

2.korak
kJ
kg
kJ
kg
y − y1 3185 − 3143 kJ
h2 = hpp= 2 ⋅ (x − x 1 ) + y 1 = ⋅ (350 − 340 ) + 3143 = 3164
x2 − x2 360 − 340 kg
3.korak
h − h1 3164 − 3169 kJ
h= 2 ⋅ (p − p1 ) + h1 = ⋅ (5 - 4 ) + 3169 =3166.5
p2 − p1 6 −4 kg
2.7. Odrediti specifi~nu entalpiju i specifi~nu entropiju:

a) leda temperature t=−5oC
b) me{avine leda i vode (mw=2 kg, ml=3 kg) u stawu toplotne ravnoteè (t=0oC)
a)
kJ
hl = cl ⋅ (Tl − 273 ) − rl = 2 ⋅ (− 5 ) − 332 .4 = −342.4
kg
Tl − 273 r − 5 332 .4 kJ
sl = cl ⋅ ln − l = 2 ⋅ ln − =−1.25
273 273 273 273 kgK
b)
mw 2
y= = =0.4 (maseni udeo vode u me{avini vode i leda)
mw + ml 2 + 3
kJ
hy = hl + y ⋅ (hw − hl ) = ... = 0 + 0.4 ⋅ (0 + 332 .4 ) =−199.4
kg
kJ
hw= 0
kg
kJ
hL = −332.4
kg
kJ
s y = s l + y ⋅ (s w − s l ) = ... = 0 + 0.4 ⋅ (0 + 1 .22 ) =−0.732
kgK
kJ
sw= 0
kgK
r 332 .4 kJ
sL = − l = − −1.22
273 273 kgK

2.8. Odrediti specifi~nu entalpiju i specifi~nu entropiju:

a) pregrejane vodene pare stawa (t=600oC, v=1 m3 /kg)
b) vla`ne vodene pare stawa (x=0.9, v=20 m3/kg)
a)
v=1 m3 /kg
h
h=3705 kJ/kg t=600oC
s=8.46 kJ/kgK s
kJ
hpp = 3705 (upotrebom hs dijagrama za vodenu paru)
kg
kJ
spp = 8.46 (upotrebom hs dijagrama za vodenu paru)
kgK
b)
v=20 m3 /kg
h=2325 kJ/kg
x=0.9
s=7.54 kJ/kgK s
kJ
hx = 2325 (upotrebom hs dijagrama za vodenu paru)
kg
kJ
sx = 7.54 (upotrebom hs dijagrama za vodenu paru)
kgK

2.9. Odrediti specifi~nu entalpiju pregrejane vodene pare stawa (u=2654 kJ/kg,
v=1.08 m3 /kg).
pretostavimo p= 4 bar: ⇒
 m 
3
kJ
hpp = f p = 4 bar, v = 1.08  =3846.35 tabela 4.2.6. strana 41−55
 
kg  kg

provera pretpostavke:
h − u 3846 .35 − 2654
p= = =11.04 bar (pretpostavka nije ta~na)
v 1.08
 m 
3
kJ
hpp = f p = 3 bar, v = 1 .08  =3340.03 tabela 4.2.6. strana 41−55
 
kg  kg

h − u 3340 .03 − 2654
p= = =6.35 bar (pretpostavka nije ta~na)
v 1.08
 m3 
kJ
hpp = f p = 2 bar , v = 1 .08  =2870 tabela 4.2.6. strana 41−55
 
kg  kg

h − u 2870 − 2654
p= = =2 bar (pretpostavka je ta~na)
v 1 .08
kJ
ta~na vrednost iznosi: hpp=2870
kg
2.10. Odrediti specifi~nu entalpiju i specifi~nu entropiju suvozasi}ene pare

amonijaka na T=300 K.
kJ kJ
h”′′= 2246 s′′”= 9.993
kg kgK
tabela 4.4.1. strana 62, za T=300 K
2.11. Odrediti specifi~nu entalpiju i specifi~nu entropiju pregrejane pare freona

12 stawa (p=6 bar, t=200oC).
kJ kJ
hpp =789 spp = 1.889
kg kgK
tabela 4.6.2. strana 79−81, za p=6 bar, t=200oC

PROMENE STAWA REALNIH FLUIDA
2.12. Vla`na para stawa 1(x=0.3, p=0.2 bar) izohorski se {iri do stawa 2(p=1.5 bar),
a zatim ravnote`no izentropski ekspandira do stawa 3(p3=p1 ). Skicirati promene
stawa vodene pare na Ts i pv dijagramu i odrediti razmewenu toplotu (kJ/kg) za
promenu stawa 1−2 i zapreminski rad (kJ/kg) za promenu stawa 2−3.
T 2 2
p
3
1 3
1
s v
ta~ka 1:
kJ
u1 = ux =u’′” + x1 . (u′′” - u′’) = ...= 251 .38 + 0.3 ⋅ (2456 − 251.38 ) =912.8
kg
kJ kJ
u’′ =251.38 u′′” =2456
kg kg
m3
v1 = vx = v’′ + x1 . (v′′” - v’′ ) = 0.0010171 + 0 .3 ⋅ (7.647 − 0.0010171) =2.29
kg
m3 m3
v′’=0.0010171 v′′”=7.647
kg kg
ta~ka 2:
m3
v2 = v1 =2.29 p2 =1.5 bar
kg
m3 m3
provera poloàja ta~ke 2: v′’=0.0010527 v′′”=1.159
kg kg
v2 > v”′′ ⇒ ta~ka 2 nalazi se u oblasti pregrejane pare
kJ kJ
h2 = hpp =3448.1 , s2 = spp=8.5
kg kgK
kJ
u2 = upp = hpp –− p . vpp = 3448 .1 − 1 .5 ⋅ 10 5 ⋅ 10 −3 ⋅ 2.29 =3104.6
kg

ta~ka 3:
kJ
s3 = s2 =8.5 p3 = p1 = 0.2 bar
kgK
kJ kJ
provera poloàja ta~ke 3: s′’ =08321 s′′” =6.822
kgK kgK
s3 > s′′” ⇒ ta~ka 3 nalazi se u oblasti u pregrejane pare
kJ m3
h3 = hpp = 2797.6 , v3 = vpp =14.61
kg kg
kJ
u3 = upp = hpp –− p . vpp = 2797 .6 − 0.2 ⋅ 10 5 ⋅ 10− 3 ⋅ 14.61 =2505.4
kg
(q12 )v= const = u2 − u1 = 3104 .6 − 912 .8 =2191.8 kJ

kg
kJ
(w23 )s= const = u2 − u3 = 3104 .6 − 2505 .4 = 599.2
kg
2.13. Pregrejana vodena para stawa 1(m=1 kg, p=0.05 MPa, t=270oC) predaje toplotu
izotermnom toplotnom ponoru, usled ~ega ravnote`no mewa svoje toplotno stawe: prvo
izohorski (1−2) do temperature 60oC, potom izotermski (2−3) do pritiska 0.1 MPa i
kona~no izobarski (3−4) do temperature 20oC. Odrediti promenu entropije izolovanog
sistema za slu~aj termodinmi~ki najpovoqnijeg temperaturskog nivoa toplotnog
ponora. Skicirati proces u Ts i pv koordinatnom sistemu.
T 1
p 1
3
3
2
4
2
4
v
s

∆S SI =∆S RT + ∆S TP = .… ..
∆S RT =∆S14 = m ⋅ (s 4 − s1 ) =...
(q12 )v =const + (q 23 ) T =const + (q34 )p=const
∆ STP = −m ⋅
Ttp
u2 − u1 + T2 ⋅ (s 3 − s 2 ) + h4 − h3
∆ STP = −m ⋅ = ...
TTP
ta~ka 1:
p1 =0.5 bar, t1 =270oC
tk=81.35oC t1 > tk ta~ka 1 nalazi se u oblasti pregrejane pare
m3 kJ
v1 = vpp= 5 , h1 =hpp = 3015
kg kg
kJ kJ
s1 =spp= 8.423 , u1 = upp=h1 − p1 . v1 = 2765
kgK kg
ta~ka 2:
m3
t2 =60oC v2 =v1 =5
kg
m3 m3
v′’= 0.0010171 , v′′”=7.678
kg kg
v′ < v2 < v”′′ ta~ka 2 nalazi se u oblasti vla`ne pare
v 2 − v'
x2 = = 0.6512
v" − v'
kJ
u2 = ux =u’′” + x2 . (u′′” − u′’) =…...= 251 .1 + 0.6512 ⋅ (2456 − 251 .1) = 1684.29
kg
kJ kJ
u’′ =251.1 u′′” =2456
kg kg
kJ
s2 = sx =s’′” + x2 . (s′′” − s′’) =…...= 0.8311 + 0.6512 ⋅ (7.9084 − 0 .8311) =5.43
kgK
kJ kJ
s’′ =0.8311 , s′′”=7.9084
kgK kgK

ta~ka 3:
p3 =1 bar t3 =60oC
tk=99.64oC t3 < tk ta~ka 3 nalazi se u oblasti te~nosti
kJ kJ
h3 = hw=251.1 , s3 = sw= 0.83
kg kgK
ta~ka 4:
p4 =1 bar t4 =60oC
kJ kJ
h4 =hw= 83.9 , s4 = sw=0.296
kg kgK
toplotni ponor:
TTP=T4 =293 K (najpovoqniji termodinami~ki slu~aj)
kJ
∆S RT =∆S14 =1 ⋅ (0 .296 − 8.423 ) =...=−8.127
K
1684 .29 − 2765 + 333 ⋅ (0.83 − 5.43 ) + 83 .9 − 251 .1 kJ

∆ STP = −1 ⋅ = 9.487
293 K
kJ
∆S SI =∆S RT + ∆S TP = … − 8.127 + 9.487 =1.36
K
2.14. Vodi (m=10 kg) stawa 1(p=0.1 MPa, t=20oC) dovodi se toplota od izotermnog
toplotnog izvora, usled ~ega voda mewa svoje toplotno stawe: prvo izobarski (1−2) do
temperature 60oC, potom izotermski (2−3) do specifi~ne zapremine 5 m3 /kg i na kraju
izohorski (3−4) do pritiska 0.05 MPa. Skicirati proces u Ts koordinatnom sistemu i
odrediti promenu entropije adijabatski izolovanog sistema za slu~aj termodinmi~ki
najpovoqnijeg temperaturskog nivoa toplotnog izvora.

∆S SI = ∆S RT + ∆S TI = …...
⋅
∆S RT = ∆S14 = m ⋅ (s 4 − s1 ) =...
(q12 )p=const + (q 23 )T =const + (q 34 ) v= const

∆ STI = −m ⋅
TTI
h − h1 + T2 ⋅ (s 3 − s 2 ) + u 4 − u 3
∆ STI =m⋅ 2 =...
TTI
ta~ka 1:
p1 =1 bar, t1 =20oC
kJ kJ
h1 =hw= 83.9 , s1 = sw=0.296
kg kgK
ta~ka 2: p2 =1 bar t2 = 60oC
tk=99.64oC t2 < tklj ta~ka 2 nalazi se u oblasti te~nosti
kJ kJ
h2 =hw = 251.1 s2 =sw = 0.83
kg kgK
ta~ka 3:
m3
t3 = 60oC v3 = 5
kg
m3 m3
v′’= 0.0010171 , v′′”=7.678
kg kg
v′ < v3 < v”′′ ta~ka 3 nalazi se u oblasti vla`ne pare
v 3 − v' 5 − 0.0010171
x3 = = = 0.6512
v" −v' 7.678 − 0.0010171
kJ
u3 =ux = u' + x3 ⋅ (u"−u' ) = 251 .1 + 0.6512 ⋅ (2456 − 251 .1) =1684.29
kg
kJ
s3 = sx = s '+ x 3 ⋅ (s"−s ' ) = 0.8311 + 0.6512 ⋅ (7 .9084 − 0 .8311) =5.43
kgK

ta~ka 4:
m3
p4 = 0.5 bar, v4 = v3 = 5
kg
m3 m3
v′’= 0.0010299 v′′”=3.239
kg kg
v4 > v”′ ′ ta~ka 4 nalazi se u oblasti pregrejane pare
m3 kJ
v1 = vpp= 5 , h1 =hpp = 3015
kg kg
kJ kJ
s1 =spp= 8.42 , u 1 = upp=h1 − p1 . v1 = 2765
kgK kg
T4 =Tpp= 270oC = 543 K
toplotni izvor:
TTI =T4 = 543 K (najpovoqniji termodinami~ki slu~aj)
kJ
∆S RT = ∆S14 =10 ⋅ (8.42 − 0.296 ) =81.24
K
251.1 − 83.9 + 333 ⋅ (5.45 − 0.83 ) + 2782 .85 − 1689 .36 kJ
∆ STIi = −10 ⋅ =−51.6
542.5 K
kJ
∆S SI = 81.24 − 51.6 = 29.64
K
4
T TI
2
3

2.15. Jednom kilogramu leda stawa 1(p=1 bar T=−5 oC) dovodi se toplota od
toplotnog izvora konstantne temperature TTI=300oC tako da se na kraju izobarske
promene stawa (1−2) dobije suvozasi}ena vodena para (stawe 2). Odrediti promenu
entropije izolovanog sistema pri ovoj promeni stawa i grafi~ki je predstaviti na
Ts dijagramu.
kJ
∆S SI =∆S RT + ∆S TI = .… ..= 8.61 − 5.27 = 3.34
K
kJ
∆S RT =m . ∆s12=m . ( s2 − s1 )=...= 8.61
K
(q12 )p=const (h2 − h1 ) kJ
∆ STI = −m ⋅ = −m ⋅ = ... = −5.27
Tti Tti K
ta~ka 1:
kJ
h1 = hl = cl ⋅ (TL − 273 ) − rl = 2 ⋅ (− 5 ) − 332.4 = −342.4
kg
TL rl -5 + 273 332.4 kJ
s1 = s l = c l ⋅ ln − = 2 ⋅ ln − = − 1.25
273 273 273 273 kgK
ta~ka 2:
kJ kJ
h2 = h′′ = 2675 , s2 = s′′”=7.36
kg kgK
TI
∆S RT
s jednake povr{ine
∆S TI
∆S SI

2.16. Te~an CO2, stawa 1(p=5 MPa, t=0oC), adijabatski se prigu{uje (h=idem) do
stawa 2(p=0.6 MPa). Grafi~ki predstaviti po~etno i krajwe stawe CO2 u Ts i hs
kJ
koordinatnom sistemu i odrediti prira{taj entropije CO2 tokom procesa 1−2 ( ).
kgK
T p1
h p1
p2
p2
2 1
2
s s
ta~ka 1:
p1 =50 bar, t1 =0oC ta~ka 1 nalazi se u oblasti te~nosti
kJ kJ
h1 =− 94 , s1 = 3.1133 tabela 4.8.2. strana 93−98
kg kgK
ta~ka 2:
kJ
p2 =6 bar, h2 =h1 = −94
kg
kJ kJ
h′’= −200 , h′′”=142.7 tabela 4.8.1. strana 92
kg kg
h′ <h2 < h”′′ ta~ka 2 nalazi se u oblasti vla`ne pare
h2 − h' −94 + 200

x2 = = =0.3093
h"−h' 142 .7 + 200
kJ
s2 = sx = s '+ x 2 ⋅ (s "−s ' ) = 2.702 + 0.3093 ⋅ (4.260 − 2 .702 ) =3.184
kgK
kJ kJ
s’′ =2.702 , s′′”=4.260 tabela 4.8.1. strana 92
kgK kgK
kJ
∆s12 = s2 − s1 =...=3.184 − 3.1133 = 0.0707
kgK

2.17. Freon 22 stawa 1(T=−30oC, x=1) nekvazistati~ki (neravnote`no) adijabatski

se komprimuje do stawa 2(p=6 bar). Prira{taj entropije freona tokom procesa
J
iznosi ∆s12 =51 . Predstaviti proces sa freonom na Ts i hs dijagramu i
kgK
odrediti stepen dobrote ove nekvazistati~ke adijabatske kompresije.
ta~ka 1:
kJ kJ
h1 = h′′ = 691.92 , s1 = s′′= 1.7985 tabela 4.7.1. strana 83
kg kgK
ta~ka 2k:
kJ
p2k=6 bar, s2k = s1 =1.7985
kgK
kJ kJ
s′ = 1.024 , s′′ = 1.74 tabela 4.7.1. strana 83
kgK kgK
s2k > s′′ ta~ka 2k nalazi se u oblasti pregrejane pare
kJ
h2k = hpp = 720.78
kg
ta~ka 2:
kJ
p2 =6 bar, s2 = s1 +∆s12 =1.7895+0.051=1.8495
kgK
kJ
h2 = hpp = 739.36
kg
kp h1 − h2k 691 .92 − 720 .78

ηd = = =0.61
h1 − h 2 691 .92 − 739 .36
2
2
T 2k
2k h
s s

zadaci za ve`bawe: (2.18. –− 2.19.)
2.18. Kqu~ala voda temperature T1= 250oC mewa stawe ravnote`no:

− izotermski (1−2) do p2 = 4.5 bar
− zatim izohorski(2−3) do p= 2.2 bara
− i na kraju izobarski (3−4) do stawa 4(s4 =s1 )
Skicirati promene stawa vodene pare na pv i Ts dijagramu i odrediti razmewene
kJ
toplote ( ) tokom procesa 1−2, 2−3 i 3−4.
kg
kJ kJ kJ
re{ewe: q12 =2368.5 , q23 =−846.7 , q34 =−991.2
kg kg kg
2.19. Vodenoj pari stawa 1(T2 =100oC, x=0) ravnote`no se dovodi se toplota pri
~emi vodenu paru prevodimo u stawe 2(T=120oC, x=1). U procesu (1−2) temperatura
pare raste linerano u Ts kordinatnom sistemu. Nakon toga se vr{i neravnote`na
adijabatska ekspanzija (2−3) vodene pare (stepen dobrote nekvazistati~ke
adijabatske ekspanzije: η eks
d =0.9) do stawa 3(p=0.1 bar). Skicirati procese sa
vodenom parom na Ts dijagramu i odrediti dovedenu toplotu za proces 1−2 i dobijeni
tehni~ki rad za proces 2−3.
kJ kJ
re{ewe: q12 =2316.2 , w T23 =402.4
kg kg


(ZATVOREN TERMODINAMI^KI SISTEM)
2.20. U zatvorenom, adijabatski izolovanom, sudu zapremine V=7.264 m3 , nalazi se

me{avina m′=311 kg kqu~ale vode i m’′’ ′ =? suvozasi}ene vodene pare u stawu
termodinami~ke ravnoteè na p1 =0.95 bar. Vodenoj pari u sudu se dovodi toplota, od
toplotnog izvora stalne temperature TTI=300oC, tako da joj pritisak poraste na
p2 =68 bar. Skicirati procese sa vodenom parom na Ts i pv dijagramu i odrediti:
a) koliko je toplote dovedeno u procesu (MJ)
b) promenu entropije izolovanog termodinami~kog sistema za proces 1−2 (kJ/K)
a)
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces u zatvorenom termodinami~kom sistemu
Q12 = ∆U12 + W12 ⇒ Q12 = (m′ + m′′) . (u2 –− u1 )=...
ta~ka 1:
p1 =0.95 bar, x1 =?
3
m m3
v’′ = 0.00104205 v′′”=1.7815
kg kg
V' = m'⋅v' = 311 ⋅ 0.00104205 =0.3241 m3
V′′” = V − V’′ =7.264 − 0.3241 = 6.9399 m3
V" 6.9399 m" 3 .9

m" = = =3.9 kg x1 = = =0.0124
v" 1.7815 m"+m' 3 .9 + 311
kJ
u1 = ux =u’′ + x1 .(u′′” - u′’) = 411 .23 + 0 .0124 ⋅ (2504 − 411 .23 ) =437.21
kg
kJ kJ
u’′ = 411.23 , u”′′ = 2504
kg kg
m3
v1 =vx=v’ + x1. (v”′′ − v’′ )= 0. 00104205 + 0. 0124 ⋅ (1.7815 − 0. 00104205) =0.0231
kg
kJ
s1 = sx =s’′ + x1 .(s′′” − s′’) = 1.2861 + 0.0124 ⋅ (7 .377 − 1 .2861) =1.362
kgK
kJ kJ
s’′ = 1.2861 , s”′ ′ = 7.377
kgK kgK

ta~ka 2
m3
p2 =68 bar, v2 = v1 = 0.0231
kg
m3 m3
v′’= 0.0013445 , v′′”=0.028382
kg kg
v′’ < v2 < v”′′ ta~ka 2 se nalazi u oblasti vla`ne pare
v 2 − v' 0 .0231 − 0.0013445

x2 = = =0.8046
v"− v' 0.028382 − 0 .0013445
kJ
u2 = ux =u’′ + x2 .(u′′” − u′’)= ...=1247 .52 + 0.8046 ⋅ (2582 − 1247 .52 ) =2321.24
kg
kJ kJ
u’′ = 1247.52 u′′” = 2582
kg kg
kJ
s2 = sx =s’′ + x1 .(s′′” − s′’) = ...= 3.103 + 0.8046 ⋅ (5.829 − 3.103 ) =5.2963
kgK
kJ kJ
s’′ = 3.103 , s”′ ′ = 5.829
kgK kgK
Q 12 = (311 + 3.9 ) ⋅ (2321 .24 − 437.21) =593.3 MJ
b)
kJ
∆S SI =∆S RT + ∆S TI = …...=216.2
K
kJ
∆S RT = (m' +m' ' ) ⋅ (s 2 − s 1 ) = (311 + 3.9 ) ⋅ (5.2963 − 1.362 ) =1239.1
K
Q12 593.3 ⋅ 10 3 kJ
∆ STI = − =− =1035.43
TTI 573 K
T p
2
2
1
1
s v

2.21. Izolovan zatvoren sud zapremine V=120 litara ispuwen je kqu~alom vodom i
suvozasi}enom parom u stawu termodinami~ke ravnoteè na pritisku p1 =1 bar. U
posudi se nalazi greja~ snage 5 kW . Dovo|ewem toplote nivo vode u sudu raste i kada
pritisak dostigne 50 bara, posuda je u celosti ispuwena te~nom fazom. Skicirati
proces na pv dijagramu i odrediti koliko dugo je trajalo dovo|ewe toplote.
p
K
2
vk
v
ta~ka 2:
p2 = 50 bar, x2 =0
m3 kJ
v2 = v′= 0.0012857 , u2 =u′= 1148
kg kg
V 120 ⋅ 10 −3
m= = =93.33 kg
v 2 0.0012857
ta~ka 1:
m3
p1 =1 bar, v1 =v2 =0.0012857
kg
m3 m3
v′’= 0.0010432 , v′′”=1.694
kg kg
v′’ < v1 < v”′′ ta~ka 1 se nalazi u oblasti vla`ne pare
v 1 − v' 0.0012857 − 0.0010432

x1 = = =0.0001
v" −v' 1.694 − 0 .0010432
kJ
u1 = ux =u’′ + x1 .(u′′” − u′’) = 417 .3 + 0.0001 ⋅ (2506 − 417 .3 ) =417.51
kg
kJ kJ
u’′ = 417.3 , u”′′ = 2506
kg kg

Q12 = ∆U12 + W12 ⇒ Q12 =m . (u2 –− u1 )
Q12 = 93 .33 ⋅ (1148 − 417.51) =68.18 MJ

Q 12 68.18 ⋅ 10 3
τ= = =13636 s
⋅ 5
Q 12
Uo~iti da se u ovom zadatku pojavquje fenomen podkriti~nih zapremina , tj.

izohorskim dovo|ewem toplote vla`noj pari v<vk ne dolazi do stvarawa
suvozasi}ene pare ve} kqu~ale te~nosti. U takvom slu~aju prilikom
dovo|ewa toplote vla`noj pari stepen suvo}e vodene pare ne raste monotono
do x=1, ve} raste do neke vrednosti x>x1 pa zatim monotono opada do x=0.
2.22. U vertikalno postavqenom cilindru povr{ine

popre~nog preseka A=0.1 m2 koji je po omota~u
izolovan nalazi se m=0.92 kg vode na temperaturi
od 10oC. Iznad vode je klip zanemarqive mase koji
ostvaruje stalni pritisak. Pritisak okoline ∆z
iznosi po=1 bar. U cilindru se nalazi greja~
toplotne snage 0.5 kJ/s. Zanemaruju}i trewe klipa o
zidove cilindra odrediti vreme potrebno da se
klip podigne za ?∆z=1.3 m. Predstaviti proces
dovo|ewa toplote na Ts dijagramu.
Q 12
τ= =...
⋅
Q 12
Q12 = ∆U12 + W12 ⇒ Q12 =m . (u2 − u1 )+ p ⋅ (V2 − V1 ) = ...
ta~ka 1:
p1 =1 bar, t1 =10oC
kJ m3
h1 = hw = 42 , v1 = vw = 0.0010005
kg kg
kJ
u1 = uw = h1 − p 1 ⋅ v 1 = 42 − 1 ⋅ 10 5 ⋅ 10 −3 ⋅ 0 .0010005 =41.9
kg
V 1 = m . v1 = 0.92 ⋅ 0.0010005 =0.0009 m3

ta~ka 2:
p2 =1 bar v2 =?
V 2 = V1 + A. ∆z = 0.0009 + 0.1.1.3 = 0.1309 m3

V2 0.1309 m3
v2 = = =0.1423
m 0 .92 kg
m3 m3
v′’= 0.0010432 , v′′”=1.694
kg kg
v′’ > v2 > v′′” ta~ka 2 se nalazi u oblasti vla`ne pare
v 2 − v' 0.1423 - 0.0010432

x2 = = =0.0834
v" − v' 1.694 - 0.0010432
kJ
u2 = ux =u′’ + x2 .(u′′” − u′’) = = 417 .3 + 0.0834 ⋅ (2506 − 417 .3 ) =591.5
kg
kJ kJ
u’′ = 417.3 , u”′′ = 2506
kg kg
Q12 = 0.92 ⋅ (591 .5 − 41.9 ) + 1 ⋅ 10 5 ⋅ 10 −3 ⋅ (0 .1423 − 0.0009 ) =519.77 kJ
519.77
τ= =1039.5 s
0 .5
T
p=const
2
1

2.23. Vertikalan cilindar (od okoline toplotno izolovan) unutra{weg pre~nika

d=250 mm zatvoren je sa gorwe strane pomi~nim (bez trewa) i od okoline
izolovanim klipom (zanemarqive mase) optere}enim sa dva tega masa: mT1=210 kg i
mT2=1800 kg. Po~etna udaqenost klipa od dna cilindra je z1 =300 mm. U cilindru
se nalazi 5 litara kqu~ale vode, a ostatak zapremine zauzima suvozasi}ena vodena
para. Pritisak okoline iznosi po=1 bar. Dovo|ewem toplote klip se podigne za
∆z=200 mm. Zatim se istovremeno teì teg podigne dizalicom i skine sa klipa
({to dovodi do daqeg podizawa klipa) i iskqu~i greja~. Odrediti:
a) koli~inu toplote dovedenu u prvom delu procesa
b) izvr{eni zapreminski rad u drugom delu procesa
T1
T2 T1
∆z ∆z
T2 T1
z1
ta~ka 1:
p1 = p o +
(m T1 + m T2 ) ⋅ g = 1 ⋅ 10 5 + (210 + 1800 ) ⋅ 9.81 =5 bar
d2 π 0.25 2 π
4 4
d2 π 0.25 2 π
V1 = ⋅ z1 = ⋅ 0 .3 =0.0147 m3
4 4
V′′ = V − V′ =0.0147 –− 0.0050 =0.0097 m3
v′ =0.0010927 m3 , v′′=0.3747 m3
V' 0.0050 V' ' 0 .0097

m' = = =4.576 kg, m' ' = = =0.026 kg
v' 0.0010927 v ' ' 0 .3747
m' ' 0.026
x1 = = =0.0056
m' +m' ' 4.576 + 0.026
kJ
u1 = ux =u’′ + x1 .(u′′” − u′’) = 639 .4 + 0.0056 ⋅ (2562 − 639 .4 ) =650.17
kg
kJ kJ
u’′ = 639.4 , u”′′ = 2562
kg kg
ta~ka 2:
d2 π 0.25 2 π
p2 = p1 = 5 bar, V 2 = V1 + ⋅ ∆z = 0.0147 + ⋅ 0.2 =0.0245 m3
4 4
V2 0 .0245 m3
v2 = = =0.0053
m 4 .602 kg
v′’ > v2 > v′′” ta~ka 2 se nalazi u oblasti vla`ne pare
v 2 − v' 0.0053 - 0.0010927

x2 = = =0.0113
v"− v' 0.3747 - 0.0010927
kJ
u2 = ux =u’′ + x2 .(u′′” − u′’) = 639 .4 + 0.0113 ⋅ (2562 − 639.4 ) =661.13
kg
kJ
s2 = sx =s’′ + x2 .(s′′” − s′’) = ...= 1.86 + 0 .0113 ⋅ (6.822 − 1.86 ) =1.916
kgK
kJ kJ
s’′ = 1.86 , s”′ ′ = 6.822
kgK kgK
ta~ka 3:
m T1 ⋅ g 210 ⋅ 9.81 kJ
p3 = p o + = 1 ⋅ 10 5 + =1.42 bar, s3 = s2 = 1.916
d π 2
0.25 π 2 kgK
4 4
kJ kJ
s’′ = 1.4184 , s”′ ′ = 7.2387
kgK kgK
s′’ > s3 > s′′” ta~ka 3 se nalazi u oblasti vla`ne pare
s3 − s' 1.916 - 1.4184

x3 = = =0.0855
s" −s' 7.2387 - 1.4184
kJ
u3 = ux =u’′ + x3 .(u′′” − u′’) = 461 .1 + 0.0855 ⋅ (2518 − 461 .1) =636.96
kg
kJ kJ
u’′ = 461.1 , u”′′ = 2518
kg kg

a)
Q12 = ∆U12 + W12 ⇒ Q12 =m . (u2 –− u1 )+ p ⋅ (V2 − V1 )

Q 12 = 4 .602 ⋅ (661 .13 − 650 .17 ) + 5 ⋅ 10 5 ⋅ 10 − 3 ⋅ (0 .0245 − 0.0147 ) =55.34 kJ
b)
Q23 = ∆U23 + W23 ⇒ W23 =−m . (u3 –− u2 )
W23 = −4 .602 ⋅ (636 .96 − 661 .13 ) =111.23 kJ
T
p1 =p2
2
1
p3
s
2.24. Vla`na vodena para stawa A(pA=0.11 MPa, x=0.443), koja se nalazi u toplotno
izolovanom sudu A, zapremine V A=0.55 m3 , razdvojena je ventilom od suvozasi}ene
vodene pare koja se pri istom pritisku (pB=pA) nalazi u toplotno izolovanom
cilindru B, zapremine V B=0.31 m3 (slika). Pri zako~enom (nepokretnom) klipu K
otvara se ventil i uspostavqa stawe termodinami~ke ravnoteè pare u oba suda
(stawe C). Po dostizawu tog ravnote`nog stawa, pokre}e se klip K, koji pri i daqe
otvorenom ventilu, kvazistati~ki sabija paru na pritisak p=2.4 MPa (stawe D).
Odrediti izvr{eni zapreminski rad ( za proces C−D) i prikazati sve promene u Ts
koordinatnom sistemu.
K
A

ta~ka A: pA=1.1 bar xA=0.443

kJ
uA= ux =u’′ + xA.(u′′” - u′’) = ...= 428. 79 + 0. 443 ⋅ (2509 − 428.79 ) =1350.32
kg
kJ kJ
u’′ =428.79 , u”′′ = 2509
kg kg
m3
vA= vx= v’ + xA. (v”′′ − v′’)= ...= 0 .0010452 + 0. 443 ⋅ (1. 555 − 0 .0010452) =0.6894
kg
m3 m3
v’′ = 0.0010452 v′′”=1.555
kg kg
VA 0 .55
mA = = = 0.8 kg
vA 0.6894
ta~ka B: pB=1.1 bar xB=1

kJ m3
uB=u”′ ′= 2509 , vB = v′′”=1.555
kg kg
VB 0.31
mB = = 0.2 kg
vB 1.555
ta~ka C: pC=1.1 bar uC=?
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces me{awa u zajedni~kom sudu:
Q12 = ∆U12 + W12 ⇒ U1 = U2
U1 = mA. uA + mB. uB
U2 = mA. uC + mB. uC
mA ⋅ u A + mB ⋅ uB 0.8 ⋅ 1350 .32 + 0 .2 ⋅ 2509 kJ

uC = = =1582.06
m A + mB 0.8 + 0.2 kg
kJ kJ
u’′ = 428.79 , u”′′ = 2509
kg kg
u′’ < uC < u”′ ′ ta~ka 2 se nalazi u oblasti vla`ne pare
u C − u' 1582 .06 − 428 .79

xC = = =0.5544
u"−u' 2509 − 428 .79
kJ
sC= sx =s’′ + xC.(s′′” - s′’) = ...= 1.3327 + 0.5544 ⋅ (7 .238 − 1.3327 ) =4.606
kgK
kJ kJ
s’′ = 1.3327 s”′ ′ = 7.328
kgK kgK

kJ
ta~ka D: pD=24 bar sD=sC = 4.606
kgK
kJ kJ
s’′ = 2.534 s”′ ′ = 6.272
kgK kgK
s′’ < sD < s”′ ′ ta~ka D se nalazi u oblasti vla`ne pare
s D − s' 4 .606 − 2.534

xD = = =0.55543
s"− s' 6 .272 − 2.534
kJ
uD= ux =u’′ + xD.(u′′” - u′’) = ...= 948 .9 + 0.5543 ⋅ (2602 − 948 .9) =1865.21
kg
kJ kJ
u’′ = 948.9 , u”′′ = 2602
kg kg
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces adijabatske kompresije (C−D):
QCD = ∆UCD + WCD ⇒ WCD= UC − UD
WCD= (m A + m B ) ⋅ (u C − uD ) = (0.8 + 0.2 ) ⋅ (1582 .06 − 1865 .21) = −283.15 kJ
T
pD
pA=pB=pC
A C B

2.25. U zatvorenom sudu zapremine V=2 m3 , nalazi se suvozasi}ena vodena para

stawa 1(p=10 bar). Tokom hla|ewa do stawa 2 od vodene pare odvede se 14.3 MJ
toplote. Odrediti promenu entropije sistema u najpovoqnijem slu~aju tokom
procesa hla|ewa pare.
ta~ka 1: p= 10 bar, x=1

kJ kJ
u1 = u″ = 2583 , s1 = s″= 6.587
kg kgK
m3 V 2
v1 = v″=0.1946 , m= = =10.28 kg
kg v 1 0 .1946
m3
ta~ka 2: v2 = v1 =0.1946 , u2 =?
kg
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces hla|ewa pare:
Q12 = ∆U12 + W12 ⇒ Q12 = m. ( u2 –− u1 )

3
Q 14 .3 ⋅ 10 kJ
u2 = u1 + 12 = 2583 − =1191.95
m 10.28 kg
pretpostavimo p2 =2.6 bar:

m3 m3
v’′ = 0.0010685 v′′”=0.6925
kg kg
v 2 − v ' 0.1946 − 0 .0010685
x2 = = =0.28
v"− v ' 0.6925 − 0 .0010685
kJ kJ
u’′ = 540.63 , u”′′ = 2539
kg kg
kJ
u2 =ux = u′ + x2 . ( u″ - u′ )= 540 .63 + 0.28 ⋅ (2539 − 540 .63 ) =1100.17
kg
pretpostavka nije ta~na

m3 m3
v’′ = 0.0010709 v′′”=0.6461
kg kg
v − v' 0.1946 − 0.0010709
x2 = 2 = =0.3
v"− v ' 0.6461 − 0.0010709
kJ kJ
u’′ = 551.1 , u”′′ = 2541
kg kg
kJ
u2 =ux = u′ + x2 . ( u″ - u′ )= 551 .1 + 0.3 ⋅ (2541 − 551 .1) =1148.07
kg
pretpostavka nije ta~na


m3 m3
v’′ = 0.0010733 v′′”=0.6057
kg kg
v 2 − v ' 0.1946 − 0 .0010733
x2 = = =0.32
v"− v ' 0.6057 − 0 .0010733
kJ kJ
u’′ = 561.1 , u”′′ = 2543
kg kg
kJ
u2 =ux = u′ + x2 . ( u″ - u′ )= 561 .1 + 0.32 ⋅ (2543 − 561 .1) = 1195.3
kg
pretpostavka ta~na
Obzirom da je pretpostavka ta~na to zna~i da je p2 =3 bar. Na osnovu

vrednosti pritiska p2 odre|uje se temperatura T2 =133.54oC.
kJ kJ
s’′ = 1.672 , s”′ ′ = 6.992
kgK kgK
kJ
s2 = sx =s’′ + x2 . (s′′” − s′’) = 1.672 + 0 .32 ⋅ (6.992 − 1.672 ) =3.374
kgK
drugi zakon termodinamike za proces hla|ewa pare:
kJ
∆S SI = ∆S RT + ∆S TP = ...= 3.97
K
kJ
∆S RT = m . ∆s12 = m .( s2 −– s1 ) = 10 .28 ⋅ (3.374 − 6.587 ) = − 33.03
K
Q 12 − 14.3 ⋅ 10 3 kJ
∆S TP = − =− =35.17
TTP 133 .54 + 273 K
zadatak za ve`bawe: (2.26.)
2.26. U zatvorenom sudu nalazi se 5 kg pregrejane vodene pare stawa 1(p1 =0.1 MPa, t1 ).
a) koliko iznosi temperatura pregrejane pare (t1 ) ako od we hla|ewem nastaje suva
vodena para specifi~ne entalpije h=2653 kJ/kg (stawe 2)
b) koliki }e biti stepen suvo}e (x3 ) vla`ne pare kada usled daqeg odvo|ewa toplote
temperatura vodene pare dostigne 50oC (stawe 3)
c) odrediti masu (kg) kqu~ale te~nosti (m’′’ ) i suvozasi}ene pare (m’′’ ′) stawa 3
a) t1 = 320oC
b) x3 = 0.227
c) m′’=3.87 kg, m”′ ′=1.13 kg


(OTVOREN TERMODINAMI^KI SISTEM)
2.27. U adijabatski izolovanom ure|aju me{aju se suvozasi}ena vodena para stawa

⋅
1(p=0.4 MPa) i voda stawa 2(p=0.4 MPa, t=20oC, m w=1 kg/s ). Iz ure|aja izlazi voda
stawa 3(p=0.4 MPa, t=80oC). Zanemaruju}i promene kineti~ke i potencijalne energije
vodene pare, odrediti:
a) potrebnu koli~inu pare (kg/s)
b) promenu entropije sistema za proces me{awa (kW/K)
para 1
3
voda 2
a)
ta~ka 1: p1 =4 bar x=1
kJ kJ
h1 =h′′ = 2738 , s1 =s′′ = 6.897
kg kgK
ta~ka 2: p2 =4 bar t2 =20oC

kJ kJ
h2 =hw = 84.1 , s2 =sw =0.296
kg kgK
ta~ka 3: p2 =4 bar t2 =80oC

kJ kJ
h3 =hw = 335.1 , s3 =sw =1.074
kg kgK
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces u otvorenom termodinami~kom sistemu:
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
Q 12 = ∆ H12 + W T12 ⇒ H1 = H 2
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ 
mp ⋅ h1 + m w ⋅ h 2 =  mp + m w  ⋅ h3
 
⋅
⋅ m w ⋅ (h3 − h2 ) 1 ⋅ (335 .1 − 84 .1) ⋅ kg
mp = = = mp = 0.1
h1 − h 3 335 .1 − 2738 s

b)
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ kW
∆ S SI = ∆ S RT + ∆ S o = ... = 0.196 + 0 = 0.196
K
⋅
⋅ Q12 kW
∆ S o= − =0
TO K
⋅ ⋅ ⋅  ⋅ ⋅  ⋅ ⋅
∆ S RT = S izlaz − S ulaz=  mp + m w  ⋅ s 3 − mp ⋅ s 1 − m w ⋅ s 2
 
⋅ kW
∆ S RT = (0.1 + 1) ⋅ 1.074 − 0.1 ⋅ 6.897 − 1 ⋅ 0.296 =0.196
K
t ⋅
2.28. Kotao proizvodi m =7 suvozasi}ene pare stawa 1(p=13 bar). Deo te pare se
h
koristi za potrebe nekog tehnolo{kog procesa, dok se drugi deo pare, nakon
prigu{ivawa do p2 , me{a u napojnom rezervoaru sa vodom stawa 2(p=2 bar, t=20oC).
Voda se iz napojnog rezervoara uvodi u toplotno izolovanu pumpu gde joj se pritisak
kvazistati~i povisi do pritiska u kotlu. Ako je toplotna snaga kotla 4.56 MW,
⋅
odrediti maseni protok pare koja se koristi u tehnolo{kom procesu ( m w) kao i
snagu pumpe.
Q12
4 1
ka tehnolo{kom procesu
WT34
3 2
napojna voda

ta~ka 1: p=13 bar, x=1

kJ
h1 = h”″ = 2787
kg
ta~ka 2: p=2 bar, t=20oC

kJ
h2 = hw = 84.0
kg
ta~ka 4: p=13 bar, h4 =?
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces u kotlu: Q 12 = ∆ H12 + W T12
⋅
⋅ ⋅ Q 12
Q12 = m⋅ (h1 − h 4 ) ⇒ h4 = h1 −
mp
4.56 ⋅ 10 3 kJ kJ
h4 = 2787 − =441.86 s4 = sw = 1.363
10 3 kg kgK
7⋅
3600
kJ
ta~ka 3: p= 2 bar, s3 = s4 = 1.363
kgK
kJ
h3 = hw = 440.95
kg
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces me{awa:

⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
Q 12 = ∆ H12 + W T12 ⇒ H1 = H 2
⋅  ⋅ ⋅  ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ h3 − h1
mw ⋅ h2 +  mp − m w  ⋅ h1 = mp ⋅ h 3 ⇒ m w = mp ⋅
  h2 − h1
⋅ 440.95 − 2787 t
mw = 7 ⋅ = 6.08
84 − 2787 h
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces u pumpi:

⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
Q 12 = ∆ H12 + W T12 ⇒ W T12 = − ∆ H12
⋅ ⋅ 10 3
W T12 = − m w ⋅ (h4 − h3 ) = 6 .08 ⋅ ⋅ (441 .86 − 440 .95 ) =1.54 kW
3600

2.29. Voda stawa 1(p=2 bar, t=80oC) dostrujava kroz cev unutra{weg pre~nika d=40
mm brzinom 0.5 m/s. Prolaskom kroz delimi~no otvoren ventil se prigu{uje na
p2 =0.4 bar i ulazi u odvaja~ te~nosti (od okoline toplotno izolovan). Odrediti:
a) promenu entropije sistema za proces prigu{ivawa
b) snagu kompresora koji izbacuje parnu fazu iz suda u okolinu pritiska p4 =1 bar
c) snagu pumpe koja te~nu fazu iz suda prebacuje u parni kotao koji radi na
pritisku p4 =4 bar
napomena: kompresije u kompresoru i pumpi su kvazistati~ke i adijabatske
kompresor
1 2
4
pumpa
3
4
1
2′ 2 2′′
ta~ka 1: p1 =1 bar, t1 =80oC

kJ kJ m3
h1 = hw =334.9 , s1 =sw=1.074 , v1 =vw = 0.001028
kg kgK kg
⋅
m=
1
⋅w⋅
d2π
=
1
⋅ 0.5 ⋅
(
40 ⋅ 10 −3 ) π =0.61
2
kg
v1 4 0 .001028 4 s

kJ
ta~ka 2: p2 =0.4 bar, h2 =h1 = 334.9
kg
kJ kJ
h’”′ =317.7 , h′′ = 2636
kg kg
h 2 − h' 334 .9 − 317 .7
x2 = = =0.0074
h"−h' 2636 − 317 .7
kJ
s2 = sx = s '+ x 2 ⋅ (s ' ' −s ' ) = 1.0261 + 0.0074 ⋅ (7.67 − 1.0261) =1.075
kgK
kJ kJ
s’′” =1.0261 , s′′ = 7.67
kgK kgK
kJ
ta~ka 3: p3 =4 bar, s3 =s′= 1.0261
kgK
kJ
h3 = hw= 318.5
kg
kJ
ta~ka 4: p4 =1 bar, s3 =s′= 7.67
kgK
kJ
h4 = hpp= 3129.7
kg
a)
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ W
∆ SSI = ∆ SRT + ∆ S O =0.61
K
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ W
∆ SRT = Sizlaz − Sulaz = m⋅ (s 2 − s 1 ) = 0 .61 ⋅ (1 .075 − 1.074 ) =0.61
K
b)
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces u kompresoru:
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
Q 12 = ∆ H12 + W T12 ⇒ W T12 = − ∆ H12
⋅ ⋅
W T 12 = − m⋅ x 2 ⋅ (h 4 − h' ' ) = −0.61 ⋅ 0 .0074 ⋅ (3129 .7 − 2636 ) =−2.23 kW
c)
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces u pumpi:
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
Q 12 = ∆ H12 + W T12 ⇒ W T12 = − ∆ H12
⋅ ⋅
W T 12 = − m⋅ (1 − x 2 ) ⋅ (h3 − h' ) = − 0.61 ⋅ (1 − 0.0074 ) ⋅ (318 .5 − 317 .7 ) =−0.48 kW

2.30. U toplotno izolovan kompresor ulazi freon 12 (R12) stawa 1(p=1 bar, t=−20oC,
⋅
m =60 kg/h). Stawe freona 12 na izlazu iz kompresora je 2(p=8 bar), a snaga
kompresora iznosi 1 kW. Nakon kompresije freon se hladi i potpuno kondenzuje u
razmewiva~u toplote. Kao rashladni fluid u razmewiva~u toplote koristi se voda
stawa 4(p=1bar, t=10oC) koja se prolaskom kroz razmewiva~ toplote zagreje do stawa
5(p=1 bar, t=30oC). Skicirati promene stawa freona 12 na hs dijagramu i odrediti:
a) stepen dobrote adijabatske kompresije u kompresoru
b) potro{wu vode u razmewiva~u toplote (kg/h)
voda 4 5
3 2
WT12
1
freon
2
h
2k
ta~ka 1: p=1 bar, t=−20oC

kJ kJ
h1 =hpp =647.4 s1 =spp=1.612
kg kgK
kJ
ta~ka 2k: p2K=8 bar, s2K=s1 =1.612
kgK
kJ
h2K=hpp =686.1
kg

ta~ka 2: p2 =1 bar, h2 =?
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces u kompresoru:

⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
Q 12 = ∆ H12 + W T12 ⇒ W T12 = − ∆ H12
⋅
⋅ ⋅ W T12
W T12 = − m f ⋅ (h2 − h1 ) ⇒ h2 = h1 −
mf
−1 kJ
h2 = 647 .4 − =707.4
60 kg
3600
ta~ka 3: p=8 bar, x=0

kJ
h1 =h′ =531.45
kg
a)
kp h1 − h2K 647.4 − 686 .1
ηd = = =0.645
h1 − h 2 647.4 − 707 .4
b)
kJ
h1 =hw =42 (tabele za vodu)
kg

kJ
h1 =hw =125.7 (tabele za vodu)
kg

⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
Q 12 = ∆ H12 + W T12 ⇒ H1 = H 2
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ h2 − h3
m f ⋅ h 2 + m w ⋅ h4 = m f ⋅ h3 + m w ⋅ h5 ⇒ mw = m f ⋅
h5 − h 4
⋅ 707 .4 − 531 .45 kg
m w = 60 ⋅ =12.61
125 .7 − 42 h

2.31. Pregrejana vodena para stawa 1(p=7 bar, t=450oC) ekspandira adijabatski u
parnoj turbini sa stepenom dobrote η eks
d =0.6 do stawa 2(p=1 bar). Po izlasku iz
turbine para se u toplotno izolovanoj me{noj komori me{a sa vodom, masenog protoka
⋅
mw =2.3 kg/s stawa 3(p=1bar, t=14oC). Stawe voda na izlazu iz komore za me{awe je
4(p=1 bar, t=47oC). Skicirati procese u turbini i me{noj komori na Ts dijagramu i:
a) odrediti snagu turbine (kW)
b) dokazati da je proces me{awa pare i vode nepovratan
para
WT12
3
voda
2
T T
4
3
2
2
2k
s s
1 –− 2 promena stawa pare u turbini

2 –− 4 promena stawa pare u me{noj komori
3−4 promena stawa vode u me{noj komori

a)
kJ kJ
h1 = hpp = 3374.75 s1 =spp =7.789
kg kgK
kJ
ta~ka 2k: p=1 bar, s2k = s1 =7.789
kgK
kJ kJ
h′=417.4 , h′′= 2675
kg kg
h2k>h′′ ta~ka 2k se nalazi u oblasti pregrejane pare

kJ
h2k = hpp = 2854.3
kg
ta~ka 2: p=1 bar, η eks
d 0.6
h1 − h2
η eks
d = ⇒ d ⋅ (h1 − h 2k )
h2 = h1 − η eks
h1 − h2k
kJ
h2 = 3374 .75 − 0.6 ⋅ (3374 .75 − 2854 .3) = 3062.48
kg
kJ
s2 = spp = 8.19
kgK

kJ kJ
h3 = hw = 58.6 s3 = sw = 0.21
kg kgK
ta~ka 4: p= 1 bar, t=47oC

kJ kJ
h4 = hw = 196.74 s4 = sw = 0.66
kg kgK
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces u me{noj komori:

⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
Q 12 = ∆ H12 + W T12 ⇒ H1 = H 2
 ⋅ ⋅ 
⋅ ⋅   ⋅ ⋅ h4 − h 3
mw ⋅ h3 + mp h2 =  mw + m p  ⋅ h4 ⇒ mp = m w ⋅
  h2 − h4
 
⋅ 196.74 − 58 .6 kg
mp = 2.3 ⋅ = 0.11
3062 .48 − 196.74 s


⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
Q 12 = ∆ H12 + W T12 W T 12 = − ∆ H 12 = − mp ⋅ (h 2 − h1 )
⋅
W T 12 = −0.11 ⋅ (3062 .48 − 3374 .75 ) =34.35 kW
b)
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ kW
∆ S SI = ∆ S RT + ∆ S o = ... = 0.196 + 0 = 0.196
K
⋅
⋅ Q12 kW
∆ S o= − =0
TO K
⋅ ⋅ ⋅  ⋅ ⋅  ⋅ ⋅
∆ S RT = S izlaz − S ulaz=  mp + m w  ⋅ s 4 − mp ⋅ s 2 − m w ⋅ s 3
 
⋅ kW
∆ S RT = (0.11 + 2.3 ) ⋅ 0.66 − 0.11 ⋅ 8.19 − 2.3 ⋅ 0 .21 =0.207
K
2.32. Pregrejana vodena para stawa 1(p1 =70 bar, t1 =450oC) adijabatski ekspandira u
parnoj turbini do stawa 2(p2 =1 bar). Snaga turbine je 200 kW. Nakon ekspanzije para
se uvodi u kondenzator u kome se izobarski potpuno kondenzuje (stawe 3=kqu~ala voda).
Protok vode za hla|ewe kondenzatora je mw=5 kg/s, stawe vode na ulazu u kondenzator
je (p=1 bar, tw1 =20oC), a na izlazu iz kondenzatora je (p=1 bar, tw2 =45oC). Skicirati
promene stawa pare (1−2−3) na hs dijagramu i odrediti:
a) maseni protok vodene pare (kg/s)
b) stepen suvo}e vodene pare na izlazu iz turbine
c) stepen dobrote ekspanzije pare u turbini
para 1
WT12
3
2
voda 4 5

a)
ta~ka 4: p4 =1 bar, t4 =20oC
kJ
h4 = hw =83.9
kg
ta~ka 5: p5 =1 bar, t5 =45oC

kJ
h4 = hw =188.4
kg
ta~ka 1: p1 =70 bar, t1 =450oC

kJ kJ
h1 = hpp =3284.75 , s1 =spp = 6.634
kg kgK
ta~ka 3: p= 1 bar, x=0

kJ
h1 =h′ =417.4
kg

⋅ ⋅ ⋅
ograni~enom isprekidanom linijom: Q 12 = ∆ H12 + W T12
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅  ⋅ ⋅  ⋅
0 = H2 − H1 + W T12 ⇒ 0 = mp ⋅ h3 + m w ⋅ h5  − mp ⋅ h1 + m w ⋅ h4  + W T 12
   
⋅ ⋅
⋅ m w ⋅ (h 5 − h 4 ) + W T12 5 ⋅ (188 .4 − 83 .9 ) + 200 kg
mp = = =0.25
h1 − h3 3284 .75 − 417 .4 s
b)
kJ
ta~ka 2K: p2K =1 bar, s2K=s1 = 6.634
kgK
kJ kJ
s′=1.3026 , s′′=7.36
kgK kgK
s′’ > s2K > s′′” ta~ka 2K se nalazi u oblasti vla`ne pare
s 2k − s' 6 .634 − 1.3026

x 2K = = =0.88
s"− s' 7.36 - 1.3026
kJ
h2K = hx = h' + x 2k ⋅ (h' '−h') = 417 .4 + 0.88 ⋅ (2675 − 417 .4 ) = 2404.09
kg
kJ kJ
h′=417.4 , h′′=2675
kgK kgK

c)
ta~ka 2: p2 =1 bar, h2 =?

⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
Q 12 = ∆ H12 + W T12 W T 12 = − ∆ H 12 = − mp ⋅ (h 2 − h1 )
⋅
W T 12 200 kJ
h2 = h1 − ⋅
= 3284 .75 − =2484.75
0.25 kg
mp
h1 − h2 3284 .75 − 2484 .75

η ex
d = = =0.91
h1 − h2k 3284 .75 − 2404 .1
h 1
2
2K

2.33. U sekundarnom krugu atomskog reaktora proizvodi se qm=4000 t/h

suvozasi}ene vodene pare stawa 1(p=70bar). Proizvedena para se, prema skici, deli
na dve struje qm1 i qm2. Para masenog protoka qm1 kvazistati~ki adijabatski
ekspandira u turbini do stawa 2(p=8 bar). Vla`na para stawa 2 se u odvaja~u
te~nosti (toplotno izolovan od okoline) deli na dve struje qm3 (suvozasi}ena para
stawe 3) i qm4 (kqu~ala voda, stawe 4). Para stawa 3 se daqe pregreva (p=const) u
razmewiva~u toplote do stawa 5(T=250 oC) na ra~un toplote koju oslobodii para
qm1 kondenzacijom (p=const) do stawa 6(x=0). Skicirati stawa pare na Ts
a) masene protoke fluidnih struja, qm1 , qm2 , qm3 i qm4
b) snagu turbine
1 qm qm2
qm1
pregreja~
pare
WT12
2 qm3 qm2
6
3
qm4 qm3
odvaja~
te~nosti 4 5
ta~ka 1: p1 =70 bar, x=1

kJ kJ
h1 = h′′ =2772 , s1 =s′′ = 5.814
kg kgK
kJ
ta~ka 2: p1 =8 bar, s2 =s1 =5.814
kgK
kJ kJ
s′=2.046 , s′′=6.663
kgK kgK
s − s' 5 .814 − 2.046
x2 = 2 = =0.8161
s" −s' 6.663 - 2.046

ta~ka 3: p1 =8 bar, x=1

kJ
h3 = h′′ =2769
kg
ta~ka 4: p1 =8 bar, x=0

kJ
h4 = h′ =720.9
kg
ta~ka 5: p1 =8 bar, T=250oC0

kJ
h5 = hpp =2947.5
kg
ta~ka 6: p1 =70 bar, x=0

kJ
h6 = h′ =1267.4
kg
materijalni bilans ra~ve: qm = qm1 + qm2 (1)

para koja napu{ta odvaja~ te~nosti: qm3 = qm1 . x2 (2)

⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
Q 12 = ∆ H12 + W T12 ⇒ H1 = H 2
qm 2 ⋅ h1 + qm 3 ⋅ h3 = q m2 ⋅ h6 + q m3 ⋅ h 5 (3)
Kombinovawem jedna~ina (1), (2) i (3) dobija se:

t t t
qm1 =3646.9 , qm2 =353.1 , qm3 = 2976.2
h h h
materijalni bilans odvaja~a te~nosti: qm1 = qm3 + qm4 ⇒

t
qm4 = qm1 − qm3 = 670.7
h

⋅ ⋅ ⋅
ograni~enom isprekidanom linijom: Q 12 = ∆ H12 + W T12
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
0 = H2 − H1 + W T12 ⇒ W T 12 = [qm ⋅ h1 ] − [qm2 ⋅ h 6 + qm 3 ⋅ h5 + q m4 ⋅ h4 ]
⋅ 10 3
W T12 = [[4000 ⋅ 2772 ] − [353 .1 ⋅ 1267 .4 + 2976 .2 ⋅ 2947 .5 + 670 .7 ⋅ 720.9 ]] ⋅
3600
⋅
W T12 =384.6 MW

2.34. U parno-turbinskom postrojewu (slika) vodena para masenog protoka m=1.2 kg/s
ekspandira u turbini visokog pritiska (TVP) od stawa 1(p=1 MPa, t=440oC) do stawa
2(p=0.5 MPa). Po izlasku iz turbine deo pare masenog protoka mA =0.4 kg/s me{a se
adijabatski sa vodom stawa (p= 5 bar, tw=20oC). Stawe vode na izlasku iz komore za
me{awe je (p= 5 bar, tw=45oC). Preostali deo pare se po izlasku iz turbine visokog
pritiska izobarski zagreva do stawa 3(t=400oC), a zatim ekspandira u turbini niskog
pritiska (TNP) do stawa 4(p=5 kPa). Ekspanzije u turbinama su adijabatske sa istim
stepenom dobrote (ηdex=0.9). Odrediti:
a) snagu turbina visokog i niskog pritiska (kW)
b) maseni protok vode u komori za me{awe (kg/s)
para
TVP
1
WT12
2
5 mA 3
voda
TNP
WT34
6
⋅ ⋅
a) WT 12 =230.5
kW, WT 34 =642.4 kW
⋅ kg
b) mw =11.35
s


(PUWEWE I PRA@WEWE REZERVOARA)
2.35. U adijabatski izolovan rezervoar zapremine V=30 m3 , u kojem se nalazi vla`na

vodena para stawa (p=1.2 bar, x=0.95), uvodi se jednim izolovanim cevovodom voda
stawa (p=8 bar, t=15oC), a drugim izolovanim cevovodom suva vodena para stawa (p=30
bar). Stawe radne materije u rezervoaru na kraju procesa puwewa je (p=6 bar, x=0,1).
Odrediti masu vode i masu suve pare uvedene u rezervoar.
po~etak: p=1.2 bar, x=0.95

kJ
upo~etak= ux =u’′ + xp.(u′′” − u′’) = 439 .28 + 0 .95 ⋅ (2512 − 439 .28 ) =2408.4
kg
kJ kJ
u’′ = 439.28 , u”′′ =2512
kg kg
m3
vpo~etak= v x= v’′’ + x p. (v”′′ − v′’)= 0. 0010472 + 0. 95 ⋅ (1.429 − 0. 0010472) =1.3576
kg
m3 m3
v’′ = 0.0010472 , v′′”=1.429
kg kg
V 30
mpo~etak = = =22.1 kg
vpo~etak 1.3576
kJ
ulaz: p=30 bar, x=1 h = h″=2804
kg
kJ
p=8 bar, t=15oC h = h w = 62.8
kg
kraj: p = 6 bar, x=0.1

kJ
ukraj= ux =u’′ + xk.(u′′” − u′’) = 669.8 + 0.1 ⋅ (2568 − 669.8 ) =859.6
kg
kJ kJ
u’′ = 669.8 , u”′′ =2568
kg kg
m3
vkraj= v x= v’′’ + x k. (v”′′ − v′’)= 0. 0011007 + 0. 1 ⋅ (0. 3156 − 0.0011007) =0.0326
kg
m3 m3
v’′ = 0.0011007 , v′′”=0.3156
kg kg
V 30
mkraj = = =920.25 kg
vkraj 0.0326

prvi zakon termodinamike za proces puwewa suda:
Q12 − W12 = Ukraj − Upo~etak − Hizlaz − Hulaz
0 = mkraj . ukraj − mpo~etak . upo~etak –− mw . hw − m″ . h″ (1)
zakon odràwa mase za proces puwewa suda:
mpo~etak + mw + m″ = m kraj + mizlaz (2)
mw =
( ) (
mk ⋅ ukraj − h' ' − mp ⋅ up − h' ' )=
h w − h' '
920.25 ⋅ (859. 6 − 2804) − 22. 21⋅ (2408. 4 − 2804)
mw = = 649.55 kg
62.8 − 2804
m″ = mkraj − mpo~etak + mw = 920.25 − 22.21 − 649.55 = 248.49 kg
2.36. U verikalnom toplotno izolovanom cilindru, povr{ine popre~nog preseka

A=0.1 m2 , nalazi se 0.05 kg vodene pare temperature 180oC, ispod toplotno
izolovanog klipa mase koja odgovara teìni od 20 kN, a na koji spoqa deluje
atmosferski pritisak od 0.1 MPa. U cilindar se, kroz toplotno izolovan cevovod,
naknadno uvede 0.1 kg vodene pare pritiska 0.4 MPa i temperature 540oC.
Zanemariti trewe klipa i odrediti:
a) specifi~nu entalpiju i temperaturu vodene pare u cilindru na kraju procesa
b) za koliko se podigao klip tokom ekspanzije
kraj
∆y
po~etak
ulaz

a)
po~etak:
mT ⋅ g 20 ⋅ 10 3
pp = patm + = 1 ⋅ 105 + = 3 ⋅ 10 5 Pa, t=180oC (pregrejana para)
A 0 .1
kJ
up = hp − pp . vp =…...= 2824 − 3 ⋅ 105 ⋅ 10− 3 ⋅ 0.6838 =2618.86
kg
kJ m3
hp = hpp = 2824 , vp=vpp = 0.6838
kg kg
mp=0.05 kg V p = mp ⋅ vp = 0.05 ⋅ 0.6838 =0.03419 m3
ulaz: p=4 bar, t=540oC (pregrejana para)

kJ
hul = hpp =3572 , mul=0.1 kg
kg
kraj: pk = pp = 3 bar, mk = mp + mul =0.15 kg
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces puwewa: Q12 − W12 = Uk − Up + Hiz − Hul
( )
p ⋅ Vp − Vk = mk ⋅ uk − mp ⋅ up − mul ⋅ hul ⇒ p ⋅ Vp = mk ⋅ hk − mp ⋅ up − mul ⋅ hul
p ⋅ Vp + mp ⋅ up + mul ⋅ hul 3 ⋅ 10 5 ⋅ 10 − 3 ⋅ 0.03419 + 0 .05 ⋅ 2618 .86 + 0.1 ⋅ 3572

hk = = =
mk 0.15
kJ
hk =3322.67
kg
kJ kJ
h′=561.4 , h′′ = 2725
kg kg
h′ < h k < h′′ (stawe kraj je u pregrejanoj pari)
m3
tk = tpp = 422.7oC, vk = vpp =1.067
kg
V k = mk ⋅ v k = 0.15 ⋅ 1.067 =0.16005 m3
b)
Vk − Vp 0 .16005 − 0.03419
∆y = = =1.26 m
A 0 .1

2.37. Pomi~nim klipom sa tegom koji se kre}e bez trewa odràva se konstantan
pritisak p=4 bar u vertikalnom cilindru u kojem se nalazi V=500 dm3 vode po~etne
temperature t=20oC (slika kao u prethodnom zadatku). Parovodom se u cilindar
postepeno uvodi mp=53 kg suvozasi}ene vodene pare pritiska p=6 bar, koja se pre
me{awa prigu{uje do pritiska od p=4 bara. Temperatura me{avine (voda) na kraju
procesa me{awa iznosi t=80oC. U toku me{awa usled neidealnog toplotnog izolovawa
okolini se predaje 1.5 kW toplote. Odrediti vreme trajawa procesa me{awa.
po~etak: p= 4 bar, t=20oC (voda)

3
m kJ
vp = vw = 0.001001 , hp = hw = 84.1
kg kg
kJ
up = uw = hp − pp ⋅ vp = 84. 1 − 4 ⋅ 105 ⋅ 10−3 ⋅ 0. 001001=83.7
kg
Vp 0 .5
mp = = =499.5 kg
vp 0.001001
ulaz: p= 6 bar, x=1

kJ
hu = h′′ =2757 mu= 53 kg
kg
kraj: p= 4 bar, t=80oC

kJ
uk = hk − pk . vk =…...= 335.1 − 4 ⋅ 105 ⋅ 10− 3 ⋅ 0.001028 =334.7
kg
kJ m3
hk= hw = 335.1 , vkraj = vw = 0.001028
kg kg
mk = mp + mu = 499.5 + 53 = 552.5 kg,
V k = mk . vk = 552.5 ⋅ 0.001028 =0.568 m3
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces puwewa rezervoara:
Q12 − W12 = Uk − Up + Hiz − Hul (

Q 12 = mk ⋅ uk − mp ⋅ up − mul ⋅ hul + p ⋅ Vk − Vp )
Q12 = 552. 5 ⋅ 334. 7 − 499.5 ⋅ 83. 7 − 53 ⋅ 2757+ 4 ⋅105 ⋅10−3 ⋅ (0.568 − 0.5) =−2980.2 kJ
Q12 −2980 .2
τ= = =1987 s
⋅ − 1.5
Q12

2.38. U otvoren sud (slika) koji sadrì sme{u ml=15 kg leda i mw=20 kg vode u stawu
termodinami~ke ravnteè, uvedeno je mp=0.8 kg pregrejane vodene pare stawa (p=3
bar, t=340oC). Okolni vazduh stawa O(p=1bar, to=7oC), tokom ovog procesa sme{i u
sudu preda Q12 =320 kJ toplote. Zanemaruju}i promenu zapremine (tj. rad koji radno
telo vr{i nad okolinom), odrediti promenu entropije sistema tokom ovog procesa.
mw 20
po~etak: t=0oC, y= = =0.5714
m w + ml 20 + 15
kJ
up = uy ≅ hy= hl + y ⋅ (hw − hl ) = − 332 .4 + 0.5714 ⋅ 332 .4 = −142.47
kg
−332 .4 332 .4 kJ
sp = sl = s l + y ⋅ (s w − s l ) = + 0.5714 ⋅ =− 0.522
273 273 kgK
mp = ml + mw =20 + 15 =35 kg
ulaz: p=3 bar, t=340oC (pregrejana para)

kJ kJ
hu = hpp = 3150 , su = spp = 7.835 , mu = 0.8 kg
kg kgK
kraj: p=1 bar, mk= mp + mu= 35 + 0.8 =35.8 kg
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces puwewa rezervoara:
Q12 − W12 = Uk − Up + Hiz − Hul Q 12 = mk ⋅ uk − mp ⋅ up − mul ⋅ hul

Q12 + mp ⋅ up + mul ⋅ h ul 320 + 35 ⋅ (− 142.57 ) + 0 .8 ⋅ 3150 kJ
uk = = =−60.05
mk 35 .8 kg
ul < u k < uw (stawe ″kraj″ je me{avina vode i leda)
u k − ul − 60 .05 + 332 .4
yk = = =0.82
uw − ul 0 + 332 .4
−332 .4 332.4 kJ
sk = sy = s l + y ⋅ (s w − s l ) = + 0 .82 ⋅ = − 0.219
273 273 kgK

kJ
∆S SI = ∆S RT + ∆S O = ...=4.162 − 1.143 =3.019
K
Q 12 320 kJ
∆S O= − =− = −1.143
To 280 K
( )
∆S RT = mp ⋅ s k − s p + mu ⋅ (s k − s u ) =
kJ
∆S RT = 35 ⋅ (− 0.219 + 0 .522 ) + 0.8 ⋅ (−0 .219 − 7.835 ) =4.162
K

2.39. Zatvoreni rezervoar zapremine V=10 m3 sadrì kqu~alu vodu i suvu vodenu paru
u stawu termodinami~ke ravnoteè na p=20 bar. Te~nost zauzima polovinu zapremine
rezervoara. Iz rezervoara fluid moè isticati kroz ventil na vrhu i kroz ventil na
dnu rezervoara. Dovo|ewem toplote za vreme isticawa temperatura vla`ne pare u
rezervoaru se odràva stalnom. Odrediti koli~inu dovedene toplote ako je iz
rezervoara isteklo 300 kg fluida kroz:
a) dowi ventil
b) gorwi ventil
a) b)
a)
po~etak: p=20 bar, up=?
V 10 m3
vp = =...= =0.0023
mp 4299 .74 kg
mp = m′ + m′′ = ... = 4249.53 + 50.21=4299.74 kg
V' 5
m' = =…...= = 4249.53 kg
v' 0 .0011766
V' ' 5
m' ' = =...= = 50.21 kg
v' ' 0 .09958
m3 m3
v′ = 0.0011766 , v′′=0.09958
kg kg
kJ
up= ux =u’′ + xp.(u′′” − u′’)=...= 906 .1 + 0.0117 ⋅ (2600 − 906 .1) =925.92
kg
kJ kJ
u’′ = 906.1 , u”′′ =2600
kg kg
m' ' 50 .21
xp = = = 0.0117
m'+ m' ' 4249 .53 + 50 .21
Tp = 212.37oC (temperatura kqu~awa za pritisak od p=20 bar)

kraj: Tk=Tp=212.37oC, uk=?
mk =mp − miz = 4299.74 − 300 = 3999.74 kg

V 10 m3
vk = = = 0.0025
mk 3999 .74 kg
v′’ < vk < v”′ ′ (stawe kraj se nalazi u oblasti vla`ne pare)
v kj − v' 0.0025 − 0.0011766

xk = = =0.0134
v' ' − v' 0.09958 − 0.0011766
kJ
uk = ux = =u’′ + xp.(u′′” − u′’)= 906 .1 + 0.0134 ⋅ (2600 − 906 .1) = 928.8
kg
kJ
izlaz: mizlaz = 300 kg, hiz= h′’ = 908.5
kg
napomena: zbog poloàja ventila iz suda isti~e kqu~ala voda
prvi zakon termodinamike za slu~aj pra`wewa suda:
Q 12 − W12 = U k − U p + Hiz − H ul ⇒ Q 12 = mk ⋅ u k − mp ⋅ up + miz ⋅ hiz
Q12 = 3999 .74 ⋅ 928 .8 − 4299 .74 ⋅ 925 .92 + 300 ⋅ 908 .5 =6293.25 kJ
b)
po~etak: nema promena u odnosu na pod a)
kraj: nema promena u odnosu na pod a)
kJ
izlaz: miz = 300 kg, hiz= h′′ =2799
kg
napomena: zbog poloàja ventila iz suda isti~e suva para
Q 12 − W12 = U k − U p + Hiz − H ul ⇒ Q 12 = mk ⋅ u k − mp ⋅ up + miz ⋅ hiz
Q12 = 3999 .74 ⋅ 928 .8 − 4299 .74 ⋅ 925 .92 + 300 ⋅ 2799 =573443.25 kJ

2.40. U zatvorenom, toplotno izolovanom rezervoaru, zapremine

V=0.5 m3 nalazi se 30 kg vla`ne vodene pare. Kada, pri zagrevawu,
pritisak pare u rezervoaru dostigne vrednost p=5 MPa, biva
iskqu~en elektri~ni greja~ stalne snage i istovremeno otvoren
sigurnosni ventil na rezervoaru tako da jedan deo vodene pare
naglo istekne u okolinu. Po zatvarawu ventila pritisak vodene
pare u rezervoaru iznosi 3 MPa. Preostala vla`na para biva potom
dogrevana istim elektri~nim greja~em, stalne snage od 800 W.
Skicirati promene stawa vodene pare na Ts dijagramu i odrediti:
a) masu vla`ne pare u rezervoaru nakon zatvarawa sigurnosnog ventila
b) vreme nakon kojeg }e se sigurnosni ventil ponovo otvoriti
a)
V 0.5 m3
po~etak: p= 50 bar, vp = = = 0.0167
mp 30 kg
v p − v' 0 .0167 − 0.0012857
xp = = =0.404
v' ' − v' 0 .03944 − 0.0012857
m3 m3
v′ = 0.0012857 , v′′=0.03944
kg kg
kJ
sp= sx =s’′ + xp.(s′′” − s′’) = ...= 2.921 + 0.404 ⋅ (5.973 − 2 .921) =4.154
kgK
kJ kJ
s’′ = 2.921 s”′ ′ = 5.973
kgK kgK
kJ
kraj: p=30 bar, sk =sp =4.154
kgK
s k − s' 4.154 − 2 .646
xk = =...= =0.426
s' ' −s' 6.186 − 2.646
kJ kJ
s’′ = 2.646 s”′ ′ = 6.186
kgK kgK
m3
vk= vx =v’′’ + xk. (v”′′ −” v′’)= 0. 0012163 + 0. 426 ⋅ (0. 06665 − 0.0012163) =0.0291
kg
m3 m3
v’′ = 0.0012163 , v′′”=0.06665
kg kg
V 0. 5
mk = = =17.18 kg
vk 0.0291
kJ
uk= ux =u’′ + xk.(u′′” − u′’)=...= 1004.7 + 0.426 ⋅ (2604 − 1004. 7) =1686
kg
kJ kJ
u’′ = 1004.7 , u”′′ =2604
kg kg

b)
m3 kJ
ta~ka 1=kraj p1 =30 bar, v1 =0.0291 , u2 = 1686
kg kg
m3
ta~ka 2: p2 =50 bar, v2 = v1 =0.0291
kg
m3 m3
v′ = 0.0012857 , v′′=0.03944
kg kg
v′ < v2 < v′′ (ta~ka 2 je vla`na para)
v2 − v' 0.0291 − 0. 0012857

x2 = =0.729
v"−v ' 0. 03944 − 0.0012857
kJ
u2 = ux =u’′ + x2 .(u′′” − u′’)=...= 1148 + 0. 729 ⋅ (2597 − 1148 ) =2204.32
kg
kJ kJ
u’′ = 1148 , u”′′ =2597
kg kg
Q12 = ∆U12 + W12 ⇒ Q12 = mk . (u2 –- u1 )
Q12 = 17. 18 ⋅ (2204. 32 − 1686) =8904.74 kW
Q12 8904.74
τ= ⋅
= =11131 s ≅ 3h
0.8
Q12
0 = po~etak
1 = kraj
0 2

2.41. Toplotno izolovan rezervoar zapremine V=20 m3 , sadrì vodenu paru po~etnog
stawa P(p=2 MPa, T=553 K). Rezervoar je povezan sa toplotno izolovanom parnom
turbinom, u kojoj se odvija ravnote`no (kvazistati~ko) {irewe pare (slika). Pritisak
pare na izlazu iz turbine je stalan i iznosi piz=0.15 MPa, a proces se odvija dok
pritisak pare u rezervoaru ne opadne na pk=0.3 MPa. Zanemaruju}i prigu{ewe paare u
ventilu, odrediti koji izvr{i para tokom ovog procesa.
WT
piz
po~etak: p=20 bar, t=280oC (pregrejana para)

5 −3 kJ
up=hp –− pp. vp = ...= 2972 − 20 ⋅ 10 ⋅ 10 ⋅ 0.12 =2732
kg
kJ m3 kJ
hp= hpp = 2972 , vp= vpp = 0.12 , sp= spp= 6.674
kg kg kgK
V 20
mp = = = 166.67 kg
vp 0. 12
kJ
kraj: p=3 bar, sk= sp= 6.674
kgK
kJ kJ
s’′ = 1.672 s”′ ′ = 6.992
kgK kgK
s′ < sk < s′′ (vla`na para)
s k − s' 6. 674 − 1. 672

xk = =...= =0.9402
s' ' −s' 6.992 − 1. 672
m3 kJ
vk = vx = 0.5694 , uk = ux = 2424.09
kg kg
V 20
mk = = = 35.12 kg
vk 0.5694

kJ
izlaz: p=1.5 bar, siz = sp= 6.674
kgK
kJ kJ
s’′ = 1.4336 , s”′ ′ = 7.223
kgK kgK
s′ < siz < s′′ (vla`na para)
siz − s' 6. 674 − 1.4336

xiz = = =0.905
s' ' −s' 7. 223 − 1.4336
kJ
hiz= h′ + xiz . (h′′ − h′) =...= 467. 2 + 0.905 ⋅ (2693 − 467.2 ) =2481.55
kg
kJ kJ
h’′ = 467.2 , h”′′ = 2693
kgK kgK
miz= mp −– mk = 166.67 − 35.12 = 131.55 kg
Q 12 − W12 = U k − U p + Hiz − H ul ⇒ W12 = −mk ⋅ uk + mp ⋅ up − miz ⋅ hiz
W12 = −35. 12 ⋅ 2424. 09 + 166. 67 ⋅ 2732 − 131. 55 ⋅ 2481. 55 =43.76 MJ
2.42. U ispariva~u zapremine V=2 m3 , u kome se odvija proces isparavawa vode na

⋅
pritisku p=1 MPa, kontinualno se uvodi mul =10 kg/s kqu~ale vode pritiska p=1
MPa, a iz wega izvodi nastala suva para istog pritiska. Greja~ima, urowenim u
⋅
kqu~alu vodu u ispariva~u, vodi se predaje Q12 = 19.26 MW toplote. Ako se u po~etnom
trenutku u ispariva~u na pritisku p=1 MPa nalazila me{avina kqu~ale vode i suve
pare u stawu termodinami~ke ravnoteè, a kqu~ala voda pri tom zauzimala 1/10
zapremine ispariva~a, izra~unati vreme potrebno da kqu~ala voda ispuni ceo
ispariva~. Zanemariti razmenu toplote sa okolinom.
suva para
vla`na para
kqu~ala voda
+Q12

po~etak: p=10 bar, x=?
m3 m3
v′ = 0.0011273 , v′′=0.1946
kg kg
V' 0.2 V' ' 1.8
m' = =… =177.42 kg, m' ' = = = 9.25 kg
v' 0 .0011273 v' ' 0 .1946
mp= m′ + m′′ =177.42 + 9.25 =186.67 kg
m' ' 9 .25

xp = = =0.0496
m'+m' ' 177.42 + 9.25
kJ
up= ux =u’′ + xp.(u′′” − u′’)=...= 761.6 + 0.0496 ⋅ (2583 − 761.6 ) =851.94
kg
kJ kJ
u’′ = 761.6 , u”′′ =2583
kg kg
kraj: p = 10 bar, x=0

3
m kJ
vk = v’′ = 0.0011273 , uk = u′’ = 761.6
kg kg
V 2
mk = = = 1774.15 kg
vk 0.0011273
ulaz: p = 10 bar, x=0

kJ ⋅
hul = h′’ =762.7 , mul = mul ⋅ τ
kg
izlaz: p = 10 bar, x=1

kJ
hiz = h′′” = 2778
kg
prvi zakon termodinamike za slu~aj istovremenog puwewa i pra`wewa suda:
Q 12 − W12 = U k − U p + H iz − H ul Q12 = mk ⋅ uk − mp ⋅ up + miz ⋅ hiz − mul ⋅ hul

⋅ ⋅
Q 12 ⋅ τ = mk ⋅ uk − m p ⋅ up + m iz ⋅ hiz − mul ⋅ t ⋅ hul (1)
zakon o odràwu mase: mp + mul= mk + miz

⋅
mp + mul ⋅ τ = mk + miz (2)

kombinovawem jedna~ina (1) i (2) dobija se

⋅  ⋅  ⋅
Q 12 ⋅ τ = mk ⋅ uk − mp ⋅ up +  mp + m ul ⋅ τ − mk  ⋅ h iz − m ul ⋅ t ⋅ hul
 
(
mk ⋅ uk − mp ⋅ up + m p − m k ⋅ hiz )
τ= ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
Q 12 − m ul ⋅ h iz + m ul ⋅ hul
1774.15 ⋅ 761 .6 − 186 .67 ⋅ 851 .94 + (186 .67 − 1774 .15 ) ⋅ 2778
τ= =3603 s
19 .26 ⋅ 10 3 − 10 ⋅ 2778 + 10 ⋅ 762 .7
2.43. Kondenzacija pare vr{i se u prostoru zapremine V=2 m3 pri pritisku od 0.1
MPa. U posudu se kontinualno uvodi 100 kg/h suvozasi}ene vodene pare, a iz we
izvodi nastala kqu~ala voda istog pritiska piz=0.1 MPa. Ako se u po~etnom
trenutku u posudi na pritisku pp=0.1 MPa nalazila kqu~ala voda i suvozasi}ena
para u stawu termodinami~ke ravnoteè, pri ~emu je te~nost zauzimala 1/8
zapremine suda, odrediti vreme potrebno da te~nost ispuni 1/2 zapremine posude.
Toplotna snaga koja se razmewuje sa hladwakom iznosi 250 kW. Zanemariti predaju
toplote okolini.
− Q12
suva para
vla`na para
kqu~ala voda
re{ewe: τ=5.43 s

3. MAKSIMALAN RAD, EKSERGIJA

4/2/!U zatvorenom rezervoaru nalazi se n>21!lh vazduha (idealan gas) stawa 2)q>2/7!cbs-!U>634!L*.
Stawe okoline odre|eno je sa P)q>2!cbs-!U>3:9!L*/ Odrediti koliko se najvi{e zapreminskog rada moè
dobiti dovo|ewem vazduha stawa 1 u ravnoteù sa okolinom stawa O (maksimalan rad, eksergija
zatvorenog termodinami~kog sistema). Dobijeni rad predstaviti na qw dijagramu.
S h ⋅ U2 398 ⋅ 634 n4 S h ⋅ Up 398 ⋅ 3:9 n4

w2 = = =1/:492! - wp = = =1/9664!
q2 2/7 ⋅ 216 lh qp 2⋅ 216 lh
Xnby!>! n ⋅ [− ∆v2p + Up ⋅ ∆t2p − q p ⋅ ∆w 2p ]

  U q  
Xnby!>! n ⋅ − d w ⋅ (Up − U2 ) + Up ⋅  d q mo p − S h mo p  − q p ⋅ (w p − w 2 )
  U 2 q2  
  3:9 2  
Xnby!>! 21 ⋅ − 1/83 ⋅ (3:9 − 634) + 3:4 ⋅ 2⋅ mo − 1/398 ⋅ mo  − 2⋅ 21 ⋅ (1/9664 − 1/:492)
3
  634 2/7  
Xnby!>!2731!−!2364!,!94!>!561!lK
q q
2 2
P P
B B
⊕ ⊕
, −
w w
q q
2 2
=
P P
B B
w w

4/3/ Termodinami~ki sistem se sastoji od zatvorenog suda u kojem se nalazi kiseonik (idealan gas) stawa
2)q>2!cbs-!u>511pD-!n>2!lh* i okoline stawa P)q>2!cbs-!u>31pD*/ Zapreminski udeo kiseonika u
okolnom vazduhu (idealan gas) iznosi sP3 >1/32. Odrediti:
a) da li se navedeni termodinami~ki sistem moè upotrebiti za dobijawe X>261!lK!sbeb
b) koliko bi trebalo da iznosi pritisak u sudu (q2*- uz ostale nepromewene uslove, da bi od sistema
mogli dobiti X>261!lK rada povratnim promenama stawa
a)
S h ⋅ U2 371 ⋅ 784 n4
w2 = = 6
=2/86! -
q2 2 ⋅ 21 lh
(q p )P3 = sP3 ⋅ q p > 1/32 ⋅ 2 !>!1/32!cbs
S h ⋅ Up 371 ⋅ 3:4 n4
wp = = =4/74!
(q p )P3 1/32 ⋅ 21 6 lh
[
Xnby!>! n ⋅ − ∆v2p + Up ⋅ ∆t2p − (q p )P ⋅ ∆w 2p
3
]
  U (q p )P3  
Xnby!>! n ⋅ − d w ⋅ (Up − U2 ) + Up ⋅  d q mo p − S h mo  − (q p ) ⋅ (w p − w 2 )
  U2 q2  P3

 
  3:4 1/32  
Xnby!>! 2⋅ − 1/76 ⋅ (3:4 − 784) + 3:4 ⋅  1/:2⋅ mo − 1/37 ⋅ mo  − 1/32⋅ 21 ⋅ (2/86 − 4/74 )
3
  784 2  
Xnby!>!358!−!214/3!−!4:/6!>!215/4!lK
X!?!Xnby ⇒! sistem se ne moè upotrebiti za dobijawe 261!lK rada,

jer najve}i mogu}i rad koji moèmo dobiti (Eksergija
zatvorenog termodinami~kog sistema) iznosi 215/4!lK
b)
za povratne promene stawa vaì: X>Xnby!>261!lK
 2  U  Xnby  2 
q2 = (qp )P ⋅ fyq − ⋅ d mo p − + d w ⋅ (Up − U2 ) + qp ⋅ (w p − w2 ) ⋅  
3  Sh  q U2  n  Up  
 
 2  3:4 261  2  
q2 = 1/32⋅ fyq − ⋅ 1/:2⋅ mo − + 1/76 ⋅ (3:4 − 784) + 1/32⋅ 213 ⋅ (4/74 − 2/86) ⋅ 
 1/37  784  2  3:4  
q2!>2/92!cbs

3.3. U toplotno izolovanom rezervoaru zapremine W>31!n4 nalazi se vazduh (idealan gas) po~etnog
stawa 2)q>31!cbs-!u>381pD*. Rezervoar je povezan sa gasnom turbinom (slika) u kojoj se vazduh {iri
kvazistati~ki adijabatski. Pritisak na izlazu iz turbine je stalan i iznosi 4!cbs. Proces traje sve
dok pritisak u rezervoaru ne opadne na 9!cbs.
a) odrediti radnu sposobnost vazduha u rezervoaru (maksimalan rad) pre otvarawa ventila i
predstaviti je grafi~ki u qw i Ut koordinatnim sistemima ako je stawe okoline P)q>2!cbs-
u>31pD*
b) odrediti mehani~ki rad izvr{en u toku procesa (pri tome zanemariti proces prig{ivawa u
ventilu)
X23
!qj{mb{
a)
q2 ⋅ W 31 ⋅ 21 6 ⋅ 31
n2 = > >367/78!lh
S h ⋅ U2 398 ⋅ 654
S h U2 398 ⋅ 654 n4 S h UP 398 ⋅ 3:4 n4
w2 = = >!1/189! -! wP = = >!1/952!
q2 31 ⋅ 21 6 lh qP 2 ⋅ 21 6 lh
[
Xnby!>! n ⋅ − ∆v2p + Up ⋅ ∆t2p − (q p )P ⋅ ∆w 2p
3
]
 Up q 
Xnby = n2 ⋅ dw )U2 − Up * + Up )dq mo − Sh mo p * − qp )w2 − w p *
 U2 q 2 
 
Xnby!>! 367/78− 1/83 ⋅ (3:9 − 654) + 3:4 ⋅ 2 ⋅ mo
3:9 2 
− 1/398 ⋅ mo  − 2 ⋅ 213 ⋅ (1/952 − 1/189)
  654 31  
Xnby!>!56/38!!,!2:/64!!−2:/69!>!56/33!NK

q U
2
2
B
P
B
C
C P
w t
b)
κ −2 2/5 −2
 q  κ  4  2/5
Uj{mb{ = Uqpdfubl ⋅  j{mb{  = 654 ⋅   = 427 L
 q qpdfubl   31 
 
κ −2 2/5 −2
 q lsbk  κ  9  2/5
Ulsbk = Uqpdfubl ⋅   = 654 ⋅   = 529 L
 q qpdfubl   31 
 
q lsbk ⋅ W 9 ⋅ 21 6 ⋅ 31
nlsbk = = >244/48!lh, nj{mb{>nqp•fubl!−!nlsbk>234/4!lh
S h ⋅ Ulsbk 398 ⋅ 529
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces pra`wewa:
R 23 − X23 = Vlsbk − Vqp•fubl + Ij{mb{ − Ivmb{
X23 = −nlsbk ⋅ d w ⋅ Ulsbk + nqp•fubl ⋅ d w ⋅ Uqp•fubl − nj{mb{ ⋅ d q ⋅ Uj{mb{
X23 = −244/48 ⋅ 1/83 ⋅ 529 + 367/78 ⋅ 1/83 ⋅ 654 − 234/4 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 427 >32/36!NK

4/5/!Klipni kompresor ravnote`no (kvazistati~ki) i politropski, sa eksponentom politrope o>2/4,

sabija okolni vazduh (idealan gas) stawa 1)q>2!cbs-!U>3:2!L*-!na pritisak q3>5!cbs, i puni toplotno
izolovan rezervoar zapremine W>21!n4. Toplotno stawe vazduha u rezervoaru na po~etku procesa puwewa
isto je kao i stawe okolnog vazduha 1/ Odrediti:
a) masu vazduha koju je potrebno ubaciti u rezervoar da bi pritisak vazduha u rezervoaru dostigao
vrednost od 4!cbsb
b) eksergiju vazduha (maksimalan rad) u rezervoaru u tom trenutku
2!⇒!4
2 3
X23
a)
o−2 o−2 2/4 −2
U2  q2  o q  o 5 2/4
=  ⇒ U3 = U2 ⋅  3  > 3:2 ⋅   >511/82!L
U3  q 3   q2   2
q qp•fubl ⋅ W 2 ⋅ 21 6 ⋅ 21
nqp•fubl = > >22/:8!lh
S h ⋅ Uqp•fubl 398 ⋅ 3:2
prvi zakon termodiamike za proces puwewa rezervoara:
1= po~etak, 2 = ulaz, 3=kraj
R 23 − X23 = Vlsbk − Vqp•fubl + Ij{mb{ − Ivmb{
1 = nlsbk ⋅ d w ⋅ Ulsbk − nqp•fubl ⋅ d w ⋅ Uqp•fubl − nvmb{ ⋅ d q ⋅ Uvmb{ )2*
zakon odràwa mase za proces puwewa rezervoara:
nqp•fubl + nvmb{ = nlsbk + nj{mb{ )3*

jedna~ina stawa idealnog gasa za zavr{etak puwewa:
q lsbk ⋅ W = nlsbk ⋅ S h ⋅ Ulsbk (3)
(
1 = nlsbk ⋅ d w ⋅ Ulsbk − nqp•fubl ⋅ d w ⋅ Uqp•fubl − nlsbk − nqp•fubl ⋅ d q ⋅ Uvmb{ ) )5*
kombinovawem jedna~ina )4*!i!)5* dobija se:

q lsbk ⋅ W
1 = nlsbk ⋅ d w ⋅
S h ⋅ nlsbk
(
− nqp•fubl ⋅ d w ⋅ Uqp•fubl − nlsbk − nqp•fubl ⋅ d q ⋅ Uvmb{ )
q lsbk ⋅ W
dw ⋅ − nqp•fubl ⋅ d w ⋅ Uqp•fubl
Sh
nlsbk = nqp•fubl +
d q ⋅ Uvmb{
4 ⋅ 21 ⋅ 21
6
1/83 ⋅ − 22/:8 ⋅ 1/83 ⋅ 3:2
nlsbk = 22/:8 + 398 >35/5:!lh
2 ⋅ 511/82
nvmb{>nlsbk!−!nqp•fubl!>!35/5:!−!22/:8!>23/63!lh
q lsbk ⋅ W 4 ⋅ 21 6 ⋅ 21
napomena: Ulsbk> > >537/94!L
S h ⋅ nlsbk 398 ⋅ 35/5:
b)
okolina (ta~ka O) = ta~ka 1 kraj (ta~ka kraj) = ta~ka 3
S h ⋅ U4 398 ⋅ 537/94 n4 S h ⋅ Up 398 ⋅ 3:2 n4

w4 = = =1/519! -!!!!!!! w p = = =1/946!
q2 4 ⋅ 21 6 lh qp 2 ⋅ 21 6 lh
Xnby!>! nlsbk ⋅ [− ∆v 4p + Up ⋅ ∆t 4p − q p ⋅ ∆w 4p ]
  U q  
Xnby!>! n ⋅ − d w ⋅ (Up − U4 ) + Up ⋅  d q mo p − S h mo p  − q p ⋅ (w p − w 4 )

  U4 q4  
 
Xnby!> 35/5: ⋅ − 1/83 ⋅ (3:2 − 537/94) + 3:2⋅ 2 ⋅ mo
3:2 2
− 1/398 ⋅ mo  − 2 ⋅ 213 ⋅ (1/946 − 1/519)
  537/94 4 
Xnby!>!34:6!−!597!−53/8!>!2977/4!lK

4/6/!Odrediti eksergiju struje vazduha (idealan gas) stawa 2)q2>2/7!cbs-!u2>361pD-

⋅
n >2!lh0t* i predstaviti je grafi~ki na qw dijagramu. Pod okolinom smatrati vazduh (idealan gas) stawa
P)qp>2!cbs-!up>36pD*/
⋅ ⋅
Fy 2 = n⋅ (− ∆i2p + Up ⋅ ∆t2p ) >!///
⋅ ⋅  U q 
Fy2 = n⋅ − dq )Up − U2* + Up )dq mo p − S h mo p *
 U2 q2 

⋅ ⋅
 3:9 2 
Fy2 = 2⋅ − 2 ⋅ )3:9 − 634* + 3:9 ⋅ )2 ⋅ mo − 1/398 ⋅ mo *
 634 2/7 
⋅
Fy2 >!336!!−!238/5!>!:8/7!lX
q q
2 2
P , P =
⊕ −
w w

⋅
4/7/ Eksergija toka vazduha (idealan gas), masenog protoka n >1/6!lh0t, koji struji sredwom brzinom
⋅
x>39!n0t, pri stawu vazduha u okolini P)qp>2!cbs-!Up>3:4!L), iznosi Fy 2 >94!lX. Promena
entropije okoline, koja bi nastala povratnim (reverzibilnim) promenama stawa vazduha (bez promene
⋅
brzine) na pritisak i temperaturu okoline iznosila bi ∆ T plpmjof>−!1/2!lX0L.
a) odredti pritisak i temperaturu vazduha stawa 1
b) grafi~ki prikazati u qw, koordinatnom sistemu eksergiju vazdu{nog toka, ne uzimaju}i u obzir
deo koji se odnosi na brzinu
a)
drugi zakon termodinamike za proces od stawa 1 do stawa O
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
∆ T tjtufn = ∆ T sbeop ` ufmp + ∆ T plpmjob ⇒ 1 = ∆ T2p + ∆ T plpmjob
⋅
⋅ ⋅ lX ⋅ ∆ T2p lK
∆ T2p = − ∆ T plpmjob >1/2! ∆ t2p = ⋅
>1/3!
L lhL
n
⋅ ⋅ ⋅  x3 
Fy 2 = n⋅ (− ∆i2p + Up ⋅ ∆t2p + f l2 ) = n⋅ − dq )Up − U2* + Up ⋅ ∆t2p + 
 3 
⋅
Fy 2 x3
− UP ∆t2P − 94 39 3
⋅ 3 − 3:4 ⋅ 1/3 − ⋅ 21 −4
U2 = UP + n > 3:4 + 1/ 6 3 >511!L
dq 2
 Up ∆ T2p 
⋅

 dq mo U − ⋅ 
⋅ ⋅ U qp  2 n  >6/:7!cbs
∆ T 21!>! n⋅ )dq mo p − S h mo * !!⇒!! q2 = q p ⋅ fyq 
U2 q2 Sh
 
 
 
 
q
2
Fy2
!P

4/8/ U horizontalnoj cevi pre~nika e>311!nn ugra|en je greja~ stalne temperature UUJ>711!L. Stawe
vazduha u preseku 1 odre|eno je sa 2)q>3!cbs-!U>411!L-!x>31!n0t* a u preseku 2 sa 3)q>3!cbs-!U>511!L*.
Stawe okoline odre|eno je veli~iama stawa P)qp>2!cbs-!Up>3:1!L*. Cev je toplotno izolovana od
okoline. Odrediti:
a) snagu ugra|enog greja~a
b) eksergiju vazduha u preseku 1 i preseku 2
c) eksergijski stepen korisnosti procesa u cevi
⋅
2 + R23 3
a)
S h ⋅ U2 398 ⋅ 411 n4
w2 = > >1/5416!
q2 3 ⋅ 21 6 lh
S h ⋅ U3 398 ⋅ 511 n4
w3 = > >1/685!
q3 3 ⋅ 21 6 lh
⋅ ⋅
jedna~ina kontinuiteta: n2 = n3
x2 ⋅ B2 x 3 ⋅ B 3 w3 1/685 n
= ⇒ x 3 = x2 ⋅ > 31 ⋅ >!37/78!
w2 w3 w2 1/5416 t
e3 π 1/3 3 ⋅ π
⋅ x2 ⋅ 31 ⋅
5 = 5 lh
n= >2/57!
w2 1/5416 t
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ x 23 − x 33
R 23 = ∆ I23 + X U23 + ∆Fl23 + ∆Fq23 > n⋅ d q ⋅ (U3 − U2 ) + n⋅ >
3
⋅ 31 3 − 37/78 3
R 23 = 2/57 ⋅ 2 ⋅ (511 − 411) + 2/57 ⋅ ⋅ 21 −4 >256/88!lX
3

b)
⋅ ⋅
Fy 2 = n⋅ (− ∆i2p + Up ⋅ ∆t2p + f l2 ) =
⋅ ⋅   U q  x 23 
Fy2 = n⋅ − dq )Up − U2* + Up ⋅  d q mo p − S h mo p  + 
  U 2 q2  3 
⋅   3:1 2  313 
Fy2 > 2/57 ⋅ − 2⋅ )3:1 − 411* + 3:1 ⋅ 2⋅ mo − 1/398 ⋅ mo  + ⋅ 21−4  >95/88!lX
  411 3 3 
⋅ ⋅
Fy 3 = n⋅ (− ∆i 3p + Up ⋅ ∆t 3p + f l3 ) =
⋅ ⋅   U q  x 33 
Fy 3 = n⋅ − dq )Up − U3 * + Up ⋅  d q mo p − S h mo p  + 
  U3 q3  3 
⋅   3:1 2  313 
Fy3 > 2/57 ⋅ − 2⋅ )3:1 − 511* + 3:1 ⋅ 2⋅ mo − 1/398 ⋅ mo  + ⋅ 21−4  >219/:8!lX
  511 3 3 
c)
⋅ ⋅ UUJ − Up 711 − 3:1
Fy R = R 23 ⋅ > 256/88 ⋅ >86/42!lX
UUJ 711
drugi zakon termodinamike za proces u otvorenom termodinami~kom sistemu:

⋅ ⋅ ⋅
∆ T tjtufn = ∆ Tsbeop ` ufmp + ∆ T UJ =.. .
⋅ ⋅ ⋅  U q 
∆ T sbeop ` ufmp = ∆ T23 > n⋅  d q mo 3 − S h mo 3  > 2/57 ⋅ 2 ⋅ mo 511 >1/53! lX
 U2 q2  411 L
 
⋅
⋅ R 23 256/88 lX
∆ T UJ =− >− >−1/35!
UUJ 711 L
⋅ lX
∆ T tjtufn = 1/53 − 1/35 >!1/29!
L
⋅ ⋅
Fy h = Up ⋅ ∆ T tjtufn > 3:1 ⋅ 1/29 >63/3!lX
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
Fy2 + Fy R − Fy h 95/88 + 86/42 − 63/3
ηFy = ⋅ ⋅
> >1/78
95/88 + 86/42
Fy 2 + Fy R

4/9. U neizolovanoj komori me{aju se, pri stacionarnim uslovima, dve struje idealnih gasova: kiseonika
⋅ ⋅
B) n B>7!lh0t-!qB>1/29!NQb-!UB>634!L*!i azota!C) n C>4!lh0t-!qC>1/44!NQb-!UC>974!L*. U toku procesa
me{awa toplotni protok u okolni vazduh stawa )qp>1/2!NQb-!Up>3:4!L-!sP3>1/32-!sO3>1/8:* iznosi 511
lX. Pritisak me{avine na izlazu iz komore je q>!1/26!NQb. Odrediti brzinu gubitka eksergije u toku
procesa me{awa kao i eksergijski stepen korisnosti procesa u me{noj komori. Zanemariti promene
makroskopske potencijalne i kineti~ke energije.
prvi zadatak termodinamike za proces u otvorenom termodinami~kom sistemu:
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
R 23 = ∆ I23 + X U23 R 23 = I3 − I2
⋅  ⋅ ⋅  ⋅ ⋅
R23 =  nB ⋅ dqB + nC ⋅ dqC  ⋅ U+ − nB ⋅ dqB ⋅ UB − nC ⋅ dqC ⋅ UC
 
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
+ R23 + n B ⋅ d qB ⋅ UB + nC ⋅ d qC ⋅ UC −511 + 7 ⋅ 1/:2 ⋅ 634 + 4 ⋅ 2/15 ⋅ 974
U = ⋅ ⋅
> >711!L
7 ⋅ 1/:2 + 4 ⋅ 2/15
n B ⋅ d qB + nC ⋅ d qC
jedna~ina stawa me{avine idealnih gasova na izlazu iz me{ne komore:

 ⋅ ⋅ 
 nB ⋅ ShB + nC ⋅ ShC  ⋅ U +
 ⋅ ⋅ 
q+ ⋅ W+ =  nB ⋅ ShB + nC ⋅ ShC  ⋅ U+ ⇒ W+ =  +

  q
W+ =
(7 ⋅ 371 + 4 ⋅ 3:8 ) ⋅ 711
>!:/915!
n4
2/6 ⋅ 216 t
jedna~ina stawa idealnog gasa za kiseonik )B* na izlazu iz me{ne komore:

⋅
⋅ nB ⋅ ShB ⋅ U + 7 ⋅ 371 ⋅ 711
q+B ⋅ W+ = nB ⋅ ShB ⋅ U + ⇒ q+B = +
> > 1/:6 ⋅ 216 Qb
W :/915
jedna~ina stawa idealnog gasa za azot )C* na izlazu iz me{ne komore:

⋅
⋅ nC ⋅ ShC ⋅ U + 4 ⋅ 398 ⋅ 711
qC+ +
⋅ W = nC ⋅ ShC ⋅ U +
⇒ qC+ = > > 1/66 ⋅ 21 6 Qb
W +
:/915 ⋅ 21−3
pritisak kiseonika )B* u okolnom vazduhu:

qP 6 6
B = sP3 ⋅ qp > 1/32 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 21 > 1/32 ⋅ 21 Qb
pritisak azota )C* u okolnom vazduhu:

6 6
B = sP3 ⋅ qp > 1/8: ⋅ 2 ⋅ 21 > 1/8: ⋅ 21 Qb
qP

drugi zakon termodinamike za proces me{awa gasova B!i!C :

⋅ ⋅ ⋅
∆ T tjtufn = ∆ T sbeop ` ufmp + ∆ T plpmjob =.. .
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ lX
∆ Tsbeop ` ufmp = ∆ T B + ∆ TC >!///!>!2/86!,!1/57!>!3/32!
L
⋅ ⋅  U+ q+   711 1/:6  lX
∆ T B = n B ⋅  d qB mo − S hB mo B  > 7 ⋅  1/:2 ⋅ mo − 1/37 ⋅ mo  >2/86
 U q   634 2 / 9  L
 B B 
⋅ ⋅  U+ q+   711 1/66  lX
∆ TC = nC ⋅  d qC mo − S hC mo C  > 4 ⋅ 2/15 ⋅ mo − 1/3:8 ⋅ mo  >1/57
 UC 
qC   974 4/4  L

⋅
⋅ R 23 −511 lX
∆ T plpmjob =− >− >2/48!
Up 3:4 L
⋅ lX
∆ T tjtufn = 3/32 + 2/48 >!4/69!
L
⋅ ⋅
Fy h = Up ⋅ ∆ T tjtufn > 3:4 ⋅ 4/69 >215:!lX
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
Fy 2 = Fy B + Fy C = ...
⋅ ⋅   U qp 
Fy B = n B ⋅ − d qB ⋅ (Up − UB ) + Up ⋅  d qB ⋅ mo p − S hB ⋅ mo B 
  UB qB 
  
⋅   3:4 1/32 
Fy B = 7 ⋅ − 1/:2 ⋅ (3:4 − 634) + 3:4 ⋅  1/:2 ⋅ mo − 1/37 ⋅ mo  >2422!lX
  634 2/9 
⋅ ⋅   U qp 
Fy C = nC ⋅ − d qC ⋅ (Up − UC ) + Up ⋅  d qC ⋅ mo p − S hC ⋅ mo C 
  UC qC 
  
⋅   3:4 1/8: 
Fy C = 4 ⋅ − 2/15 ⋅ (3:4 − 974) + 3:4 ⋅ 2/15 ⋅ mo − 1/3:8 ⋅ mo  >2275!lX
  974 4/4 
⋅
Fy2 = 2422 + 2275 >!3586!lX
⋅ ⋅
Fy2 − Fy h 3586 − 215:
ηFy = ⋅
> >1/68
3586
Fy2

4/:. U suprotnosmernom razmewiva~u toplote pri qw>3!cbs, biva izobarski zagrevan tok vazduha (idealan
gas), od temperature Uw2>524!L do temperature Uw3>654!L, a tok vrelih gasova (sme{a idealnih gasova)
biva hla|ena od polaznog stawa H2)qh2>2/6!cbs-!Uh2>724!L* do stawa H3)qh3>2/4!cbs-!Uh3>@*/ Ako su
maseni protoci vazduha i vrelih gasova isti, a vreli gasovi imaju iste termofizi~ke osobine kao i vazduh
odrediti eksergijski stepen korisnosti procesa u ovom razmewiva~u toplote pri uslovima okoline
P)qp>2!cbs-!Up>3:4!L*/ Zanemariti promene makroskopske potencijalne i kineti~ke energije kao i
prisustvo hemijske neravnoteè.
Uh2 Uh3
Uw2 Uw3
prvi zadatak termodinamike za proces u otvorenom termodinami~kom sistemu:
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
R 23 = ∆ I23 + X U23 ⇒ I2 = I3
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
n⋅ d q ⋅ Uw2 + n⋅ d q ⋅ Uh2 = n⋅ d q ⋅ Uw3 + n⋅ d q ⋅ Uh3 ⇒
Uh3 = Uw2 + Uh2 − Uw3 > 524 + 724 − 654 >594!L
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
Fy vmb{ = Fy w2 + Fy h2 = ...
⋅ ⋅   U q 
Fy w2 = n⋅ − d q (Up − Uw2 ) + Up  d q mo p − S h mo p 
  U w2 q w 
⋅ ⋅  2  ⋅
 3:4
Fy w2 = n⋅ − 2 ⋅ (3:4 − 524) + 3:42 ⋅ mo − 1/398 ⋅ mo  = n⋅ 88/82 !lX
  524 3 
⋅   q 
( )
⋅ U
Fy h2 = n⋅ − d q Up − Uh2 + Up  d q mo p − S h mo p 
  Uh2 q h2 
 
⋅ ⋅  2  ⋅
 3:4
Fy h2 = n⋅ − 2 ⋅ (3:4 − 724) + 3:4 ⋅ 2 ⋅ mo − 1/398 ⋅ mo  > n⋅ 248/92!lX
  724 2/6 
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
Fy vmb{ = n⋅ (88/82 + 248/92) > n⋅ !326/63!lX

⋅ ⋅
Fy hvcjubl = Up ⋅ ∆ T tj = ...
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
∆ Ttj = ∆ Tsu + ∆ Tp =…
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
∆ Tsu = ∆ T w + ∆ Th = …
⋅ ⋅ Uw 3 q ⋅ 654 ⋅ lX
∆ T w > n /! )d q mo − S h mo w * = n⋅ 2 ⋅ mo = n⋅ 1/385
Uw2 qw 524 L
⋅ ⋅ Uh3 q h3 ⋅ ⋅
 594 2/4  lX
∆ Th > n /! )d q mo − S h mo * = n⋅ 2 ⋅ mo − 1/398 ⋅ mo  >− n⋅ 1/2:8
Uh2 q h2  724 2/6  L
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ lX
∆ Tsu > n⋅ 1/385!− n⋅ 1/2:8> n⋅ 1/188!
L
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ lX
∆ Ttj > ∆ Tsu , ∆ Tp > n⋅ 1/188!
L
⋅ ⋅
Fy hvcjubl = 3:4 ⋅ n⋅ 1/188 >33/67!lX
⋅ ⋅
Fy vmb{ − Fy h 326/63 − 33/67
ηFy!> ⋅
= >1/9:
326/63
Fy vmb{
⋅
3.10. Klipni kompresor kvazistati~ki politropski sabija n >1/6!lh0t vazduha (idealan gas) od stawa
2)q>211!lQb-!U>399!L*!do stawa 3)q>611!lQb-!U>513!L*/ Stawe okoline zadato je sa P)qp>211!lQb-
Up>399!lQb*. Odrediti:
a) snagu kompresora
b) eksergijski stepen korisnosti procesa
c) ako bi se kompresor hladio vodom koja bi pri tom mewala stawe pri stalnom pritisku q>211!lQb
od!Ux2>399!L!do!Ux3>414!L
a)
o−2 q2 211
mo mo
U2  q2  o q3 611
=  ⇒ o> > >2/37
U3  q 3  q2 U 211 399
mo − mo 2 mo − mo
q3 U3 611 513
⋅ ⋅ o 2/37
X U23 = n⋅ ⋅ S h ⋅ (U2 − U3 ) > 1/6 ⋅ ⋅ 1/398 ⋅ (399 − 513) >−8:/4!lX
o −2 2/37 − 2

b)
⋅ ⋅  ⋅ U q 
Fy2 = n⋅ (− ∆i2p + Up ⋅ ∆t2p ) > n⋅ − dq)Up − U2* + Up)dq mo p − Sh mo p * >!1!lX
 U q 2 2 
napomena:!q2>qp-!U2>Uq
⋅ ⋅
Fy hvcjubl = Up ⋅ ∆ T tj = ...
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
∆ Ttj = ∆ Tsu + ∆ Tp =…
⋅ ⋅  
U q  513 611  X
∆ Tsu = n⋅  d q ⋅ mo 3 − S h ⋅ mo 3  > 1/6 ⋅ 2 ⋅ mo − 1/398 ⋅ mo  >−75/32!
 U2 q2   399 211  L
⋅
⋅
R 23 −33/2 X
∆ Tp = − >///> − >87/85!
Up 399 L
⋅ o−κ ⋅ 2/37 − 2/5
! R 23 = n⋅ d w ⋅ ⋅ (U3 − U2 ) > 1/6 ⋅ 1/83 ⋅ ⋅ (513 − 399) >−33/2!lX
o −2 2/37 − 2
⋅ X
∆ Ttj >−75/32!,!87/85!>23/64!
L
⋅
Fyhvcjubl = 399 ⋅ 23/64 >4/7!lX
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
Fy vmb{ = Fy 2 + X U23 >8:/4!lX
⋅ ⋅
Fyvmb{ − Fyh 8:/4 − 4/7
ηFy!> ⋅
= >1/:6
8:/4
Fyvmb{
c)
⋅
⋅ ⋅ R 23 −33/2 lh
R 23 = n x ⋅ (i x2 − i x3 ) !!!!⇒ nx = > >!1/46!
i x2 − i x3 73/:6 − 236/8 t
lK
ix2!>!73/:6! )voda!q>211!lQb-!U>399!L*
lh
lK
ix3!>!236/8! )voda!q>211!lQb-!U>399!L*
lh

4/22/!U vertikalnom cilindru sa grani~nikom (slika) moè se kretati (bez

trewa) klip sa tegom. U po~etnom trenutku zapremina cilindra W>1/7
n4 (ograni~ena klipom sa tegom), ispuwena je kqu~alom vodom i wenom
makroskopski razvijenom parom u stawu termodinami~ke ravnoteè na
pritisku q>4!cbs!(vla`na para). Kqu~ala voda zauzima 1% od po~etne
zapremine cilindra. Maksimalna zapremina cilindra ispod klipa iznosi
Wnby>3!n4. Odrediti termodinami~ki gubitak rada (gubitak eksergije) pri
predaji toplote, od izotermnog toplotnog izvora, temperature UUJ!>734!L,
radnoj materiji u cilindru, ako je wena temperatura na kraju procesa
zagrevawa 684!L. Temperatura okoline iznosi Up>411!L. Predstaviti
proces zagrevawa na Ut dijagramu. [rafirati na Ut dijagramu povr{inu koja
predstavqa gubitak eksergije.
ta~ka 1: q2>4!cbs! y2>@

n#
y2 = = ///
n#+n(
W# 1/6:5
n# = >///> >1/:9!lh
w# 1/7168
W( 1/117
n( = = /// > >6/6:!lh
w( 1/1121844
n4 n4
w′>!1/1121844! w′′>1/7168!
lh lh
W′!>!1/12/W!>!1/117!n4
W′!>!1/::/W!>!1/6:5!n4
n# 1/:9
y2 = = = 1/26
n#+n( 1/:9 + 6/6:
lK lK
i2>!996/:5!! t2>!3/58!!
lh lhL
napomena: n!>!n′!,!n′′!>!7/68!lh
Wnby n4
ta~ka 2: q3>q2>4!cbs- w3>wnby!> = 1/414
n lh
w′!?!w3!?!w′′ (ta~ka 2 se nalazi u oblasti vla`ne pare)
w3 − w ( 1/414 − 1/1121844
y3 = > >1/6
w #− w ( 1/7168 − 1/1121844
lK lK
i3!>iy!>!2754/3!! - v3!>vy!>2663/3!! -! !!!u3>!ulmk>244/65pD!
lh lh

n4
ta~ka 3: u>411pD! w4!>w3>1/414!!
lh
n4 n4
w′!>!1/1125147! - !!!w′′!>!1/13275!
lh lh
w4!?!w′′ (ta~ka 3 se nalazi u oblasti pregrejane pare)
lK lK
i4!>!iqq!>!4161!! t4!>!tqq!>!8/29!! q4!>!qqq!>!9/6!!cbs
lh lhL
napomena: vrednosti i4-!t4 i q4 se moraju pro~itati sa it dijagrama za

vodenu paru
lK
v4!>!vqq>!i4!−!q4/!w4!>!4161!−!9/6/216!/!21−3/!1/414!>!38:3/6!
lh
Fyhvcjubl!>!Uplpmjob!/!∆Ttjtufn!>!///!>!411!/!:/97!>!3:69!!lK
lK
∆Ttjtufn>∆Tsbeop!ufmp!,!∆Tupqmpuoj!j{wps!>!///>41/:6!−!32/1:!>!:/97!
L
lK
∆ T sbeop!ufmp> n ⋅ ∆t24 !> n ⋅ (t 4 − t2 ) > 7/68 ⋅ (8/29 − 3/58) >!41/:6!
L
R 23 + R 34 )r23 *q=dpotu + )r34 * w =dpotu i3 − i2 + v 4 − v 3
∆S UJ = − −n⋅ = −n ⋅
UUJ UUJ UUJ
2754/3 − 996/:5 + 38:3/6 − 2663/3 lK
∆TUJ!>! − 7/68 ⋅ >−32/1:!
734 L
2 3
Up
∆tsu t
Fyh
∆tUJ
∆tTJ

4/23/!U razmewiva~u toplote vr{i se atmosfersko )q>2!cbs*, potpuno isparavawe kqu~ale vode i
istovremena potpuna kondenzacija suvozasi}ene vodene pare pri
q>4!cbs. Ukoliko toplotna snaga razmewiva~a toplote (interno razmewena toplota izme|u pare i
vode) iznosi 3/6!lX, izra~unati eksergijski stepen korisnosti procesa u ovom razmewiva~u toplote
pri stawu okoline P)qp>!2!cbs-!up>31pD*/
L2
!2 !3
suva para, q>4!cbs
!4 !5
kqu~ala voda,!q>2!cbs
L3
!U
!3 !2
!4 !5
!t
ta~ka 1: q>!4!cbs y>2

lK lK
i2!>!i″!>!3836! t2!>!t″!>!7/::3!
lh lhL

lK lK
i3!>!i′!>!672/5! t3!>!t′!>!2/783!
lh lhL

lK lK
i4!>!i′!>!528/5! t4!>!t′!>!2/4137!
lh lhL
ta~ka 4: q>!2cbs
lK lK
i5!>!i″!>!3786! t5!>!t″!>!8/471!
lh lhL

ta~ka O: qp!>!2!cbs up!>!31pD

lK lK
ip!>!!ix!>!94/:! tp!>!!tx!>!1/3:7!
lh lhL

⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
ograni~enom konturom 1 (K1): R 23 = ∆ I23 + X U23 R 23 = nq ⋅ (i3 − i2 ) ⇒
⋅
⋅ R 23 −3/6 lh
nq = > >2/26!
i3 − i2 672/5 − 3836 t

⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
ograni~enom konturom 2 (K2): R 45 = ∆ I45 + X U245 R 45 = n x ⋅ (i 5 − i 4 ) ⇒
⋅
⋅ R 45 3/6 lh
nx = > >2/22!
i 5 − i 4 3786 − 528/5 t
⋅ ⋅
Fy vmb{ − Fy hvcjubl 892/16 − 286/9
ηFy = ⋅
> >1/88
892/16
Fy vmb{
⋅ ⋅
Fy hvcjubl = Up ⋅ ∆ T tj >///> 3:4 ⋅ 1/7 >286/9!lX
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ lX
∆ T tjtufn!>!∆ T sbeop!ufmp!,!∆ T plpmjob!>!///>1/7!
L
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ lX
∆ T sbeop!ufmp> T j{mb{!−! T vmb{!>!///>!21/1:!−!:/5:>1/7!
L
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ lX
T j{mb{!>! nq ⋅ t 3 + n x ⋅ t 5 > 2/26 ⋅ 2/783 + 2/22 ⋅ 8/47 >21/1:!
L
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ lX
T vmb{!>! nq ⋅ t2 + n x ⋅ t 4 > 2/26 ⋅ 7/::3 + 2/22 ⋅ 2/4137 >:/5:!
L
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
Fy vmb{!>! Fy 2!, Fy 4!>!///>!892/16!,!53/92!>!934/97!lX
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
Fy 2> nq ⋅ (− ∆i2p + Up ⋅ ∆t2p ) >! nq ⋅ [i2 − i p + Up ⋅ (t p − t2 )]
⋅
Fy 2> 2/26 ⋅ [3836 − 94/: + 3:4 ⋅ (1/3:7 − 7/::3)] >892/16!lX
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
Fy 4!> n x ⋅ (− ∆i 4p + Up ⋅ ∆t 4p ) >! n x ⋅ [i 4 − i p + Up ⋅ (t p − t 4 )]
⋅
Fy 4> 2/22 ⋅ [528/5 − 94/: + 3:4 ⋅ (1/3:7 − 2/4137)] >53/92!lX

⋅
3.13.!U ure|aj za pripremu kqu~ale vode (slika) uti~e suva para 2)q>23!cbs*, masenog protoka n 2>1/2
⋅
lh0t i voda stawa 3)q>5!cbs-!u>71pD*!masenog protoka n 3>@/ Prolaskom kroz razmewiva~ toplote suva
para se potpuno kondenzuje )stawe 3*. Nastali kondenzat se prigu{uje na pritisak q3(stawe 4), a zatim
izobarski me{a sa vodom (stawe 2). Toplotni gubici razmewiva~a toplote iznose 223!lX. Prestaviti
prosese u pojedina~nim ure|ajima (razmewiva~ toplote, prigu{ni ventil, me{na komora) na zasebnim Ut
dijagramima i odrediti:
⋅
a) maseni protok vode ( n 2) da bi iz ure|aja isticala kqu~ala voda pritiska q3 (stawe 6)
b) temperaturu vode stawa 6!)!u6!*
c) eksergijski stepen korisnosti ure|aja ako se okolina defini{e kao voda stawa P!)qp>2!cbs-!u>31pD*
⋅ !U
2 n2
razmewiva~ toplote
q>23!cbs
⋅
n3
7 6 q>5!cbs
3
4 2
7
4 5
6
!t
!U !U
prigu{ni ventil me{na komora
q>23!cbs q>23!cbs
q>5!cbs q>5!cbs
4
5 6 5
3
!t !t
2!−!4 : promena stawa pare pri proticawu kroz razmewiva~ toplote (RT)
4!−!5 : promena stawa pare pri proticawu kroz prigu{ni ventil
5!,!3!>6! : proces me{awa pare i vode u me{noj komori
6!−!7 : promena stawa me{avine pare i vode pri proticawu kroz RT

a)
Prvi zakon termodinamike za proces u otvorenom termodinami~kom sistemu
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
ograni~enom isprekidanom linijom: R 23 = ∆ I23 + X U23
⋅ ⋅ ⋅  ⋅ ⋅  ⋅ ⋅
R 23 = I3 − I2 =  n2 + n3  ⋅ i 7 − n2 ⋅ i2 − n3 ⋅ i3 ⇒
 
⋅ ⋅
⋅ R 23 + n2 ⋅ (i2 − i 7 ) − 223 + 1/2 ⋅ (3896 − 715/8) lh
n3 = >///> >1/4!
i 7 − i3 715/8 − 362/4 t
ta~ka 1: q2>23!cbs y>2

lK lK
i2!>i′′>3896! t2>t′′!>!7/634!
lh lhL
ta~ka 2: q3>5!cbs u3>71pD

lK lK
i3!>ix>362/4! t3>tx!>!1/94!
lh lhL

lK lK
i7!>i′>715/8! t2>t′!>!2/888!
lh lhL
b)
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
Prvi zakon termodinamike za proces me{awa: R 23 = ∆ I23 + X U23
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅  ⋅ ⋅ 
I2 = I3 ⇒ n2 ⋅ i 5 + n3 ⋅ i 3 =  n2 + n3  ⋅ i 6
 
⋅ ⋅
n2 ⋅ i 5 + n3 ⋅ i3 1/2 ⋅ 8:9/4 + 1/4 ⋅ 362/4 lK
i6 = ⋅ ⋅
>///> >499/16!
1/2 + 1/4 lh
n2 + n3

lK
i5!>i′>8:9/4!
lh
lK
ta~ka 3: i5>i4!>8:9/4!
lh
lK
ta~ka 5: q>5!cbs i>499/16!
lh
u6!>!ux!>:4pD

c)
ta~ka O: qp>2!cbs up>31pD
lK lK
ip!>ix>94/:! tp>tx!>!1/3:7!
lh lhL
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
Fy 2> n2 ⋅ (− ∆i2p + Up ⋅ ∆t2p ) >! n2 ⋅ [i2 − i p + Up ⋅ (t p − t2 )]
⋅
Fy 2> 1/2 ⋅ [3896 − 94/: + 3:4 ⋅ (1/3:7 − 7/634)] >98/77!lX
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
Fy 3> n3 ⋅ (− ∆i3p + Up ⋅ ∆t 3p ) >! n3 ⋅ [i3 − i p + Up ⋅ (t p − t 3 )]
⋅
Fy 3> 1/4 ⋅ [362/4 − 94/: + 3:4 ⋅ (1/3:7 − 1/94 )] >4/39!lX
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
Fy vmb{!>! Fy 2,! Fy 3!>98/77!,!4/39!>:1/:5!lX
⋅ ⋅
Fy hvcjubl = Up ⋅ ∆ T tj >///> 3:4 ⋅ 1/2: >66/78!lX
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ lX
∆ T tjtufn!>!∆ T sbeop!ufmp!,!∆ T plpmjob!>!///>−1/2:!,!1/49!>!1/2:!
L
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ lX
∆ T sbeop!ufmp> T j{mb{!−! T vmb{!>!///>!1/82!−!1/:>−!1/2:!
L
⋅  ⋅ ⋅  lX
T j{mb{!>!  n2 + n3  ⋅ t 7 > (1/2 + 1/4 ) ⋅ 2/888 >1/82!
  L
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ lX
T vmb{!>! n2 ⋅ t2 + n3 ⋅ t 3 > 1/2 ⋅ 7/634 + 1/4 ⋅ 1/94 >1/:1!
L
⋅
⋅ R −223 lX
∆ T plpmjob!>!−! 23 >− >1/49!
Up 3:4 L
⋅ ⋅
Fy vmb{ − Fy hvcjubl :1/:5 − 66/78
ηFy = ⋅
> >1/4:
:1/:5
Fy vmb{

⋅
4/25/!U parnu turbinu ulazi n >21!lh0t vodene pare stawa 2)q>3!NQb-!u>471pD). Iz turbine se na
⋅
pritisku q3>1/5!NQb izdvaja, za potrebe nekog tehnolo{kog qspdftb-! n 3>3!lh0t!pare a preostali deo
nastavqa ekspanziju do stawa 4)q>1/27!NQb-!y>2*. Stepen dobrote adijabatske ekspanzije do izdvajawa
pare iznosi η23 p
e >2. Pod okolinom smatrati vodu stawa P)q>1/2!NQb-!u>31 D*. Skicirati promene
stawa vodene pare na Ts dijagramu i odrediti:
a) snagu turbine
b) eksergiju parnih tokova na ulazu u turbinu i oba izlaza iz turbine
c) eksergijski stepen korisnosti procesa u turbini
2
!U
3 ⋅
X uvscjob
3
4
4l
4 !t
ta~ka 1: q2>31!cbs u>471pD (pregrejana para)

lK lK
i2!>iqq4267! t2>tqq!>!7/:96!
lh lhL
lK
ta~ka 2: q3>5!cbs !t3!>!t2!>7/:96! (pregrejana para)
lhL
lK
i3!>iqq!>3889/27!
lh
ta~ka 3: q4>2/7!cbs !y>2 (suvo−zasi}ena para)

lK lK
i4!>i′′!>37:7! t4!>t′′!>!8/313!
lh lhL
ta~ka O: qp>2!cbs up>31pD (voda)

lK lK
ip!>ix>94/:! tp>tx!>!1/3:7!
lh lhL

a)
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
Prvi zakon termodinamike za proces u turbini: R 23 = ∆ I23 + X U23
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅  ⋅ ⋅ 
X uvscjob = I2 − I3 = n⋅ i2 − n3 ⋅ i 3 −  n− n3  ⋅ i 4
 
⋅
X uvscjob > 21 ⋅ 4267 − 3 ⋅ 3889/27 − (21 − 3) ⋅ 37:7 >5/55!NX
b)
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
Fy 2> n⋅ (− ∆i2p + Up ⋅ ∆t2p ) >! n⋅ [i2 − i p + Up ⋅ (t p − t2 )]
⋅
Fy 2> 21 ⋅ [4267 − 94/: + 3:4 ⋅ (1/3:7 − 7/:96 )] >22/23!NX
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
Fy 3> n3 ⋅ (− ∆i 3p + Up ⋅ ∆t 3p ) >! n3 ⋅ [i3 − i p + Up ⋅ (t p − t 3 )]
⋅
Fy 3> 3 ⋅ [3889/27 − 94/: + 3:4 ⋅ (1/3:7 − 7/:96)] >2/58!NX
 ⋅ ⋅   ⋅ ⋅ 
⋅    
Fy 4>  n− n3  ⋅ (− ∆i 4p + Up ⋅ ∆t 4p ) >!  n− n3  ⋅ [i 4 − i p + Up ⋅ (t p − t 4 )]
   
   
⋅
Fy 4> (21 − 3) ⋅ [37:7 − 94/: + 3:4 ⋅ (1/3:7 − 8/313)] >5/82!NX
c)
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
Bilans eksergije za proces u turbini: Fy 2 = Fy 3 + Fy 4 + X uvscjob + Fy hvcjubl
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
Fy hvcjubl = Fy 2 − Fy 3 − Fy 4 − X uvscjob !>!22/23!−!2/58!−!5/82!−!5/55!>!1/6!NX
⋅ ⋅
Fy vmb{ − Fy hvcjubl 22/23 − 1/6
ηFy = ⋅
> >1/:7
22/23
Fy vmb{
⋅ ⋅
Fy vmb{!>! Fy 2!>22/23!NX
napomena: Do gubitka eksergije se moglo do}i i na uobi~ajen na~in

⋅ ⋅
primenom Hpvz!−!Tupepmjoph! zakona:! Fy h = Up ⋅ ∆ T tjtufn

⋅
4/26/!Pregrejana vodena para stawa 2)q>!7!NQb-!U>844!L-! n >2!lh0t ) {iri se adijabatski u
dvostepenoj turbini sa me|uprigu{ivawem (slika), do krajweg stawa 5)U>424!L- vla`na para).
⋅
Stepeni dobrote u turbinama su: ηEUWQ = 2 i ηEUOQ = 1/99 . Deo pare, masenog protoka n B>1/4!lh0t, po
izlasku iz turbine visokog pritiska, pri pritisku q3>1/9!NQb odvodi se iz turbine, a preostala para
prolaskom kroz prigu{ni ventil adijabatski prigu{uje na pritisak q4>1/4!NQb. Prikazati procese u
it koordinatnom sistemu i odrediti snagu dobijenu na zajedni~kom vratilu kao i eksergijski stepen
korisnosti procesa u ovoj dvostepenoj turbini. Pod okolinom smatrati vodu stawa P)q>1/2!NQb-
U>3:4!L*/
!n UWQ UOQ
2
3 4
!nB 5
i
3 4
5
5L

ta~ka 1: q2>!71!cbs u2!>571pD!

lK lK
i2!>!iqq!>4435!! t2>tqq!>!7/86!
lh lhL
lK
ta~ka 2: q3>!9!cbs t3>t2!>!7/86!
lhL
lK
i3!>!iqq!>3919/7!!
lh
lK
ta~ka 3: q4>!4!cbs i4!>!i3!>3919/7!!
lh
lK
t4>tqq!>!8/289!
lhL
lK
ta~ka 4K: U5L!>!51pD t5L>t4>!8/289!
lhL
t′!?!t5L!?!t′′ (ta~ka 4K se nalazi u oblasti vla`ne pare)
 t − t(  lK
y 5L =  5L  = 1/99 i5L!>!iy!>!3396!
 t#−t(  U =51p D lh
ta~ka 4: U5>51pD ηEUOQ = 1/99
i4 − i5
ηEUWQ = ⇒ i 5 = i 4 − ηEUWQ ⋅ )i 4 − j 5L * =
i 4 − i 5L
lK
i5 = 3919/7 − 1/99 ⋅ )3919/7 − 3396* = 3459
lh
 i − i(  lK
y5 =  5  = 1/:17 ⇒ t5!>!ty!>8/65!
 i#−i(  U = 51p D lhL

lK lK
ip>ix>94/:! tp>tx>1/3:7!
lh lhL

Prvi zakon termodinamike za proces u otvorenom termodinami~kom sistemu

⋅ ⋅ ⋅
ograni~enom isprekidanom linijom: R 23 = ∆ I23 + X U23
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅  ⋅ ⋅ 
X = I2 − I3 = n⋅ i2 − n B ⋅ i3 −  n− n B  ⋅ i 5
 
⋅
X > 2⋅ 4435 − 1/4 ⋅ 3917/7 − (2 − 1/4 ) ⋅ 3489 >948/9!lX
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
⋅
Fy 2> 2 ⋅ [4435 − 94/: + 3:4 ⋅ (1/3:7 − 7/86 )] >245:/2!LX
⋅ ⋅
Fy hvcjubl = Up ⋅ ∆ T tj >///> 3:4 ⋅ 1/66 >272/26!lX
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ lX
∆ T tjtufn!>!∆ T sbeop!ufmp!,!∆ T plpmjob!>!///>1/57!
L
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ lX
∆ T sbeop!ufmp> T j{mb{!−! T vmb{!>!///>!8/41!−!7/86>1/66!
L
⋅ ⋅ lX
T vmb{!>! n⋅ t2 > 2⋅ 7/86 >7/86!
L
⋅ ⋅  ⋅ ⋅  lX
T j{mb{!>! n B ⋅ t 3 +  n− n B  ⋅ t 5 > 1/4 ⋅ 7/86 + (2 − 1/4 ) ⋅ 8/65 >8/41!
  L
⋅ ⋅
Fy vmb{ − Fy hvcjubl 245:/2 − 272/26
ηFy = ⋅
> >1/99
245:/2
Fy vmb{
⋅ ⋅
Fy vmb{!>! Fy 2!>245:/2!NX

4/27/ Pregrejana vodena para )1/2!lh0t* stawa 2)q>91!cbs-!u>571pD* ulazi u parno turbisnki blok gde se
najpre kvazistati~ki adijabatski {iri u turbini visokog pritiska do stawa 3)q>21!cbs*. Zatim se
vodenoj pari stawa 2 u dogreja~u izobarski dovodi toplota od toplotnog izvora stalne temperature
UUJ>571pD sve do uspostavqawa toplotne ravnoteè (stawe 3). Nakon toga se para kvazistati~ki
adijabatski {iri u turbini niskog pritiska do stawa 5)q>2!cbs*. Pod okolinom smatrati vodu stawa
P)q>1/2!NQb-!U>3:4!L*/!Skicirati procese sa vodenom parom na it dijagramu i odrediti:
a) mehani~ku snagu parno turbinskog bloka kao i toplotnu snagu dogreja~a pare
b) ireverzibilnost procesa (gubitak eksergije) u parno turbinskom bloku
c) eksergijski stepen korisnosti procesa u parnoturbinsom bloku
⋅
X U 23
3
4
⋅
R 34
⋅
X U 45
5
i
2 4
3
5

ta~ka 1: q2>!91!cbs u2!>571pD!

lK lK
i2!>!iqq!>43:7!! t2>tqq!>!7/699!
lh lhL
lK
ta~ka 2: q3>!21!cbs t3>t2!>!7/699!
lhL
lK
i3!>!i′′!>3889!!
lh
ta~ka 3: q4>!21!cbs u4!>!571pD

lK lK
i4!>!iqq!>44:3!! t4>tqq!>!8/756!
lh lhL
lK
ta~ka 4: q5!>!2!cbs t5>t4>!8/756!
lhL
lK
i5!>!iqq!>!38:3/3!
lh

lK lK
ip>ix>94/:! tp>tx>1/3:7!
lh lhL
a)
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
Prvi zakon termodinamike za proces u turbini visokog pritiska: R 23 = ∆ I23 + X U23 ⇒
⋅ ⋅
X U23 = n⋅ (i2 − i3 )
⋅
X U23 = 1/2 ⋅ (43:7 − 3889) >62/9!lX
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
Prvi zakon termodinamike za proces u turbini niskog pritiska: R 45 = ∆ I45 + X U 45 ⇒
⋅ ⋅
X U 45 = n⋅ (i 4 − i 5 )
⋅
X U 45 = 1/2 ⋅ (44:3 − 38:3/3) >71!lX
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
X = X U23 + X U 45 >222/9!lX
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
Prvi zakon termodinamike za proces u dogreja~u pare: R 34 = ∆ I34 + X U34 ⇒
⋅ ⋅
R 34 = n⋅ (i 4 − i3 )
⋅
R 34 = 1/2 ⋅ (44:3 − 3889) >72/5!lX

b)
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
Js = Fy hvcjubl = Up ⋅ ∆ T tj >///> 3:4 ⋅ 33 >7/56!lX
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ X
∆ T tjtufn!>!∆ T sbeop!ufmp!,!∆ T upqmpuoj!j{wps!>!///>!−94/8!,!216/8!>!33!
L
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ X
∆ T sbeop!ufmp> T j{mb{!−! T vmb{!>!///>!875/6!−769/9>216/8!
L
⋅ ⋅ X
T j{mb{!>! n⋅ t 5 > 1/2 ⋅ 8/756 >875/6!
L
⋅ ⋅ X
T vmb{!>! n⋅ t2 > 1/2 ⋅ 7/699 >769/9!
L
⋅
⋅ R 72/5 ⋅ 21 4 X
∆ T upqmpuoj!j{wps!>!−! 34 >− >!−94/8!
UUj 844 L
c)
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
⋅
Fy 2> 1/2 ⋅ [43:7 − 94/: + 3:4 ⋅ (1/3:7 − 7/699)] >247/96!LX
⋅ ⋅ UUJ − Up 844 − 3:4

Fy R = R 34 ⋅ > 72/5 ⋅ >47/97!lX
UUJ 844
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
Fy2 + Fy R − Fy h 247/96 + 47/97 − 7/56
ηFy = ⋅ ⋅
> >1/:7
247/96 + 47/97
Fy 2 + Fy R
⋅
4/28/ Kompresor usisava n =83!lh0i pare amonijaka stawa 2)q>366/:!lQb-!y>2* i sabija je adijabatski do
stawa 3)q>21!cbs-!U>511!L*/ Ako za okolinu smatramo amonijak stawa P)U>331!L-!y>1* odrediti
eksergijski stepen korisnosti procesa u kompresoru.
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
re{ewe: ηFy>1/99 )! X >7/13!lX-! Fy 2 = 5/45 lX-! Fy h >2/38!lX!*


(KOMBINOVANI PROBLEMI)
5/2/!U toplotno izolovanom rezervoaru nalazi se!211!lh!vode!)dx>5/29!lK0)lhL**!po~etne temperature

Ux>3:4!L/!Komad bakra!)dDv>1/49!lK0)lhL**!mase!51!lh, po~etne temperature!UDv>469!L!i komad
gvo`|a!)dGf>1/57!lK0)lhL**!mase!31!lh, po~etne temperature!UGf>454!L-!naglo se unesu u rezervoar sa
vodom. U momentu uno{ewa u rezervoaru se ukqu~uje me{alica vode snage!711!X, koja radi dok se ne
uspostavi stawe termi~ke ravnoteè!U+>3::!L/!Odrediti:
a) vreme rada me{alice
b) promenu entropije izolovanog sistema tokom navedenog procesa
Dv
Gf
I3P
a)
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces u zatvorenom termodinami~kom
sistemu: R23!>!∆V23!,!XU23 ⇒ XU23>V2!−!V3
V2 = n x ⋅ d x ⋅ Ux + nDv ⋅ d Dv ⋅ UDv + nGf ⋅ d Gf ⋅ UGf

V2 = 211 ⋅ 5/29 ⋅ 3:4 + 51 ⋅ 1/49 ⋅ 469 + 31 ⋅ 1/57 ⋅ 454 >242182/3!lK
V 3 = n x ⋅ d x ⋅ U + + nDv ⋅ d Dv ⋅ U + + nGf ⋅ d Gf ⋅ U +
V 3 = 211 ⋅ 5/29 ⋅ 3:: + 51 ⋅ 1/49 ⋅ 3:: + 31 ⋅ 1/57 ⋅ 3:: >243388/7!lK
XU23!>!242182/3!−!243388/7!>!−2317/5!lK
XU23 − 2317/5
τ= = >3121/78!t
⋅ − 711 ⋅ 21 −4
X U23

b)
lK
∆TTJ!>!∆TSU!,!∆TP!>///!>5/58!
L
lK
∆TSU!>!∆Tx!,!∆TDv!,!∆TGf!>///>9/58!−!3/85!−!2/37!!>!5/58!
L
U+
U+
∫
d x ⋅ eU 3:: lK
∆T x = n x ⋅ = n x ⋅ d x mo = 211 ⋅ 5/29 ⋅ mo >9/58!
U Ux 3:4 L
Ux
U+
U+
∫
d Dv ⋅ eU 3:: lK
∆T Dv = nDv ⋅ = nDv ⋅ d Dv mo = 51 ⋅ 1/49 ⋅ mo >−3/85!
U UDv 469 L
UDv
U+
U+
∫
d Gf ⋅ eU 3:: lK
∆T Gf = nGf ⋅ = nGf ⋅ d Gf mo = 31 ⋅ 1/57 ⋅ mo >−2/37!
U UGf 454 L
UGf
5/3/!U kalorimetarskom sudu, zanemarqivog toplotnog kapaciteta, nalazi se te~nost polazne

temperature UU>3:1!L!)stalnog toplotnog kapaciteta D>2/36!lK0L*/!U sud je unet bakarni uzorak mase
nC>1/26!lh!i polazne temperature!UC>484!L/!Zavisnost specifi~nog toplotnog kapaciteta za bakar
dC U
od temperature data je izrazom: ! = 1/498 + 1/76: ⋅ 21 −5 ⋅ /Tokom uspostavqawa
[lK 0 (lhL*)] [L ]
toplotne ravnoteè u kalorimetru, okolini stalne temperature!Up>394!L-!predato je!6% od koli~ine
toplote koju je predao bakarni uzorak. Odrediti:
a) temperaturu u kalorimetarskom sudu u trenutku uspostavqawa toplotne ravnoteè
b) promenu entropije izolovanog sistema od polaznog stawa do stawa uspostavqawa toplotne
ravnoteè u kalorimetru.
a)
oznake koje se koriste u daqem tekstu re{ewa:
(R23 )C koli~ina toplote koju bakar predaje te~nosti u sudu

(R23 )p koli~ina toplote koju bakar predaje okolini
(R23 )U koli~ina toplote koju te~nost prima od bakra
US temperatura u kalorimetarskom sudu u trenutku

uspostavqawa toplotne ravnoteè

prvi zakon termodinamike za proces sa bakrom:

US
(R23 )C , (R23 )p > nC ⋅

∫[
UC
]
1/498 + 1/76: ⋅ 21 −5 U ⋅ eU
 US3 − UC3 
(R23 )C , (R23 )p > nC ⋅ 1/498 ⋅ (US − UC ) + 1/76: ⋅ 21 −5  )2*
 3 
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces sa te~no{}u
US
(R23 )U >
∫
UU
D U ⋅ eU > D U ⋅ (US − UU ) )3*
interno razmewena toplota izme|u bakra i te~nosti:
(R23 )C >− (R23 )U )4*
uslov zadatka: (R23 )p > 1/16 ⋅ [(R23 )C + (R23 )p ] )5*
kombinovawem jedna~ina!)2*-!)3*-!)4*!j!)5*!dobija se:
US!>3:4/8!L- (R23 )U >5736!K- (R23 )C >−5736!K- (R23 )p >−354!K
b)
K
∆TTJ!>!∆TSU!,!∆TP!>!///>!2/2:!,!1/97!>!3/16!
L
K
∆TSU!>!∆TU!,!∆TC!>!///>!26/96!−!25/77!>!2/2:!
L
US
D(U ) ⋅ eU
∫
U 3:4/8 K
∆T U = = D U ⋅ mo S = 2/36 ⋅ mo >26/96!
U UU 3:1 L
UU
(1/498 + 1/76: ⋅ 21 U ) ⋅ eU =
US US
d(U ) ⋅ eU
∫ ∫
.5
∆TC = nC ⋅ = nC ⋅
U U
UC UC
 U  K
n ⋅ 1/498 ⋅ mo S + 1/76: ⋅ 21−5 ⋅ (US − UC ) = /// = −25/77
 UC  L
(R23 )p 354 K
∆T P = − =− >1/97!
UP 394 L

5/4/!Meteor temperature!U>4111!L-!brzinom x>21!ln0t ule}e u ledeni breg temperature!U>384!L/

Masa meteora je!nn>21!lh-!a specifi~ni toplotni kapacitet!dn>1/9!lK0lhL/!Odrediti:
a) koli~inu toplote koju meteor preda ledenom bregu
c* promenu entropije izolovanog sistema koji ~ine meteor i ledeni breg
d* masu otopqenog leda (toplota topqewa leda iznosi s>443/5!lK0lh)
meteor x>21!ln0t
ledeni breg
a)
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces koji se de{ava sa meteorom:
x33 − x23
R23!>!∆V23!,!X23!,!∆Fl23 R23 = nn ⋅ dn ⋅ (Un3 − Un2) + n ⋅
3
R 23 = 21 ⋅ 1/9 ⋅ (384 − 4111) − 21 ⋅

(21 ⋅ 21 )
4 3
⋅ 21 −4 >− 6/329 ⋅ 219 lK
3
b)
lK
∆Ttjtufn = ∆Tnfufps + ∆Tmfe >///>−2:/286!,2:22/466>29:9/29!
L
Un3 384 lK
∆Tnfufps = nn ⋅ dn mo > 21 ⋅ 1/9 ⋅ mo >!−2:/286!
Un2 4111 L
R23 6/329 ⋅ 216 lK
∆Tmfe = > >2:22/46!
Um 384 L
c)
R23 6/329 ⋅ 216
R23 = nm ⋅ sm ⇒ nm = > >2681!lh
sm 443/5

5/5/!U rezervoar sa nx>61!lh!vode!)dx>5/2:!lK0lhL*-!temperature!Ux>394!L- uroni se zatvorena boca,

na~iwena od ~elika)d•>1/59!lK0lhL*-!sa!Wl>21!litara kiseonika (idealan gas). Masa ~eli~ne boce
zajedno sa kiseonikom je!n•!,!nC>!31!lh/!Pre urawawa temperatura kiseonika i boce je!Ul>U•>474
L-!a pritisak kiseonika u boci je!ql>26!NQb/!Sistem koji se sastoji od vode i boce sa kiseonikom
moè se smatrati izolovanim. Temperatura okolnog vazduha je!Up>3:4!L-!pritisak!qp>2!cbs-!a
zapreminski (molarni) udeo kiseonika u okolnom vazduhu je!32&/!Zanemaruju}i razmenu toplote sa
okolinom odrediti:
a) temperaturu u sudu u trenutku uspostavqawa toplotne ravnoteè
b) radnu sposobnost kiseonika u boci u trenutku postizawa toplotne ravnoteè
a)
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces koji po~iwe urawawem boce a zavr{ava
se uspostavqawem toplotne ravnoteè;
R23!>!∆V23!,!X23 ⇒ V2!>!V3
V2 = n x ⋅ d x ⋅ Ux + n • ⋅ d • ⋅ U• + nl ⋅ d wL ⋅ UL
V 3 = n x ⋅ d x ⋅ U + + n • ⋅ d • ⋅ U + + nl ⋅ d wL ⋅ U +
n x ⋅ d x ⋅ Ux + n• ⋅ d • ⋅ U• + nl ⋅ d wL ⋅ UL
U+ = >///
n x ⋅ d x + n • ⋅ d • + nl ⋅ d wL
jedna~ina stawa idealnog gasa za kiseonik u boci na po~etku procesa:

q ⋅W 26 ⋅ 21 7 ⋅ 21 ⋅ 21 −4
q l ⋅ Wl = nl ⋅ S hl ⋅ Ul ⇒ nl = l = >2/6:!lh
S hl ⋅ Ul 371 ⋅ 474
n•!>! (n • + nl ) −!nl!>!31!−!2/6:!>29/52!lh
61 ⋅ 5/2: ⋅ 394 + 29/52 ⋅ 1/59 ⋅ 474 + 2/6: ⋅ 1/76 ⋅ 474

U+ = >397/7!L
61 ⋅ 5/2: + 29/52 ⋅ 1/59 + 2/6: ⋅ 1/76
napomena:
! U+!− temperatura u boci u trenutku uspostavqawa toplotne ravnoteè

b)
jedna~ina stawa idealnog gasa za kiseonik u boci u trenutku uspostavqawa
toplotne ravnoteè: q2 ⋅ Wl = nl ⋅ S hl ⋅ U2
nl ⋅ S hL ⋅ U2 2/6: ⋅ 371 ⋅ 397/7

q2 = = >22/96!NQb
W 21 ⋅ 21 −4
odre|ivawe pritiska kiseonika u okolnom vazduhu:

q lp = sL ⋅ q p >1/132!NQb
odre|ivawe radne sposobnosti kiseonika u boci u trenutku uspostavqawa

toplotne ravnoteè: Xnby = n ⋅ (−∆v21 + Up ⋅ ∆t2p − q p ⋅ ∆w 2p )
  U qp  
Xnby = nL ⋅ dlw ⋅ (U2 − UP ) + UP ⋅  dq ⋅ mo P − Sh ⋅ mo L  + qLp ⋅ (w2 − w p ) = 761 lK
  U2 
q2  

S hl ⋅ U2 371 ⋅ 397/7 n4
w2 = = >!1/1174!!
q2 22/96 ⋅ 21 7 lh
S hl ⋅ Up 371 ⋅ 3:4 n4
wp = = >!4/7387!!
q lp 1/132 ⋅ 21 7 lh
napomena:
U delu zadatka pod b) radi lak{e preglednosti veli~ine stawa kiseonika u
boci u trenutku uspostavqawa toplotne ravnoteè obeleène su indeksom!2

⋅
5/6/!Radna materija u zatvorenom sistemu vr{i neki proces pri ~emu joj se u svakoj sekundi dovodi! R >4
⋅
lK0t!toplote i odvodi zapreminski rad! X )lK0t*-!koji se u toku vremena mewa po zakonu:
⋅
X 12 τ
= 3/5 ⋅ ){b!!1! < τ ≤ 2 i *
[lX] [i]
⋅
X 23
>,3/5 ){b!!τ!?!2!i*
[lX]
⋅
b* odrediti brzinu promene unutra{we energije sistema-! ∆ V23 )lX*-!u trenutku!vremena!τ>1/7!i
b) odrediti promene unutra{we energije sistema-!∆V23!)lK*-!u toku prva dva ~asa
⋅
! X- [lX ]
τ-! [i]
2 3
a)
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
∆ V23 = R 23 − X 23 = 4 − 3/5 ⋅ τ = 4 − 3/5 ⋅ 1/7 = 2/67 lX
b)
2 2
∫ ∫
τ3 2
X12 = X (τ) ⋅ eτ = 3/5 ⋅ τ ⋅ eτ = 3/5 = 2/3 lXi
3 1
1 1
3
∫
3
X23 = X (τ) ⋅ eτ = 3/5 τ = 3/5 lXi
2
2
Xp3!>!X12!,!X23!>!4/7!lXi!>!23:71!lK
∫
⋅
R 13 = R(τ) ⋅ eτ = 4 ⋅ 3 = 7 lXi = 32711 lK
1
∆V13>!R13!−!X13!>!9751!lK

5/7/!Toplotne karakteristike neke radne materije zadate su zavisnostima:

q!/!w!>!B!/!U
v!>!C!/!U!,!D!/!U3!,!E
gde je!B>!3:8!K0)lhL*-!C>7:8!K0)lhL*-!D>!1/196!K0)lhL3*-!E!>!dpotu-!a!q-!w-!U!j!u su veli~ine stawa u

osnovnim jedinicama!TJ. Radna materija mewa svoje toplotno stawe kvazistati~ki adijabatski od stawa
2)q2!>!1/2!NQb-!U2>511!L*!do stawa!3!)U3>2451!L*/
b* izvesti jedna~inu kvazistati~ke adijabatske promene stawa radne materije u obliku:!q>g)U*
c* odrediti pritisak radne materije u stawu!3
b*
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces sa radnim telom (diferencijalni oblik)
δr = ev + q ⋅ ew )2*
diferencijal proizvoda: e(q ⋅ w ) = q ⋅ ew + w ⋅ eq )3*
kombinovawem jedna~ina!)2*!i!)3) sa toplotnim karakteristikama radne

materije dobija se:
1!>!ev!, e(q ⋅ w ) − w ⋅ eq ⇒ ev!,! e(q ⋅ w ) >! w ⋅ eq
( ) eq
e C ⋅ U + D ⋅ U 3 + E + e(B ⋅ U ) = B ⋅ U ⋅
q
( )
e B ⋅ U + C ⋅ U + D ⋅ U3 + E = B ⋅ U ⋅
eq
q
B + C + 3D ⋅ U eU eq B +C U 3D q
⋅ = ⋅ mo + ⋅ (U − U2 ) = mo
B U q B U2 B q2
B +C U 3D 3:8 + 7:8 U 3⋅1/196
⋅mo + ⋅(U − U2 ) ⋅mo + ⋅(U − 511 )
B U2 B
q = q2 ⋅ f ⇒ q = 1/2 ⋅ 21 7
⋅f 3:8 511 3:8
3:8 + 7:8 U 3⋅1/196

⋅mo + ⋅(U − 511 )
q = 1/2 ⋅ 21 7 ⋅ f 3:8 511 3:8
b)
ako u izvedenu jedna~inu stavimo!U>U3>2451!K, kao i vrednosti za navedene
konstante!)B-!C!j!D*!dobija se:
3:8+ 7:8 2451 3⋅1/196

⋅mo + ⋅(2451− 511 )
q 3 = 1/2 ⋅ 21 7 ⋅ f 3:8 511 3:8 >:/9!NQb

5. DESNOKRETNI KRU@NI PROCESI

6/2/ Koliko se korisnog (neto) rada moè najvi{e dobiti ako toplotni izvor temperature (UUJ=450 K)
predaje toplotnom ponoru temperature (UUQ=300 K) R=800 kJ toplote, ako se izme|u toplotnog izvora
i toplotnog ponora ukqu~i desnokretna toplotna ma{ina.
Xepcjkfo
!Repw !Rpew
!!!UJ Radno !!UQ
telo
Xqplsfubokb
Najvi{e korisnog rada se moè dobiti ako desnokretna tolotna ma{ina

radi po Karnoovom desnokretnom ciklusu.
UUJ
UUQ
!t
R EPW + R PEW U − UUQ
η =ηK ⇒ = UJ ⇒
R EPW UUJ
UUJ 561
Repw = − Rpew ⋅ = 911 ⋅ = 2311!lK
U UQ 411
Xofup!>!Repw!,!Rpew!>!2311!−!911!>!511!lK

6/3/ Radna supstanca vr{i potpuno povratni proces izme|u toplotnog izvora stalne temperature
UUJ>2111!L i toplotnog ponora promenqive temperature. Toplotni kapacitet toplotnog ponora
iznosi DUQ>311!lK0L, a temperatura toplotnog ponora se mewa od UUQ2>411!L do UUQ3>@ U toku
obavqawa kru`nog proces toplotni izvor je radnoj supstanci predao 211!NK toplote. Odrediti:
a) koristan rad kru`nog procesa
b) termodinami~ki stepen korisnosti kru`nog procesa
a)
R epw
(∆T tjtufn )23 = ∆T23 − (1)
UUJ
R pew
(∆T tjtufn )45 = ∆T 45 − (2)
(UUQ )mo
sabirawem jedna~ina (1) i (2) dobija se:
R epw R pew R epw D UQ ⋅ (UUQ2 − UUQ3 )

1=− − ⇒ 1=− −
UUJ (UUQ )mo UUJ UUQ2 − UUQ3
U
mo UQ2
UUQ3
 2 R epw   2 211 ⋅ 21 4 
UUQ3 = UUQ2 ⋅ fyq ⋅  > 411 ⋅ fyq ⋅  >5:5/7!L
 311 
 D UQ UUJ   2111 
R pew = D UQ ⋅ (UUQ2 − UUQ3 ) > 311 ⋅ (411 − 5:5/7 ) >−49/:!NX
Xlps!>!Repw!,!Rpew!>!211!−!49/:!>!72/2!lX
c*
Xlps 72/2
ηC = > >1/72
R EPW 211

6/4/ Proveriti koji od dva prikazana kru`na procesa A i B ima ve}i stepen korisnog dejstva, ako je ∆t
(vidi sliku) jednako za oba procesa. Pri kojoj temperaturi toplotnog ponora UUQ, a pri nepromeqenoj
temperaturi toplotnog izvora UUJ>600 K, bi stepen korisnog dejstva kru`nog procesa B bio dva puta
ve}i od stepena korisnog dejstva kru`nog procesa A. Svi procesi sa radnom telom su ravnote`ni.
B
C
U U
∆t
2 3 3
600 600
∆t03
∆t
∆t03
100 100
4 2 4
t t
ciklus A: UUj = 711 K, UUQ = 211 K
R epw = R 23 = UUJ ⋅ ∆T
UUJ + UUQ − ∆T UUJ + UUQ − ∆T UUJ + UUQ
R pew = R 34 + R 45 = ⋅ + ⋅ = ⋅ (− ∆T)
3 3 3 3 3
U + UUQ 711 + 211
UUJ ⋅ ∆T + UJ ⋅ (− ∆T) 711 −
R EPW + R PEW 3 3
ηB = > > >1/53
R EPW UUJ ⋅ ∆T 711
ciklus B: UUj = 711 K, UUQ = 211 K
UUJ + UUQ ∆T UUJ + UUQ ∆T UUJ + UUQ

R epw = R 23 + R 34 = ⋅ + ⋅ = ⋅ ∆T R pew = R 42 = UUQ ⋅ (−∆T)
3 3 3 3 3
UUJ + UUQ 711 + 211
⋅ ∆T − UUQ ⋅ ∆T + − 211
R EPW + R PEW 3 3
ηC = > > >1/82
R EPW UUJ + UUQ 711 + 211
⋅ ∆T
3 3

UUJ + UUQ UUJ + UUQ

UUJ − − UUQ
ηB = 3 ηC = 3
UUJ UUJ + UUQ
3
UUJ + UUQ UUJ + UUQ
UUJ − − UUQ
3 ⋅ η B = ηC ⇒ 3⋅ 3 = 3 ⇒
UUJ UUJ + UUQ
3
UUQ >1!L
6/5/ Proveriti koji od dva prikazana kru`na procesa A i B ima ve}i stepen korisnog dejstva, ako je ∆t
(vidi sliku) jednako za oba procesa. U oba slu~aja temperatura toplotnog izvora iznosi UUJ>800 K, a
temperatura toplotnog ponora UUQ=300 K. Svi procesi sa radnom materijom su ravnote`ni.
B C
T, K T, K
1000 1000
900 900
UUJ UUJ 4
800 800
4
700 700
600 600 3 5
500 3 5 500
400 400
UUQ UUQ
300 300 2
200
2
200
∆t03 ∆t03
100 100
0 0
s, J/(kgK) s, J/(kgK)
∆t ∆t
re{ewe: η B =1/444 ηC >1/397

6/6/ Dvoatomni idealan gas obavqa proces gasnoturbinskog postrojewa koji se sastoji od dve izobare i dve
adijabate (Xulov ciklus). Stawe radnog tela na ulazu u kompresor je 1(q>2!cbs-!u>26pD), na izlazu iz
kompresora 2(q>6!cbs) i na ulazu u turbinu 3(u4>891pD). Stepen dobrote adijabatske kompresije je
ηlq fy
e =0.83, a stepen dobrote adijabatske ekspanzije η e =0.85. Odrediti:
a) termodinami~ki stepen korisnog dejstva ovog ciklusa (η)
b) termodinami~ki stepen korisnog dejstva ovog ciklusa za slu~aj maksimalne mogu}e rekuperacije
toplote (η′)
a)
κ −2 2/5 −2
  κ
U3L!>!U2 ⋅  q 3L  > 399 ⋅  6  2/5 >!567/25!L
 q 
 2   2
U −U 567/25 − 399
U3!>!U2!,! 3L lq 2 !>! 399 + >5:1/69!L
ηe 1/94
κ −2 2/5 −2
  κ
U5L!>!U4 ⋅  q 5L  > 2164 ⋅  2  2/5 >!775/95!L
q  6
 4 
fy
U5!>!U4!, η e ⋅ )U5l!−U4*!>!2164!, 1/96 ⋅ )775/95!−!2164*!>834/18!L
R epw + R pew U − U3 + U2 − U5 2164 − 5:1/69 + 399 − 834/18

η!>! >///> 4 !>! >1/34
R epw U4 − U3 2164 − 5:1/69
Repw!>!n!/!)r34*q>dpotu!>!n!/!dq!/!)!U4!−U3!*
Rpew!>!n!/!)r52*q>dpotu!>!n!/!dq!/!)!U2!−U5!*
Repw
!3 !4
X23 X45
!2 !5
Rpew

b)
Repw′
!3 R !C !4
E
K
U
X23 P X45
E
R
A
T
O
!2 !B R !5
Rpew′
op{ti uslov rekuperacije: U5!?!U3
uslov maksimalne rekuperacije: UB!>!U3! )UC!>!U5*
R epw (+R pew ( U − UC + U2 − UB 2164 − 834/18 + 399 − 5:1/69

η′!>! >///> 4 !> >!1/4:
R epw ( U4 − UC 2164 − 834/18
Repw′!>!n!/!)rC4*q>dpotu!>!n!/!dq!/!)!U4!−UC!*
Rpew′!>!n!/!)rB2*q>dpotu!>!n!/!dq!/!)!U2!−UB!*
U 4 Rsfl
U 4
5
!C
3 5
5L
3L 3
2
2 B
t t
bez rekuperacije sa rekuperacijom

6/7/ Sa vazduhom (idealan gas) kao radnim telom izvodi se idealan Xulov desnokretni ciklus (sve
promene stawa su kvazistati~ke). Ekspaznzija je dvostepenom sa me|uzagrevawem radnog tela, a
kompresija je dvostepena sa me|uhla|ewem (slika). Ako je qnby>27!cbs, qnjo>2!cbs!i ako je stepen
q q q q
kompresije u oba kompresora i stepen ekspanzije u obe turbine isti ( 8 = 2 = 3 = 5 ) i ako se
q7 q 9 q4 q6
toplota dovodi od toplotnog izvora temperatura UUJ>U3>U5>711!L- a predaje toplotnom ponoru
temperature UUQ>U7>U9>361!L, skicirati ciklus na Ut dijagramu i odrediti stepen korisnog dejstva
ciklusa (η).
2 3
5
9 8
4
7 6
3 5
U
4
2
8
9 7
t

qnjo!>!q7>!q6!>!2!cbs qnby!>!q2>!q3!>!27!cbs
q3 q 5
= ⇒ q4>q5!>!5!cbs
q4 q6
q 8 q2
= ⇒ q2>q9!>!5!cbs
q7 q9
κ −2 κ −2 2/5 −2
U2  q2  κ q  κ  27  2/5
=  ⇒ U2 = U9 ⋅  2  = 361 ⋅   = 482/6!L
U9  q 9   q9

  5 
κ −2 κ −2 2/5 −2
U3  q3  κ q  κ  5  2/5
=  ⇒ U4 = U3 ⋅  4  = 711 ⋅   = 514/8!L
U4  q 4   q3   27 
κ −2 κ −2 2/5 −2
U5  q 5  κ q  κ  2 2/5
=  ⇒ U6 = U5 ⋅  6  = 711 ⋅   = 514/8!L
U6  q 6   q5  5
κ −2 κ −2 2/5 −2
U7  q 7  κ q  κ 5 2/5
=  ⇒ U8 = U7 ⋅  8  = 361 ⋅   = 482/6!L
U8  q 8   q7

 2
R epw + R pew U − U2 + U5 − U4 + U7 − U6 + U9 − U8
η!>! >!///> 3 !>!1/46
R epw U3 − U2 + U5 − U4
Repw!>!n![)r23*q>dpotu!,!)r45*q>dpotu!]>!n!/!dq!/!)!U3!−!U2!,!U5!−!U4!*
Rpew!>!n![)r67*q>dpotu!,!)r89*q>dpotu!]>!n!/!dq!/!)!U7!−!U6!,!U9!−!U8!*
6/8/ U energetskom postrojewu za proizvodwu elektri~ne energije primewen je rekuperativni

desnokretni gasnoturbinski ciklus (Xulov ciklus) sa vazduhom (idealan gas) kao radnim telom. U
kompresoru se 311!lh0i radnog tela temperature 91pD adijabatski komprimuje od 1/4!NQb do 1/9!NQb, sa
stepenom dobrote ηelq>1/97. Dovo|ewem toplote radno telo se zatim zagreva do 891pD i odvodi u turbinu,
gde adijabatski ekspandira sa stepenom dobrote ηefy>1/:. Za vreme odvo|ewa toplote rekuperi{e se 91&
od koli~ine toplote koja bi se u najpovoqnijem slu~aju mogla rekuperisati. Skicirati proces u Ut
kooedinatnom sistemu i odrediti
a) stepen korisnog dejstva ciklusa
b) teorijsku snagu koja stoji na raspolagawu za pogon generatora, ako se turbina i kompresor nalaze na
istom vratilu
a) η!>!1/44
b) Q!>!6/6!lX

6/9/ Dvoatomni idealan gas obavqa teorijski (idealan) Otov kru`ni proces izme|u temperatura
Unby>U4>UUJ>2111!L i Unjo>U2>UUQ>3:1!L. Odrediti stepen kompresije )ε>w20w3* tako da korisna
⋅
snaga motora bude najve}a kao i snagu motora ako je molski protok gasa kroz motor o >:!npm0t.
⋅
Xofup = R epw + R pew = ...= o⋅ (Nd w ) ⋅ (U4 − U3 + U2 − U5 )
⋅
Repw!>!n!/!)r34*w>dpotu!>! o⋅ (Nd w ) ⋅ (U4 − U3 )
⋅
Rpew!>!n!/!)r52*w>dpotu!>! o⋅ (Nd w ) ⋅ (U2 − U5 )
κ −2 κ −2
U2  w 3  w 
=  ⇒ U3 = U2 ⋅  2  = U2 ⋅ ε κ −2
U3  w 2   w3 
κ −2 κ −2
U4  w 5  w 
=  ⇒ U5 = U4 ⋅  4  = U4 ⋅ ε2− κ
U5  w 4   w5 
( )
⋅
Xofup = o⋅ (Nd w ) ⋅ U4 − U2 ⋅ ε κ −2 + U2 − U4 ⋅ ε2− κ
∂Xofup
∂ε
⋅
[
= o⋅ (Nd w ) ⋅ − U2 ⋅ (κ − 2) ⋅ ε κ −3 − U4 ⋅ (2 − κ ) ⋅ ε − κ ]
∂Xofup
=1 ⇔ − U2 ⋅ (κ − 2) ⋅ ε κ −3 − U4 ⋅ (2 − κ ) ⋅ ε − κ = 1
∂ε
2 2
 U  3 κ −3  2111  3⋅2/5 −3
U2 ⋅ (κ − 2) ⋅ ε = U4 ⋅ (κ − 2) ⋅ ε ,
κ −3 −κ
ε =  4  >  >!5/8
 U2   3:1 
Qsj!tufqfov!lpnqsftjkf!ε>5/8!npups!ptuwbsvkf!obkwf~v!tobhv
Xnby
ε
ε>5/8

( )
Xnby = : ⋅ 21 −4 ⋅ 31/9 ⋅ 2111 − 3:1 ⋅ 5/82/5 −2 + 3:1 − 2111 ⋅ 5/82−2/5 >51!lX
Nbltjnbmob!tobhb!npupsb!j{optj! Xnby >51!lX
U 4
UJ
3−4;!w>dpotu
5−2;!w>dpotu
3
5
UQ
2
t
6/:/ Radna materija (idealan gas) obavqa idealan Xulov kru`ni ciklus izme|u temperatura U3>UUJ>2144
L i U5>UUQ>3:2!L. Odrediti temperaturu radne materije posle kvazistati~ke izentropskog sabijawa u
kompresoru (U2), odnosno posle kvazistati~ke izentropske ekspanzije u turbini (U4), tako da koristan rad
(rad na zajedni~kom vratilu) ima maksimalnu vrednost.
U 3
UJ
2−3;!q>dpotu
4−5;!q>dpotu
2
4
UQ
5
t
Xlpsjtubo!>!Repw!,!Rpew!>!///!>n!/!dq!/!)!U3!−!U2!,!U5!−!U4!*!>!///
Repw!>!n!/!)r23*q>dpotu!>!n!/!dq!/!)!U3!−U2!*
Rpew!>!n!/!)r45*q>dpotu!>!n!/!dq!/!)!U5!−U4!*

κ −2 κ −2
U2  q2  κ U3  q3  κ  q2   q3  U2 U
=  ⊕ =  ⊕   =   ⇒ = 3 ⇒
U5  q 5  U4  q 4   q5   q4  U5 U4
U ⋅U
U2 = 3 5 ⇒
U4
U3 ⋅ U5
Xlpsjtubo!>!n!/!dq!/!)!U3!− ,!U5!−!U4!*
U4
∂Xlpsjtop U ⋅U  ∂Xlpsjtop U3 ⋅ U5
= n ⋅ dq ⋅  3 3 5 − 2 -! =1 ⇔ − 2 >1
∂U4  U  ∂U4 U43
 4 
U3 ⋅ U5 2144 ⋅ 3:2
U4 = U3 ⋅ U5 > 2144 ⋅ 3:2 >659/4!L !!!!!!! U2 = > >!659/4!L
U4 659/4
Xnby
U4
U4>659/4
6/21/ Dvoatomni idealan gas obavqa realni desnokretni kru`ni proces gasnoturbinskog bloka (Xulov)
izme|u temperatura Unby>6:6pD i Unjo>26pD. Molski protok gasa kroz postrojewe iznosi 31!npm0t/!).
Stepen dobrote adijabatske kompresije je ηlq fy
e =0.88, a stepen dobrote adijabatske ekspanzije η e =0.88.
Odrediti maksimalnu snagu gasnoturbinskog bloka pri datim uslovima.
4
U
5
3
5L
3L
2
t

Korisno dobijen rad ima najve}u vrednost (vidi prethodni zadatak) kada je:
U2 ⋅ U4
U3l = U2 ⋅ U4 >!611!L U5l = !>!611!L
U3l
Me|utim u ovom zadatku su adijabatska kompresija i adijabatska ekspanzija

neravnote`ni (nekvazistati~ki) procesi. Uzimawem te ~iwenice u obzir
dobija se:
U3L − U2 611 − 399

U3!>!U2!,! !>! 399 + >639/:!L
ηlq
e
1/99
U5!>!U4!, η fy
e ⋅ )U5l!−U4*!>!979!, 1/99 ⋅ )611!−!979*!>655/27!L
Xlpsjtubo!>!Repw!,!Rpew!>!///
⋅
(
Repw!>!n!/!)r34*q>dpotu!>!n!/!dq!/!)!U4!−U3!*!> o⋅ Nd q ⋅ (U4 − U3 ))
⋅
(
Rpew!>!n!/!)r52*q>dpotu!>!n!/!dq!/!)!U2!−U5!*!> o⋅ Nd q ⋅ (U2 − U5 ))
⋅
( )
Xlpsjtubo> o⋅ Ndq ⋅ (U4 − U3 + U2 − U5 ) >
Xlpsjtubo!>Xnby!>! 31 ⋅ 21 −4 ⋅ (3:/2) ⋅ (979 − 639/: + 399 − 655/27 ) >59/38!lX
6/22/ Sa troatomnim idealnim gasom obavqa se Eriksonov desnokretni kru`ni proses sa izme|u
temperatura Unby>UUj>711!L!i Unjo>UUQ>511!L. Odrediti stepen korisnog dejstva ovog ciklusa za
slu~aj maksimalno mogu}e rekuperacije toplote i {rafirati na Ut dijagramu povr{nu koja odgovara
rekuperisanoj toploti.
re{ewe: η=0.33

6/23/ Nekom idealnom gasu dovodi se pri kvazistati~koj izotermskoj ekspanziji (2.3) R23>411!lK toplote
od izotermnog toplotnog izvora temperature UUJ>2111!L, pri ~emu entropija idealnog gasa poraste za
∆T23>1/6!lK0L. Pri kvazistati~koj promeni stawa (3.4) entropija idealnog gasa opada linearno u Ut
koordinatnom sistemu i pri tom se toplota predaje izotermnom toplotnom ponoru temperature UUQ>3:4
L sve dok se ne uspostavi stawe termodinami~ke ravnoteè. Od stawa (4) do po~etnog stawa (2) dolazi se
kvazistati~kom izentropskom kompresijom. Skicirati promene stawa idealnog gasa u Ut koordinatama i
odrediti:
a) stepen korisnog dejstva ovog kru`nog ciklusa
b) odrediti promenu entrpopije sistema (lK0L)
c) {rafirati na Ut dijagramu povr{inu ekvivalentnu korisno dobijenom radu
U
UJ
2 3
UQ
4
t
b*
R epw + R pew
η= = /// = 1/37 )37&*
R epw
R epw = R23 = 411 lK
T3
∫
R epw 411
R epw = R 23 = U)t*eT = U3 ⋅ ∆T23 ⇒ U3 = = = 711 L
∆T23 1/6
T2
T4
∫
U3 + U4 U + U4
R pew = R 34 = U)t*eT = ⋅ ∆T 34 = 3 ⋅ )−∆T23 *
3 3
T3
711 + 3:4
R pew = ⋅ )−1/6* = −334/4 lK
3

c*
lK
∆T tjtufn = ∆Tsbeopufmp + ∆T UJ + ∆T UQ = /// = −1/4 + 1/87 = 1/57
lhL
R epw 411 lK
∆T UJ = − =− = −1/41
UUJ 2111 L
R pew − 334/4 lK
∆T UQ = − =− = 1/87
UUQ 3:4 L
d*
Xlpsjtubo!>!Repw!,!Rpew!>!Repw!−! R pew
Princip {rafirawja korisnog rada na Ut dijagramu je princip oduzimawa

povr{ina koje predstavqaju dovedenu (Repw* i odvedenu )Rpew*!toplotu.
U U
2 3 3
t t
Repw − R pew
U
2 3
>
4
t
Xlpsjtubo

6/24/ Radna susptancija (idealan gas) obavqa desnokretni kru`ni proces koji se sastoji iz izobarskog
dovo|ewa toplote, kvazistati~ke (ravnote`ne) adijabatske ekspanzije, izotermskog odvo|ewa toplote i
kvazistati~ke (ravnote`ne) adijabatske kompresije. Toplota se radnoj supstanciji predaje od dimnih
gasova (idealan gas), koji se pri tome izobarski hlade (Cp=1.06 kJ/K), od po~etne temperature!uh2>:11pD.
Od radne susptancije, okolini stalne temperature up>29pD- predaje se 411!lK!toplote na povratan na~in.
Odrediti stepen korisnosti ovog kru`nog procesa i skicirati ga u
Ut i qw koordinatnom sistemu.
U q
2 3
3
2
5
4
5 4
t w
Rpew!>!R45!>!−!411!lK
T5
∫
R epw − 411 lK
R pew = R 45 = U)t*eT = U4 ⋅ ∆T 45 ⇒ ∆T 45 = = = −2/14
U4 3:2 L
T4
lK
∆T23!>!−!∆T45!>!2/14!
L
(∆T tjtufn )23 (

= ∆T23 + ∆T ejno hbt ) 23
(
!!!!!!!⇒!!!!!!! ∆T ejno hbt )
23
= −∆T23 >2/14!
lK
L
(∆T ejn o hbt )

23
= n eh ⋅ S h ⋅ mo
q eh3
q eh2
− D qEH ⋅ mo
UEH3
UEH2
⇒
 ∆T ejnoj hbt 
UEH3 = UEH2 ⋅ fyq  > 2284 ⋅ fyq − 2/14  >554/:!L
 D qEH   2/17 
 
Repw!>!R23!>−!REH!>! − D qEH ⋅ (UEH3 − UEH2 ) > − 2/17 ⋅ (554/: − 2284 ) >883/96!lK
R epw + R pew 883/96 . 411

η!>! > >1/72
R epw 883/96
zadatak za ve`bawe (1.14.)
6/25/ Vazduh (idealan gas) vr{i slede}i kru`ni proces. Od po~etnog stawa (U2>411!L) vr{i se
kvazistati~ka promena stawa po zakonu prave linije u Ut koordinatnom sistemu pri ~emu se radnom
telu dovodi toplota od toplotnog izvora stalne temperature UUJ>U3?U2, pri ~emu je w2>w3. Nakon toga
vr{i se kvazistati~ka izentropska ekspanzija do po~etne temperature. Kru`ni proces se zatvara
kvazistati~kom izotermom. Stepen korisnog dejstva ovog ciklusa iznosi η>1/36. Skicirati ciklus na
Ut dijagramu i odrediti promenu entropije izolovanog sistema za najpovoqniji poloàj temperatura
toplotnog izvora i toplotnog ponora.
K
re{ewe: ∆ttjtufn!>!85!
lhL

6/26/ Vazduh (idealan gas) u prvom slu~aju obavqa desnokretni Xulov kru`ni proces.
U drugom slu~aju pri istom odnosu pritisaka qnby0qnjo>4, istoj dovedenoj koli~ini toplote i istoj
Unby>:84!L, izentropska kompresija zamewuje se izotermskom kompresijom, pri temperaturi Unjo>4:6!L.
Sve promene stawa vazduha su ravnote`ne.
a) odrediti termodinami~ke stepene korisnosti kru`nih procesa za oba slu~aja
b) odrediti termodinami~ke stepena korisnosti, ako se u oba prethodna slu~aja obavqaju kru`ni
procesi sa potpunim regenerativnim zagrevawem radne materije
b*
U 4 U 4
Unby Unby
3 3 5
5 Unjo
2′
2
t t
q3!>!q4!>!qnby! ! q2!>!q5!>!qnjo
κ −2 2/5 −2
q  κ  2  2/5
U5!>!U4! ⋅  5  = ! :84 ⋅   = 821/:!L
 q4  4
κ −2 2/5 −2
q  κ 4 2/5
U2!>!U3!  2  = 4:6 ⋅   = !399/7!L
 q3   2

prvi slu~aj:
r epw + r pew 689 − 553/4

ηJ!>! = ///!> = !1/38
r epw 689
lK
repw!>!r34!>!dq!/!)!U4!−!U3!*!>! 2 ⋅ (:84 − 4:6 ) >689!!
lh
lK
rpew!>!r52!>!dq!/!)!U2!−!U5!*!> 2 ⋅ (399/7 − 821/: ) >−!533/4!
lh
drugi slu~aj:
repw + rpew 689 − 551/5

ηJJ!>! = ///!> = !1/35
repw 689
lK
repw!>!r34!>!dq!/!)!U4!−!U3!*!> 2 ⋅ (:84 − 4:6 ) >!689!!
lh
lK
rpew!>!r52′!,!r2′3!>!///!>!−426/:!−!235/6!>−!551/5!!
lh
lK
r52′!>!dq!/!)!U2′!−!U5!*!>! 2 ⋅ (4:6 − 821/: ) >−!426/:!
lh
q 2 lK
r2′3!>!U2′!/!Sh!/!mo! 2( = 4:6 ⋅ 1/398 ⋅ mo >−235/6!
q3 4 lh
c*
u oba slu~aja maksimalna rekuperisana toplota je jednaka i iznosi:
lK
rsfl!>!r52′!>!−!427!
lh
prvi slu~aj:
r epw (+r pew (

ηJ′!>! = ///!>!1/6:
r epw (
lK lK
repw′!>!repw!.! q rek !>!373! rpew′!>!rpew!,! q rek !>!−!217!
lh lh
drugi slu~aj:
r epw (+r pew (

ηJJ′!>! = ///!>!1/63
r epw (
lK lK
repw′!>!repw!.! q rek !>!373! rpew′!>!rpew!,! q rek !>!−!217!
lh lh

6/27/ Ciklus gasne turbine koji radi sa troatomnim idealnim gasom kao radnim telom sastoji se iz
izotermskog kvazistati~kog sabijawa (2.3), izohorskog dovo|ewa toplote (3.4), adijabatske ekspanzije (4.
5) i izobarskog odvo|ewa toplote (5.2). Ako je odnos pritisaka )q40q5*>9/5 i )q30q2*>4/6- odrediti
termodinami~ki stepen korisnosti kru`nog procesa (η) za slu~aj da je adijabatska ekspanzija (4.5):
a) kvazistati~ka
b) nekvazistati~ka sa stepenom dobrote ekspanzije ηefy>1/:6
a)
!4
!U
!5l
!3 !2
!t
U3!>!U2 q3!>!4/6/q2
U3 q3 q4 9/5 ⋅ q2
= ⇒ U4 = U3 ⋅ = U2 ⋅ = 3/5 ⋅ U2
U4 q 4 q3 4/6 ⋅ q2
κ −2 κ −2 2/39 −2
q  κ  q2  κ  2  2/39
U5l!>!U4!  5l  = 3/5 ⋅ U2 ⋅   = 3/5 ⋅ U2 ⋅   = 2/6!/U2
 q4   9/5 ⋅ q2   9/5 
R epw = n ⋅ (r34 )w =dpotu = o ⋅ [(Nd w ) ⋅ (U4 − U3 )] !>!)Ndw*!/!2/5!/!U2
[ 
] ( ) q 
R pew = n ⋅ (r 5l2 )q = dpotu + (r23 )U = dpotu > o ⋅  Nd q ⋅ (U2 − U5l ) + NS h ⋅ U2 ⋅ mo 2 
q3 
( )


( ) (
R pew = o ⋅  Nd q ⋅ (− 1/6 ⋅ U2 ) + NS h ⋅ U2 ⋅ mo )
2 
4/6 
! ⇒

R + R pew
(Nd w ) ⋅ 2/5 ⋅ U2 − (Ndq ) ⋅ 1/6 ⋅ U2 + (NSh ) ⋅ U2 ⋅ mo 2
η!>! epw =! 4/6 !>
R epw (Nd w ) ⋅ 2/5 ⋅ U2
2
3:/2 ⋅ 2/5 − 48/5 ⋅ 1/6 + 9/426 ⋅ mo
η>! 4/6 >1/396
3:/2 ⋅ 2/5

b)
!4
!U
!5
!5l
!3 !2
!t
U4 − U5
ηfy
e = !⇒ e ⋅ (U4 − U5l ) ⇒
U5 = U4 − ηfy
U4 − U5l
U5 = 3/5 ⋅ U2 − 1/:6 ⋅ (3/5 U2 − 2/6 ⋅ U2 ) !>!2/66!/U2
R epw = n ⋅ (r34 )w =dpotu = o ⋅ [(Nd w ) ⋅ (U4 − U3 )] !>!)Ndw*!/!2/5!/!U2
[ ] (

) ( q 
)
R pew = n ⋅ (r 52 )q = dpotu + (r23 )U = dpotu >  Nd q ⋅ (U2 − U5 ) + NS h ⋅ U2 mo 2  !
q
 3

( ) (
R pew = o ⋅  Nd q ⋅ (− 1/66 ⋅ U2 ) + NS h ⋅ U2 mo )2 
/6 
!
 4
R + R pew
(Nd w ) ⋅ 2/5 ⋅ U2 − (Ndq )⋅ 1/66 ⋅ U2 + (NSh )⋅ U2 ⋅ mo 2
η!>! epw =! 4/6 !>
R epw (Nd w ) ⋅ 2/5 ⋅ U2
2
3:/2 ⋅ 2/5 − 48/5 ⋅ 1/66 + 9/426 ⋅ mo
η>! 4/6 >1/35
3:/2 ⋅ 2/5

6/28/ Vazduh (idealan gas) obavqa desnokretni kru`ni proces koji se sastoji od dve kvazistati~ke
(ravnote`ne) izentrope i dve nekvazistati~ke (neravnote`ne) izoterme, izme|u temperatura Unjo>411!L
i Unby>911!L. Pritisak vazduha na kraju izotermske kompresije iznosi q2>1/2!NQb, a na kraju izotermske
ekspanzije iznosi q4>1/9!NQb. Temperature toplotnog izvora i toplotnog ponora su stalne i iznose
UUJ>961!L i UUQ>391!L. Odrediti:
a) termodinami~ki stepen korisnosti kru`nog procesa, ako promena entropije izolovanog sistema za
proces dovo|ewa toplote iznosi 71!K0)lhL*- odnosno promena entropije izolovanog sistema za proces
odvo|ewa toplote iznosi 211!K0lhL
b) promenu entropije izolovanog sistema (koji sa~iwavaju toplotni izvor, toplotni ponor, i radno
telo) za slu~aj da se sve promene stawa odvijaju kvazistati~ki (ravnote`no)
a)
U
UJ
3 U 4
nby
Unjo
2 5
UQ
t
repw + rpew
η!>! = ///
repw
repw!>!r34!>!///
rpew!>!r52!>!///
κ 2/5
  κ −2
q3!>!q2 ⋅  U3  > 2 ⋅ 21 6 ⋅  911  2/5 −2 >!42/216!Qb
U  411 
 2 
proces 2-3:
U4 q 9 K
∆t34!>! dq mo − S h mo 4 = − 398 mo = 49:!
U3 q3 42 lhL
r 34
(∆T tjtufn )34 !>!∆t34!−! ⇒ r34!>!UUJ ⋅ (∆t 34 − (∆t tjtufn ) )
34
UUJ
lK
r34> 961 ⋅ (49: − 71) >38:/76!
lh

κ 2/5
  κ −2
q5!>!q4 ⋅  U5  > 9 ⋅ 21 6 ⋅  411  2/5 −2 >!1/37!/216!Qb
U   911 
 4 
proces 4-1:
U2 q 2 K
∆t52!>! d q mo − S h mo 2 = − 398 mo = −49:! !)uo~iti da je!∆t52>−∆t23*
U5 q5 1/37 lhL
(∆T tjtufn )52 >!∆t52!−! r52 ⇒ r52!>!UUQ ⋅ (∆t 52 − (∆t tjtufn )52 )
Uuq
kJ
r52>! 391 ⋅ (−49: − 211) >−!247/:3!
kg
lK
repw!>!r34!>!38:/76!
lh
lK
rpew!>!r52!>!−!247/:3!
lh
repw + rpew 38:/76 − 247/:3

η!>! = !>!1/62
repw 38:/76
b)
q3 42 lK
repw′!>! (r 34 )U =dpotu > U3 ⋅ S h mo = 911 ⋅ 398 ⋅ mo = 422!
q4 9 lh
q5 2 lK
rpew′!>! (r 52 )U =dpotu > U5 ⋅ Sh mo = 391 ⋅ 398 ⋅ mo = −227!
q2 1/37 lh
K
∆t tjtufn = ∆t sbeopufmp + ∆t UJ + ∆t UQ = /// = −476/: + 525/4 = 59/5
lhL
repw 422 K
∆t UJ = − =− = −476/:
UUJ 961 lhL
rpew −227 K
∆t UQ = − =− = 525/4
UUQ 391 lhL

6/29/ Parno turbinsko postrojewe radi po idealnom Rankin−Klauzijus–ovom kru`nom procesu izme|u
qnjo>1/2!cbs!i qnby>21!cbs. U kondenzatoru, se rashladnoj vodi predaje toplota i pri tom se rashladna
⋅
voda n x >4!lh0t, zagreje od stawa B)q>2!cbs-!u>21pD* do stawa B!)q>2!cbs-!u>31pD*/ Snaga napojne pumpe
iznosi 0.2!lX. Skicirati kru`ni proces na Ut dijagramu i odrediti:
a) termodinami~ki stepen korisnog dejstva ciklusa
b) snagu turbine
U
2 3
3
5 4 5
4
C B
t
a)
ta~ka 4: q>1/17!cbs- y>1 (kqu~ala te~nost)
lK lK
i5!>!2:2/:! - t5!>!1/75:3!
lh lhL
lK
ta~ka 1: q!>21!cbs- t>1/75:3! )te~nost*
lhL
lK
i2!>!2:4/72!!!
lh
ta~ka 3: q!>2!cbs
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
Prvi zakon termodinamike za proces u pumpi: R 23 = ∆ I23 + X 23
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
X 23 = − ∆ I23 > − nq ⋅ (i2 − i 5 ) > X q ⇒
⋅
⋅ XQ −1/2 lh
nq = > >6/: ⋅ 21 −3
i 5 − i2 2:2/: − 2:4/72 t

⋅ ⋅ ⋅
Prvi zakon termodinamike za proces u kondenzatoru: R 23 = ∆ I23 + X 23
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
I2 = I3 ⇒ nq ⋅ i 4 + n x ⋅ i B > n q ⋅ i 5 + n x ⋅ i C
⋅ ⋅
nq ⋅ i 5 + n x ⋅ (iC − i B ) 6/: ⋅ 21 −3 ⋅ 2:2/: + 4 ⋅ (95 − 53) lK
i4!>! >///>! >3422/4!
nq
⋅
6/: ⋅ 21 −3 lh
lK lK
t4!>8/3:6! )q>1/2!cbs-!i>3422/4! *
lh lh
lK
ta~ka A: q!>21!cbs- u>21pD ⇒ iB!>!53!
lh
lK
ta~ka C: q!>21!cbs- u>31pD ⇒ iC!>!95!
lh
lK
ta~ka 2: q!>21!cbs- t>8/3:6! )pregrejana para*
lhL
lK
i3!>!4266/6!!!
lh
a)
⋅ ⋅
R epw + R pew 285/8 − 236
η= ⋅
>!///>! >1/39
285/8
R epw
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
R epw = R 23 = n q ⋅ (i 3 − i2 ) > 6/: ⋅ 21 −3 ⋅ (4266/6 − 2:4/72) >285/8!lX
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
R epw = R 45 = n q ⋅ (i 5 − i 4 ) > 6/: ⋅ 21 −3 ⋅ (2:2/: − 3422/4 ) >−236!lX
b)
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
Prvi zakon termodinamike za proces u turbini: R 23 = ∆ I23 + X 23
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
X 23 = − ∆ I23 > − nq ⋅ (i 4 − i 3 ) > − 6/: ⋅ 21 −3 ⋅ (3422/4 − 4266/6 ) >61!lX> X uvs

6/2:/ U parnom kotlu uz konstantan pritisak od q>51!cbs od vode temperature 41pD proizvodi se vodena
para temperature u>611pD. Ta para izentropski (ravnote`no) ekspandira u turbini do pritiska od
q>1/17!cbs, a zatim se odvodi u kondenzator. Napojna pumpa vra}a u kotao pothla|en kondenzat. Toplota
potrebna za proizvodwu pare u parnom kotlu obezbe|uje se hla|ewem dimnih gasova (idealan gas) od
po~etne temperature 2711pD do temperature od 311pD. Koli~ina dimnih gasova je 6611!lnpm0i- a wihov
zapreminski sastav 29&!DP3-!:&P3-!84&O3 . Skicirati promene stawa vodene pare na Ut dijagramu i
odrediti:
a) termodinami~ki stepen korisnog dejstva kru`nog procesa
c* snagu turbine
3
U
4
5
t
ta~ka 1: q!>51!cbs- u>41pD )te~nost*

lK lK
i2!>!23:/4! - !t2>1/544!
lh lhL
ta~ka 2: q>51!cbs- u>611pD (pregrejana para)

lK lK
i3!>!4556! - t3!>!8/198!
lh lhL
lK
ta~ka 3: q!>1/17!cbs- t4>!t3!>!8/198! (vla`na para)
lhL
lK
y4!>!1/95- i4!>!3291/6!!!
lh
lK
ta~ka 4: q!>1/17!cbs- t5>!t2>!1/544! (te~nost)
lhL
lK
i5!>!236/:!!!
lh

repw + rpew 4426/8 − 3165/7

η!>! = ///!> = !1/49
repw 4426/8
lK
repw!>!r23!>!i3!!−!i2!>!4556!−!23:/4!>!4426/8!
lh
lK
rpew!>!r45!>i5!−!i4!>!236/:!−!3291/6>−3165/7!
lh
c*
analiza dimnih gasova:
N eh = sDP3 ⋅ NDP3 + sP3 ⋅ NP3 + sO3 ⋅ NO3 > 1/29 ⋅ 55 + 1/1: ⋅ 43 + 1/84 ⋅ 39 >
lh
Neh!>42/35!
lnpm
d qeh =
2
N eh
(
⋅ sDP3 ⋅ NDP3 ⋅ d qDP3 + sP3 ⋅ NP3 ⋅ d qP3 + sO3 ⋅ NO3 ⋅ d qO3 > )
2 lK
d qeh = ⋅ (1/29 ⋅ 55 ⋅ 1/96 + 1/1: ⋅ 43 ⋅ 1/:2 + 1/84 ⋅ 39 ⋅ 2/15 ) >1/:9!
42/35 lhL
⋅ ⋅ 6611 lh
n eh = o eh ⋅ N eh > ⋅ 42/35 >58/8!
4711 t
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces u parnom kotlu: R 23 = ∆ I23 + X 23
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
nq ⋅ i2 + n eh ⋅ d qeh ⋅ Uh2 = nq ⋅ i 3 + n eh ⋅ d qeh ⋅ Uh3 ⇒
⋅
⋅ n eh ⋅ d qeh ⋅ )Uh2 − Uh3 * 58/8 ⋅ 1/:9 ⋅ )2711 − 311* lh
nq = > >2:/85!
i3 − i2 4556 − 23:/4 t
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
Prvi zakon termodinamike za proces u turbini: R 23 = ∆ I23 + X 23
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
X 23 = − ∆ I23 > − nq ⋅ (i 4 − i 3 ) > −2:/85 ⋅ (3291/6 − 4556 ) >36!NX> X uvs

6/31/ Parnoturbinsko postrojewe radi po Rankin-ovom kru`nom procesu. Stepen dobrote adijabatske
ekspanzije u turbini iznosi ηefy>1/9, a stepen dobrote adijabatske kompresije u pumpi iznosi ηelq>1/:7.
Stawe vodene pare na ulazu u turbinu je q>51!cbs i u>431pD, a pritisak u kondenzatoru kf!q>1/13!cbs.
Skicirati promene stawa vodene pare na Ut i it dijagramu i odrediti:
a) termodinami~ki stepen korisnog dejstva ciklusa (η)
b) termodinami~ki stepen korisnog dejstva Karnoovog ciklusa koji radi izme|u istih temperatura
toplotnog izvora i toplotnog ponora )ηL*
i
U 3
3
2
2L
2 4
4L
2L
5
4L 4 t t
5
b*
lK lK
i3>!4121! - t3>!7/557!
lh lhL
lK
ta~ka 3k: q!>1/13!cbs- t>7/557! (vla`na para)
lhL
lK
y4l!>!1/84- i4l!>!2979/:!!!
lh
ta~ka 3: q!>1/13!cbs- ηefy>1/9
i3 − i 4
ηfy
e =
⇒ e (i3 − i 4l ) =
i4!>!i3!−! ηfy
i3 − i4l
lK
i4!>!4121!−! 1/9 ⋅ (4121 3 − 2979/: ) = 31:8/2! ! (vla`na para)
lh

lK lK
i5!>!84/63! - t5!>!1/3:1:!
lh lhL

lK
ta~ka 1k: q!>51!cbs- t>1/3:1:! )te~nost*
lhL
lK
i2l!>!88/:7!!!
lh
ta~ka 1: q!>51!cbs- ηelq>1/:7
i 5 − i2l i −i lK
ηlq
e = ⇒ i2!>!i5!.− 5 lq 2l = 89/25!
i 5 − i2 ηe lh
84/63 − 89/25 lK
i2!>!84/63!.− = 89/25! (te~nost)
1/:7 lh
r + rpew 3:42/: − 3134/7
η!>! epw = ///!> = !1/42
repw 3:42/:
lK lK
repw!>!r23!>!i3!!−!i2!>!3:42/:! rpew!>!r45!>i5!−!i4!>!−!3134/7!
lh lh
c*
UUJ − UUQ 6:4 − 3:1/6
ηL!>! = ///!> = 1/62
UUJ 6:4
UUJ!>!U3!>!6:4!L UUQ!>!U4!>!U5!>!)Ulmk*q>1/13!cbs!>!3:1/6!L
6/32/ Idealni Rankin-Klauzijusov ciklus obavqa se sa vodenom parom izme|u pritisaka qnjo>1/15!cbs i
qnby>51!cbs, sa pregrejanom vodenom parom (u>571pD*!na ulazu u turbinu. Za rekuperativno zagrevawe
napojne vode (u zagreja~u me{nog tipa), do temperature od uC>215/9pD, iz turbine se pri pritisku pe
⋅
q4>2/3!cbs oduzima deo qbsf!) n 4>291!lh0i*!(slika). Zanemaruju}i radove napojnih pumpi, skicirati
proces na Ut dijagramu i odrediti:
a) termodinami~ki stepen korisnosti ovog kru`nog procesa
b) snagu parne turbine
Repw
!2 !3
!C
!4
Xuvs
!B
!6 !5
Rpew

U
3
2 4
B
C
6 5
t
b*

lK lK
i3!>!4464! - t3!>!7/:76!
lh lhL
lK
ta~ka 3: q!>2/3!cbs- t>7/:76! (vla`na para)
lhL
lK
y4!>!1/:5- i4!>!3659/5!!!
lh
lK
ta~ka 4: q>1/15!cbs- t>7/:76! (vla`na para)
lhL
lK
y5!>!1/92- i5!>!31:2/9!!!
lh

lK lK
i6!>!232/53! -t6!>!1/5336!
lh lhL
ta~ka A = ta~ka 5 (jer se zanemaruje rad pumpe)
ta~ka B: q>!2/3!cbs u>215/9pD )kqu~ala te~nost)
lK
iC!>!54:/5!
lh
ta~ka 1 = ta~ka B! (jer se zanemaruje rad pumpe)

⋅ ⋅
R epw + R pew 2218/28 − 761/34
η= ⋅
>!///>! >1/52
2218/28
R epw
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
R epw = R 23 = n⋅ (i 3 − i2 ) > 1/49 ⋅ (4464 − 54:/5 ) >2218/28!lX
⋅ ⋅  ⋅ ⋅ 
Rpew = R 56 =  n− n4  ⋅ (i6 − i5 ) > (1/49 − 1/16 ) ⋅ (232/53 − 31:2/9 ) >−761/34lX
 
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces u me{nom zagreja~u vode:
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
R 23 = ∆ I23 + X 23 ⇒ I2 = I3
 ⋅ ⋅  ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ i − iB
 n− n 4  ⋅ i B + n 4 ⋅ i 4 = n⋅ iC ⇒ n = n4 ⋅ 4
  i C − iB
⋅ ⋅ i − iB 3659/5 − 232/53 lh
n = n4 ⋅ 4 > 1/16 ⋅ >1/49!
iC − i B 54:/5 − 232/53 t
c*
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces u parnoj turbini: R 23 = ∆ I23 + X 23
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅  ⋅  ⋅ ⋅   ⋅
X 23 = − ∆ I23 > I2 − I3 > n⋅ i 3  − n 4 ⋅ i 4 +  n− n 4  ⋅ i 5  >567/:5!lX> X uvs
     
6/33/ Vodena para obavqa Rankin-Klauzijusov ciklus (slika kao u prethodnom zadatku)
izme|u pritisaka qnjo>1/2!cbs i qnby>2!cbs. U kotlu se voda zagreva i isparava. Suvozasi}ena vodena
para ulazi u turbinu gde ekspandira kvazistati~ki adijabatski. Pri ekspanziji se iz turbine oduzima
jedan deo pare na pritisku od q>1/4!cbs i koristi za rekuperativno zagrevawe napojne vode u me{nom
zagreja~u od temperature koja vlada u kondenzatoru do temperature od 7:/23pD. Zanemaruju}i radove
napojnih pumpi odrediti snagu turbine ako kotao proizvodi 2!lh0t pare i skicirati procese na Ut
dijagramu.
2
3
B 4
C
6 5
t

ta~ka 2: q>2!cbs- y>2 (suva para)

lK lK
i3!>!3786! - t3!>!8/47!
lh lhL
lK
ta~ka 3: q!>1/4!cbs- t>8/47! (vla`na para)
lhL
lK
y4!>!1/:5- i4!>!3595/:!!!
lh
lK
ta~ka 4: q>1/2!cbs- t>8/47! (vla`na para)
lhL
lK
y5!>!1/9:- i5!>!3431/:!!!
lh

lK
i6!>!2:2/:!
lh
ta~ka A = ta~ka 5! (jer se zanemaruje rad pumpe)
ta~ka B: q>!1/4!cbs- u>7:/23pD (kqu~ala te~nost)
lK
iC!>!39:/4!
lh
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces u me{nom zagreja~u vode:
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
R 23 = ∆ I23 + X 23 ⇒ I2 = I3
 ⋅ ⋅  ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ iC − i B
 n− n 4  ⋅ i B + n 4 ⋅ i 4 = n⋅ iC ⇒ n 4 = n⋅
i4 − i B
 
⋅ 39:/4 − 2:2/3 lh
n4 > 2 ⋅ >1/154!
3595/: − 2:2/3 t
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅  ⋅  ⋅ ⋅   ⋅
X 23 = − ∆ I23 > I2 − I3 > n⋅ i 3  − n 4 ⋅ i 4 +  n− n 4  ⋅ i 5  >!453!lX!> X uvs
     

6/34/ Parno turbinsko postrojewe (slika), radi po Rankinovom kru`nom procesu. U parnoj turbini
nekvazistati~ki adijabatski {iri se pregrejana vodena para stawa 3)q>36!cbs-!u>571pD* do pritiska q5
>1/15!cbs. Deo pare pri pritisku q4>4!cbs!se oduzima iz turbine radi regenerativnog zagrevawa napojne
vode (u zagreja~u vode povr{inskog tipa) od temperature!)uLMK*Q5!do temperature )uLK*Q4. Ako prvi deo
turbine (do oduzimawa pare) radi sa stepenom dobrote ηefy>1/:!i masenim protokom
⋅ ⋅
n >23/6!lh0t!i ako je korisna snaga turbine X uvs >22!NX, zanemaruju}i rad napojnih pumpi odrediti:
a) toplotni protok koji para predaje okolini u kondenzatoru
b) stepen dobrote adijabatske ekspanzije u drugom delu turbine (nakon oduzimawa pare)
c) termodinami~ki stepen korisnog dejstva ciklusa
d) skicirati procese sa vodenom parom na Ut dijagramu
Repw
!2 !3 ⋅
n
!C ⋅ !4
n4
Xuvs
⋅ ⋅
!B n− n 4
!6 !5
Rpew
U
!3
2 4
C
B
!4l
6 5l !5
!t


lK lK
i3!>!4484! - t3!>!8/313!
lh lhL
lK
ta~ka 3k: q!>4!cbs- t>8/313! (pregrejana para)
lhL
lK
i4l!>!3927/:!!!
lh
i3 − i 4
ta~ka 3: q!>4!cbs- ηfy
e = >1/:
i3 − i4l
lK lK
i4!>!3982/8!!! - t4!>8/433!
lh lhL
lK
ta~ka 4k: q>1/15!cbs- t>8/433! (vla`na para)
lhL
lK
y5l!>!1/97- i5l!>!3324/5!!!
lh

lK
i6!>!232/53!
lh
ta~ka B: q>!1/15!cbs- y>1 (kqu~ala te~nost)

lK
iC!>!672/5!
lh

ograni~enom isprekidanom konturom:
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
R 23 = ∆ I23 + X 23 ⇒ I2 = I3
 ⋅ ⋅  ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ iC − i B
 n− n 4  ⋅ i B + n 4 ⋅ i 4 = n⋅ iC ⇒ n 4 = n⋅
  i4 − i B
⋅ 672/5 − 232/53 lh
n 4 > 23/6 ⋅ >3!
3982/8 − 232/53 t

⋅ ⋅ ⋅
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅  ⋅  ⋅ ⋅   ⋅
X 23 = − ∆ I23 > I2 − I3 > n⋅ i 3  − n 4 ⋅ i 4 +  n− n 4  ⋅ i 5  >! X uvs
     
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
n⋅ i 3 − X uvs − n 4 ⋅ i 4 23/6 ⋅ 4484 − 22 ⋅ 21 4 − 3 ⋅ 3982/8 lK
i5!>! ⋅ ⋅
> >3531/:!
23/6 − 3 lh
n− n4
i′!=!i5!!=!i″ ta~ka 4 je u vla`noj pari
b*
⋅ ⋅  ⋅ ⋅ 
R lpoe!>! R 56>  n− n4  ⋅ (i 6 − i 5 ) !>! 2(23/6 − 3 ) ⋅ (232/53 − 3531/: ) >−35/2!NX
 
c*
i4 − i 5 3982/8 − 3531/:
ηfy
e = > >1/79
i4 − i5l 3982/8 − 3324/5
c)
⋅ ⋅
R epw + R pew 46/2 − 35/2
η= ⋅
>!///>! >1/42
46/2
R epw
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
R epw = R 23 = n⋅ (i 3 − i2 ) > 23/6 ⋅ (4484 − 672/5 ) >46/2!NX
⋅ ⋅  ⋅ ⋅ 
R epw = R 56 =  n− n 4  ⋅ (i 6 − i 5 ) > (23/6 − 3 ) ⋅ (232/53 − 3531/: ) >−!35/2!NX
 
6/35/ Sa vodenom parom kao radnim telom, izvr{ava se Rankin−Klauzijus−ov kru`ni proces sa
maksimalnom regeneracijom toplote. Regeneracija toplote, koja se odvija sa beskona~no mnogo predajnika
toplote povr{inskog tipa, naizmeni~no povezanih sa beskona~no mnog toplotno izolovanih turbina,
vr{i se sa ciqem predgrevawa napojne vode pre ulaza u parni kotao. Kru`ni proces se odvija izme|u
pritisaka qnjo>1/16!cbs i qnby>61!cbs i najve}om temperaturom u tokou procesa od unby>511pD. Kotao
⋅
proizvodi n >1/2!lh0t!pare, a procesi u turbinama su ravnote`ni (kvazistati~ki). Skicirati proces na
Ts dijagramu i zanemaruju}i rad napojne pumpe, odrediti:
a) termodinami~ki stepen korisnosti kru`nog procesa
b) snagu turbine visokog pritiska, UWQ
c) snagu turbine niskog pritiska, UOQ, (sve turbine osim prve)
d) relativno pove}awe stepena korisnog dejstva (%) u odnosu na ciklus bez regeneracije toplote(sa samo
jednom turbinom)

U U
3 Unby
4
2
2 qnby
4
B
5
B
qnjo
6 5
t t
napomena: {rafiran povr{ina (ispod linije A−1) i povr{ina ispod

stepenaste linije 3−4 je jednaka i predstavqa maksimalno
mogu}u regenerisanu (rekuperisanu) toplotu u ovom ciklusu

lK lK
i6!>!248/94! -! t6>!1/5872
lh lhL
ta~ka 1: q>61!cbs- y>1 (kqu~ala te~nost)

lK lK
i2!>!2265/5! - t2>3/:32! - !u2>374/:2pD
lh lhL

lK lK
i3!>!42:4! - t3!>!7/75!
lh lhL
lK
ta~ka 3: u4>!u2>374/:2pD-!!!!!t4>t3!>!7/75! (pregrejana para)
lhL
lK
i4!>!3:51! (ova vrednost se ~ita sa it dijagrama za vodenu paru)
lh

ta~ka 4: q>1/16!cbs- ∆t45!>!−∆tB2!(uslov ekvidistantnosti)
lK
t5!−!t4!>!tB!−!t2!!!!!⇒!!!!!t5!>!tB!−!t2!,!t4!>1/5872!−!3/:32!,7/75!>5/2:6!
lhL
lK
y5>1/58 !i5>2387/8
lh
a)
repw + rpew 3349/7 − 2249/:
η!>! = ///!> = !1/55
repw 3349/7
lK
repw!>!r23!>!i3!!−!i2!>!42:4!−!2265/5!>!3149/7!
lh
lK
rpew!>!r56!>i6!−!i5!>!248/94!−!2387/8>−2249/:!
lh
c*
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces u UWQ: R 23 = ∆ I23 + X 23
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
X 23 = − ∆ I23 > I2 − I3 > n⋅ (i3 − i 4 ) >! 1/2⋅ (42:4 − 3:51) >36/4!lX!> X UWQ
d*
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces u UOQ: R 23 = ∆ I23 + X 23
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
X 23 = R 23 − ∆ I23 > R sfl − ∆ I23 > n⋅ (i B − i2 ) − n⋅ (i 5 − i 4 ) >! X UOQ
⋅ ⋅
X UOQ > 1/2 ⋅ (248/94 − 2265/5 ) − 1/2 ⋅ (2387/8 − 3:51) >75/8!lX!> X UOQ
e*
U
3
6
C
t

r epw (+r pew ( 4166/28 − 29:1/18

η′!>! = ///!> = !1/49
r epw ( 4366/28
lK
repw′!>!rB3!>!i3!!−!iB!>!42:4!−!248/94!>!4166/28!
lh
lK
rpew′>!rC6!>i6!!−!iC!>!248/94!−!3138/:>−29:1/18!
lh
lK
ta~ka C qC>!1/16!cbs-!!!!!tC!>t3!>!7/75! (pregrejana para)
lhL
lK
y4!>!1/89- i4!>!3138/:!
lh
η − η( 1/55 − 1/49
η′!;!211!>!)!η!−!η′!*!;!y ⇒ y= > ⋅ 211 >26/9&
η( 1/49
6/36/ Parni kotao proizvodi paru stawa 3)q>31!cbs-!u>471pD*/!Para se po izlasku iz kotla deli: jedan
deo ide u turbinu, a drugi deo se prigu{uje. Prigu{ena para se zatim me{a sa onom koja je
kvazistati~ki adijabatski ekspandirala u turbini, a dobijena me{avina odvodi u kondenzator u kojoj
se kondezuje na 231pD. Dobijeni kondenzat se pumpom vra}a u kotao. Snaga turbine iznosi 2!NX, a
toplota predana okolini u kondenzatoru iznosi 6/:!NX. Skicirati procese sa paroma na Ut
koordinatnom sistemu i odrediti:
a) koliko pare proizvodi kotao, koliko se prigu{uje a koliko ide u turbinu
b) termodinami~ki stepen korisnosti ovog postrojewa
,R23
2 3
XQ XUVS
4 5
7 6
−R67
⋅ lh ⋅ lh ⋅ lh
re{ewe: nlpubp >3/7 -! n uvscjob >2/:5 - n wfoujm >1/77 -!η>1/25
t t t

6/37/ Vodena para stawa 2)u>511pD-!q>91!cbs*!kvazistati~ki izentropski ekspandira u turbini visokog

pritiska do stawa!4)q>5!cbs*-!posle ~ega joj se izobarski dovodi r45>599!lK0lh toplote. Nakon dovo|ewa
toplote para kvazistati~ki izentropski ekspandira u turbini niskog pritiska do stawa )q>1/19!cbs*/
Proces se daqe nastavqa po idealnom Rankinovom ciklusu (slika). Skicirati ciklus na Ut dijagramu i
odrediti termodinami~ki stepen korisnosti ovog kru`nog procesa.
2 3
,R23 XUWQ
5
4
XQ
,R45 XUOQ
7 6
−R67
U
3
2
4
7
6
t

lK lK
i3!>!4246! - t3!>!7/469!
lh lhL

lK
ta~ka 3: q!>5!cbs- t>7/469! (vla`na para)
lhL
lK
y4!>!1/9:- i4!>!3625!!!
lh
lK
ta~ka 4: q!>5!cbs- r45>599!
lh
lK lK
i5!>!4113!!! t5>8/558! (pregrejana para)
lh lhL
lK
ta~ka 5: q>1/19!cbs- t6!>t5>8/558! (vla`na para)
lhL
lK
y6!>!1/:1- i6!>!3446/9!!!
lh

lK lK
i7!>!284/:! -! t7>!1/6:38
lh lhL
lK
ta~ka 1: q!>91!cbs- t2>!t7>!1/6:38! (te~nost)
lhL
lK
i2!>!293/7!!!
lh
repw + rpew 4551/5 − 3268/2

η!>! = ///!> = !1/48
repw 4551/5
lK
repw!>!r23!,!r45!>!i3!!−!i2!,!r45!>!4246!−!293/7!,!599!>!4551/5!
lh
lK
rpew!>!r67!>!i7!−!i6!>!284/:!−!3446/9>−3268/2!
lh

6/38/ Parno turbinsko postrojewe radi po Rankin-Klauzijus-ovom kru`nom procesu sa dvostepenim

adijabatskim {irewem vodene pare. Pregrejana vodena para stawa 2)q2>211!cbs-!u2>551pD* {iri se u
turbini visokog pritiska nekvazistati~ki, sa stepenom dobrote ηEUWQ>1/:, do pritiska!q3>6!cbs.
Potom se para izobarski zagreva do temperature u4>411pD, nakon ~ega se, u turbini niskog pritiska,
nekvazistati~ki {iri, sa stepenom dobrote ηEUOQ>1/9, do pritiska q5>1/16!cbs, koji vlada u
kondenzatoru.
a) da li je termodinami~ki stepen korisnosti ovog kru`nog procesa mogu}e dosti}i u Rankin-
Klauzijus-ovom kru`nom procesu sa jednostepenim adijabatskim {irewem vodene pare stawa 2 do
pritiska q5, uz maksimalno pove}awe stepena dobrote procesa u turbini
b) koliko mimimalno mora da iznosi stepen dobrote jednostepene adijabatske ekspanzije da bi
dostigli stepen korisnog dejstva koji ima navedeni ciklus sa dvostepenom adijabatskom
ekspanzijom
U svim slu~ajevima zanemariti rad napojne pumpe.
2
!i
4
3
3l 5
5l
1
6
!t

lK lK
i2!>!4322! - t2!>!7/488!
lh lhL
lK
ta~ka 2k: q!>6!cbs- t3l>t2>7/488! (vla`na para)
lhL
lK
y3l>1/:2- i3l!>!366:/3!
lh

i2 − i3
ta~ka 2: q!>6!cbs- ηeuwq = >1/:
i2 − i3l
lK
i3!>! i2 − η euwq ⋅ (i2 − i 3l ) >3735/5!!! (vla`na para)
lh

lK lK
i4!>!4173! - t4!>!8/574!
lh lhL
lK
ta~ka 4k: q>1/16!cbs- t>8/574! (vla`na para)
lhL
lK
y5l!>!1/99- i5l!>!3381/3!
lh
i2 − i3
ta~ka 4: q!>1/16!cbs- ηeuoq = >1/9
i2 − i3l
lK
i5!>! i 4 − η euoq ⋅ (i 4 − i 5l ) >3544/6! (vla`na para)
lh

lK
i6!>!248/94!
lh
ta~ka 0 = ta~ka 5: (jer se zanemaruje rad pumpi)
repw + rpew 4621/9 − 33:6/67

η!>! = ///!> = 1/46
repw 4621/9
lK
repw!>!r12!,!r34>!i2!−!i1!,!i4!−!i3!>!4322−248/94!,!4173!−3735/5>4621/9!
lh
lK
rpew!>!r56!>!i6!−!i5!>!248/94!−!3544/6!>−!33:6/67!
lh

ciklus sa jednostepenom ekspanzijom sa maksimalnim stepenom dobrote!ηe>2
2
!i
1
6
!t
kJ
ta~ka A:! q!>1/16!cbs- t>7/488! (vla`na para)
kgK
lK
yB>1/85- iB!>!2:41/:!!!
lh
( (
repw + rpew 4184/3 − 28:4/26
η′!>! (
= ///!> = !1/53
repw 4184/3
( lK
repw !>!r12!>!i2!−!i1!>!4322−248/94!!>!4184/3!
lh
( lK
rpew !>!rB6!>i6!−!iB!>!248/94!−!2:41/:!>−!28:4/26!
lh
kako je η′!?!η- u ciklusu sa jednostepenom adijabatskom ekspanzijom sa maksimalnim pove}awem

stepena dobrote ekspanzije ( ηfye = 1) moè se dosti}i stepen korisnog dejstva navedenog ciklusa
sa dvostepenom adijabatskom ekspanzijom.

c*!
ciklus sa jednostepenom adijabatskom ekspanzijom sa stepenom
dobrote ekspanzije ηnjo
e
2
!i
C
B
1
6
!t
η>1/42
((
r epw !>!r12!>!i2!−!i1
((
r pew >!rC6!>i6!−!iC
(( ((
r epw + r pew i2 − i1 + i6 − iC
!η!>! = ⇒ iC> i2 − i 1 + i 6 − η ⋅ (i2 − i 1 )
((
r epw i2 − i1
lK
iC!> 4322 − 248/94 + 248/94 − 1/42 ⋅ (4322 − 248/94 ) >!3369/4!
lh
i2 − iC 4322 − 3369/4
ηnjo
e = > >1/85
i2 − i B 4322 − 2:41/:

6/39/ Parno turbinsko postrojewe radi sa dvostepenim {irewem i me|uzagrevawem pare uz jednostepeno
regenerativno zagrevawe napojne vode od temperature koja vlada u kondenzatoru do temperature od
uC>323pD (slika). Zanemaruju}i radove napojnih pumpi i ako je:
− pritisak pare u kondenzatoru 7!lQb
− pritisak pare u kotlu 23!NQb
− pritisak pare na izlazu iz turbine visokog pritiska q>5!NQb
− temperatura pare na ulazu u turbinu visokog pritiska u>641pD
− temperatura pare na ulazu u turbinu niskog pritiska u>641pD
⋅
− protok pare kroz turbinu visokog pritiska n =1/5!lh0t
⋅ ⋅
− protok pare kroz turbinu niskog pritiska n− n4 =1/4!lh0t
− stepen dobrote adijabatske ekspanzije u turbini niskog pritiska ηeuoq>1/93
a) odrediti stepen dobrote adijabatske ekspanzije u turbini visogog pritiska, ηeuwq
b) odrditi termodinami~ki stepen korisnog dejstva kru`nog procesa
c) skicirati promene stawa vodene pare na hs dijagramu
2 3
⋅
n
R23
XUWQ
C
⋅
n4 4 5
R45 XUOQ
B
7 6
R67

a)
i3 − i4 4537 − 4286/6
η euwq = = ///> = 1/87
i 3 − i 4l 4537 − 41:8/7
ta~ka 2: q>231!cbs- u>!641pD (pregrejana para)

lK lK
i3!>!4537! t3!>!7/6996!
lh lhL
lK
ta~ka 3k: q!>51!cbs- t>7/6996! (pregrejana para)
lhL
lK
i4l!>!41:8/7!!!
lh
ta~ka 3: q!>51!cbs

ograni~enom isprekidanom konturom:
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
R 23 = ∆ I23 + X 23 ⇒ I2 = I3
⋅  ⋅ ⋅ 
n⋅ iC −  n− n 4  ⋅ i B
 ⋅ ⋅  ⋅ ⋅
 
 n− n 4  ⋅ i B + n 4 ⋅ i 4 = n⋅ iC ⇒ i4 = ⋅
>///
  n4
ta~ka 6: q>!1/17!cbs- y>1 (kqu~ala te~nost)

lK
i7!>!262/6!
lh
ta~ka A = ta~ka 6 (jer se zanemaruje rad pumpi)
ta~ka B: q!>!51!cbs- u>!323pD (voda)

lK
iC!>!:18/6!
lh
1/5 ⋅ :18/6 − 1/4 ⋅ 262/6 lK

i4 = >!4286/6!
1/2 lh

b)
⋅ ⋅
R epw + R pew 2219/46 − 797/8
η= ⋅
>!///>! >1/49
2219/46
R epw
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅  ⋅ ⋅ 
R epw = R 23 + R 45 = n⋅ (i 3 − i2 ) +  n− n 4  ⋅ (i 5 − i 4 ) >
 
⋅
R epw > 1/5 ⋅ (4537 − :18/6 ) + 1/4 ⋅ (4625 − 4288/6 ) >2219/46!lX
⋅ ⋅  ⋅ ⋅ 
R pew = R 67 =  n− n 4  ⋅ (i 7 − i 6 ) > 1/4 ⋅ (262/6 − 3551/5 ) >−!797/8!lX
 

lK lK
i5!>!4625! t5!>!8/2856!
lh lhL
lK
ta~ka 5k: q!>1/17!cbs- t>8/2856! (vla`na para)
lhL
lK
y6l!>!1/96- i6l!>!3315/8!!!
lh
i 5 − i6
ta~ka 5: q>1/17!cbs- ηeuoq =
i5 − i6l
lK
i6!>!i5!−! η euoq ⋅ (i 5 − i 6l ) = 4625!−! 1/93 ⋅ (4625 − 3315/8 ) = 3551/5!
lh
ta~ka 1 = ta~ka B (jer se zanemaruje rad pumpi)
3 5
i
4
4l
6
6l
2
C
B
7 t

⋅
6/3:/ Parni kotao proizvodi n =31!u0i pare stawa 2)q3>27!cbs-!u3>511pD*/ Para u turbini ekspandira
⋅
u dva stepena. Nakon prvog stepena, deo pare ( n4 )se odvodi za potrebe nekog spoljnog predajnika
toplote u kojem se vr{i potpuna kondenzacija pare na u>291pD pri ~emu se od pare odvodi 3!NX
toplote. Tako nastalo kondenzat se ne vra}a u kotao, nego ispu{ta u okolinu, a umesto wega se u kotao
dodaje ista koli~ina vode iz okoline stawa )q>2!cbs-!u>26pD*. Ostatak pare ekspandira u drugom
stepenu turbine a zatim odvodi u kondenzator, u kome vlada temperatura od 41pD. Ekspanzije u
turbinama su ravnote`ne (kvazistati~ke) i adijabatske. Zanemaruju}i snage napojnih pumpi, skicirati
proces na Ts dijagramu i odrediti:
⋅
a) maseni protok sveè vode, n4
b) ukupnu snagu koja se dobije u turbinama
c) termodinami~ki stepen korisnog dejstva ciklusa
5
4
,R23
−R47 −R56
1 6
U
3
4
2
7
6 5
t

ta~ka 2: q>27!cbs- u>!511pD (pregrejana para)

lK lK
i3!>!4364! t3!>!8/344!
lh lhL
lK
ta~ka 3: q!> (q)u =291p D >21!cbs- t4>!t3!>!8/344! (pregrej. para)
lhL
lK
i4!>!4228/4!!!
lh
lK
ta~ka 4: u>!41pD t5!>!t4>!t3!>!8/344! (vla`na para)
lhL
lK
y5!>1/96 i5!>!32:2/5!
lh
ta~ka 5: u>!41pD- y>1 (kqu~ala te~nost)

lK lK
i6!>!236/82! - t6!>1/5477!
lh lhL
lK
ta~ka 1: q!>27!cbs- t2>!t6!>!1/5477! (te~nost)
lhL
lK
i2!>!239/2!!!
lh
ta~ka 6: u>!291pD- y>1 (kqu~ala te~nost)

lK
i7!>!874/2!
lh
b*
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces u spoqnom predajniku toplote:
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
R 23 = ∆ I23 + X 23 ⇒ R qsfebkojlb = n4 ⋅ (i 7 − i 4 )
⋅
⋅ R qsfebkojlb − 3 ⋅ 21 4 lh
n4 = > >1/96
i7 − i4 874/2 − 4228/4 t
b)
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces u turbini visokog pritiska:
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ 31 ⋅ 21 4
R 23 = ∆ I23 + X 23 ⇒ X uwq = n⋅ (i 3 − i 4 ) > ⋅ (4364 − 4228/4 )
4711
⋅
X uwq >1/86!NX

prvi zakon termodinamike za proces u turbini niskog pritiska:
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅  ⋅ ⋅   31 ⋅ 21 4 
R 23 = ∆ I23 + X 23 ⇒ X uoq =  n− n4  ⋅ (i 4 − i 5 ) >  − 1/96  ⋅ (4228/4 − 32:2/5 ) >
   4711 
 
⋅
X uwq >5/47!NX
c)
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces u parnom kotlu:
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ 31 ⋅ 21 4
R 23 = ∆ I23 + X 23 ⇒ R lpumb = n⋅ (i3 − i2 ) > ⋅ (4364 − 239/2)
4711
⋅
R lpumb >28/47!NX
⋅ ⋅
X uwq + X uoq 1/86 + 5/47
η= ⋅
> >1/3:
28/47
R lpumb
6/41/ Parno turbinsko postrojewe radi po Rankin−Klauzijus−ovom kru`nom procesu sa dvostepenim

adijabatskim {irewem vodene pare(slika kao u zadatku 1.26) . Pregrejana vodena para stawa 3)q>21
NQb-!u>551pD* {iri se u turbini visokog pritiska nekvazistati~ki, sa stepenom dobrote η euwq >1/:, do
pritiska od q4>1/6!NQb. Potom se izobarski zagreva do temperature od u5>411pD, nakon ~ega se, u
turbini niskog pritiska, {iri nekvazistati~ki, sa stepenom dobrote η euoq >1/9 do pritiska od
q6>1/116!NQb, koji vlada u kondenzatoru. Skicirati proces na it dijagramu i zanemaruju}i snage
napojnih pumpi odredit stepen korisnosti posmatranog kru`nog procesa.
re{ewe: η>1/476

6. LEVOKRETNI KRU@NI PROCESI

7/2/ Odrediti minimalan rad koji treba uloìti da se od nekog tela, konstantne temperature u>!−24pD,
oduzme 21!lK!toplote i preda okolnom vazduhu, konstantne temperature od 48pD. Koliko se toplote u tom
slu~aju predaje okolnom vazduhu.
Najmawe rada se mora uloìti ako levokretna tolotna ma{ina radi po

Karnoovom levokretnom ciklusu (sve promene stawa radne materije su
povratne).
4 3
UUQ
UUJ
5 2
!t
UUJ>−24pD!>!371!L- UUQ>48pD>421!L- Repw!>21!lK
R epw Uuj Uuq − Uuj 421 − 371

= !!!!!! ⇒ !!!!!! Xofup = R epw ⋅ !> 21 ⋅ >2/:3!lK
Xofup Uuq − Uuj Uuj 371
R pew >!Repw!,! Xofup !>!21!,!2/:3!>!22/:3!lK
7/3/ Rashladni ure|aj (slika) koristi kao radnu materiju vazduh (idealan gas) i radi po levokretnom
kru`nom Xulovom procesu. Stawe vazduha na ulazu u izentropski kompresor je 2)u2>−21pD-!q2>2!cbs*- a na
izlazu iz kompresora 3)q3>5!cbs*/!Temperatura vazduha na ulazu u izentropsku turbinu je u4>31pD. Maseni
protok vazduha kroz rashladni ure|aj 2311!lh0i a sve promene stawa radne materije su ravnote`ne
(kvazistati~ke). Skicirati promene stawa vazduha na Ut dijagramu i odrediti:
a) rashladni efekat instalacije )lX*
b) koeficijent hla|ewa instalacije, εi
c) ako je svrha rashladnog ure|aja proizvodwa leda temperature um>−4pD od vode temperature ux>21pD,
odrediti masu proizvedenog leda za vreme od τ>2!i

U 4 3
3
2
5 5 2
!!!ledomat
t
a)
κ −2 2/5 −2
 
> 374 ⋅  5 
κ
U3!>!U2 ⋅  q 3 
2/5
>!4:1/9!L
q
 2   2
κ −2 2/5 −2
 
> 3:4 ⋅  2 
κ
U5!>!U4 ⋅  q 5 
2/5
>2:8/3!L
q  5
 4 
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ 2311
R epw = R 52 = n⋅ d q ⋅ (U2 − U5 ) > ⋅ 2 ⋅ (374 − 2:8/3 ) >32/:4!lX
4711
b)
⋅
R epw 32/:4
εi!>! = ///!> >!3/16
⋅ 21/78
X ofup
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
X ofup > X lpnqsftps!, X uvscjob!> n⋅ d q ⋅ (U2 − U3 + U4 − U5 )
⋅ 2311
X ofup > ⋅ 2 ⋅ (374 − 4:1/9 + 3:4 − 2:8/3 ) !>!−21/78!lX
4711
c)
⋅
R epw ⋅ τ 32/:4 ⋅ 4711
nmfe = = /// = >318/6!lh
i x − im 53 + 449/5
lK
ix!>!53! - )q>!2!cbs-!u>21pD*
lh
lK
im = d m ⋅ (Um − 384 ) − sm > 3 ⋅ (−4 ) − 443/5 >−449/5!
lh

7/4/ Helijum (idalan gas) obavqa realan levokretni Xulov proces sa potpunim rekuperativnim
(regenegrativnim) zagrevawem radne materije. Rashladna snaga ovog postrojewa je 33!lX. Temperatura
u rashladnoj komori je stala i jednaka je temperaturi na ulazu u gasnu turbinu UUJ>U4!>356!L>dpotu.
Temperatura okoline je stalna i jednaka temperaturi na ulazu u kompresor UUQ>U2>431!L. Odnos
q
pritiska na ulazu i izlazu iz gasne turbine iznosi 4 >3/2. Stepeni dobrote u adijabatskom
q5
kompresoru i adijabatskoj turbini su jednaki i iznose ηlq fy
e = η e >1/93. Prikazati ovaj proces u Ut
koordinatnom sistemu i odrediti:
a) neto snagu potrebnu za pogon ovog postrojewa
b) faktor hla|ewa ovog postrojewa
R
4 E !B 3
K
U
P Rpew
E
R
A
T
5 !C O 2
R
Repw
3
U 3l
B
!UQ
2
C
4 !UJ
!Rsfl
5
5l

a)
κ −2
  κ 2/78 −2
U3L!>!U2 ⋅  q 3L  >! 431 ⋅ (3/2) 2/78 >541/:!L
 q 
 2 
U −U 541/:6 − 431
U3!>!U2!,! 3L lq 2 !>! 431 + >566/4!L
ηe 1/93
κ −2 2/78 −2
  κ
U5L!>!U4 ⋅  q 5L  > 356 ⋅  2  2/78 >293/2!L
 q   3/2 
 4 
U5!>!U4!, η e ⋅ (U5l − U4 ) !>! 356 + 1/93 ⋅ (293/2 − 356 ) >2:4/5!L
U
⋅
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ R epw
R epw = R 5C = n⋅ d q ⋅ (UC − U5 ) ⇒ n= >
d q ⋅ (UC − U5 )
⋅ 33 lh
n= >9/3!/21.3!
6/3 ⋅ (356 − 2:4/5 ) t
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
X ofup > X lpnqsftps!, X uvscjob!> n⋅ d q ⋅ (U2 − U3 + U4 − U5 )
⋅
X ofup > 9/3 ⋅ 21 −3 ⋅ 6/3 ⋅ (431 − 566/4 + 356 − 2:4/5 ) !>!−46/8!lX
napomena: UC>U3, uslov potpune (maksimalne) regeneracije

(rekuperacije) toplote za Xulov ciklus
b)
⋅
R epw 33
εi!>! > >!1/73
⋅ ⋅ 68/8 − 33
R pew − R epw
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
R pew = R 3 B = n⋅ d q ⋅ (UB − U3 ) > 9/3 ⋅ 21 −3 ⋅ 6/3 ⋅ (431 − 566/4 ) >−68/8!lX

7/5. Rashladno postrojewe (slika) koristi kao radni fluid freon 12 )S23*/ Temperatura isparavawa je
354!L, a teperatura kondenzacije 426!L. Snaga kompresora u kojem se vr{i kvazistati~ko adijabatsko
sabijawe freona iznosi 1/94!lX/ Skicirati promene stawa S23 u Ut i it koordiantnom sistemu i
odrediti:
⋅
a) rashladni kapacitet ) R epw* i koeficijent hla|ewa ovog postrojewa )εi)
b) ako bi se kqu~ala te~nost S23 pre prigu{ivawa podhladila za ∆U>21!L koliko bi tada iznosio
⋅ - ⋅-
rashladni kapacitet ) R epw * i koeficijent hla|ewa ovog postrojewa ) ε i ) koeficijent hla|ewa
c) na Ut dijagramu {rafirati povr{inu koja predstavqa pove}awe rashladnog kapaciteta postrojewa
usled pothla|ivawem kondenzata pre prigu{ivawa
4 3
⋅
⋅ R pew
n
⋅
X lq
⋅
5 n 2
⋅
n⋅ y 5
⋅
n ⋅ (2 − y 5 ) ⋅
R epw
i 3
U
3
4
2
4
5
2
5
t t

! ta~ka 1: U>354!L>!−!41pD y>2

lK lK
i2!>!752/92! - t2!>!2/6993!
lh lhL
lK
ta~ka 2: q!>!)q*Ul>426L!>!21/28!cbs t!>!t2!>!2/6993!
lhL
lK
i3!>!794/1:!
lh
ta~ka 3: U>426!L>53pD y>1

lK
i4!>!652/58!
lh
lK
ta~ka 4: i5!>!i4!>!652/58!
lh
a)
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
R epw = R 52 = n⋅ (i2 − i 5 ) >///> 3 ⋅ 21 −3 ⋅ (752/92 − 652/58 ) >3!lX
⋅
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
X lq −1/94 lh
X lq = X u23 = n⋅ (i2 − i 3 ) !!!!!!⇒!!!!!! n = > > 3 ⋅ 21 −3
i2 − i3 725/92 − 794/1: t
⋅
R epw 3
εi!>! = >3/52
⋅ 1/94
X lq
b)
i 3
U
3
4
2
B 4
B 5
2 C
C 5
t t

lK
ta~ka A: iB! ≅ !)i′*Ub>416!L!>!642/22!
lh
lK
ta~ka B: iC!>!iB!>!642/22!
lh
⋅ - ⋅ ⋅
R epw = R C2 = n⋅ (i2 − iC ) > 3 ⋅ 21 −3 ⋅ (752/92 − 642/22) >3/32!lX
⋅ -
R epw 3/32
εi!>! = >3/78
⋅ 1/94
X lq
U
3
2
C 5
t
⋅
∆ R epw
⋅
6.5. Levokretni kru`ni proces obavqa se sa n =711!lh0i amonijaka )OI4* , izme|u Unjo>−24pD i
qnby>2!NQb. U toplotno izolovan kompresor ulazi suva para koja se nekvazistati~ki sabija do stawa
3)U3>211pD*/ Po izlasku iz kondenzatora vr{i se pothla|ivawe do temperature od 26pD. Skicirati
proces na Ut dijagramu i odrediti:
a) koeficijent hla|ewa
b) za koliko bi se pove}ala vrednost koeficijenta hla|ewa )&*, ako bi sabijawe u kompresoru bilo
kvazistati~ko
c) u{tedi u snazi za pogon kompresora u slu~aju kvazistai~kog sabijawa u odnosu na stvarno
nekvazistati~ko sabijawe )lX* i u Ut koordinatnom sistemu {rafirati povr{inu ekvivalentnu
toj u{tedi

U 3
3l
2
5
t
a)
ta~ka 1: u!>!−24pD y>2
lK lK
i2!>!3318! - t2!>!21/5:3!
lh lhL
ta~ka 2: q!>!21!cbs u!>211pD

lK
i3!>!3552/6!
lh
ta~ka 3: q>21!cbs u>26pD

lK
i4! ≅ !)i′*u>26pD!>!2141/2!
lh
lK
ta~ka 4: i5!>!i4!>!2141/2!
lh
⋅ -
R epw 2:7/26
εi!>! = ///!> >6
⋅ 4:/19
X lq
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ 711
R epw = R 52 = n⋅ (i2 − i 5 ) > ⋅ (3318 − 2141/2) >2:7/26!lX
4711
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ 711
X lq = X u23 = n⋅ (i2 − i 3 ) > ⋅ (3318 − 3552/6 ) >−4:/19!lX
4711
U
3
2
5 t

b)
lK
ta~ka 2k: q>21!cbs t!>!t2>21/5:3!
lhL
lK
i3l>3513/:!
lh
⋅
R epw 2:7/26
εi!>! = ///!> >7
⋅ - 43/76
X lq
⋅ - ⋅ ⋅ 711
X lq = X u23l = n⋅ (i2 − i 3l ) > ⋅ (3318 − 3513/: ) >−43/76!lX
4711
 ε-  7 
∆ε i (&) =  i − 2 ⋅ 211& !>  − 2 ⋅ 211& >31&
 εi  6 
 
d*
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ -
∆ X lq !>! X lq !.! X lq !>!7/54!lX
U 3
3l
∆Xlq
5 2
t

7/7/ Amonija~ni kompresorski rashladni ure|aj sa prigu{nim ventilom radi izme|u pritisaka
qnjo>4/92:!cbs!i!qnby>26!cbs. Kompresor usisava suvozasi}enu paru amonijaka i kvazistati~ki
adijabatski je sabija. Ure|aj je projektovan tako da iz prostorije koju hladi oduzima 61!lX toplote.
Odrediti:
a) snagu kompresora
c* koliko bi trebalo da iznosi stepen suvo}e vla`ne pare koja napu{ta kondenzator da bi
koeficijent hla|ewa iznosio εh=0
a)
ta~ka 1: q>4/92:!cbs y>2
lK lK
i2!>!332:! - t2!>!21/465!
lh lhL
lK
ta~ka 2: q!>26!cbs t!>!t2!>!21/465!
lhL
lK
i3!>!3528/6!
lh
ta~ka 3: q>26!cbs y>1
lK
i4!>!2255/2!
lh
lK
ta~ka 4: i5!>!i4!>!2255/2!
lh
⋅
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ R epw 61 lh
R epw = n⋅ (i2 − i 5 ) ⇒ n= > > 5/76 ⋅ 21 −3
i2 − i 5 332: − 2255/2 t
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
X lq = X u23 = n⋅ (i2 − i 3 ) > 5/67 ⋅ 21 −3 ⋅ (332: − 3528/6 ) >−:/16!lX
b)
 i − i(  332: − 2255/2
i 4( = i2 ⇒ y 4 =  2  > >1/:8
 i( (−i(  q=26cbs 3363 − 2255/2
i 3
4′
2
4
5

7/8/!Levokretni kru`ni proces sa pothla|ivawem, prigu{ivawem, isparavawem i pregrevawem pare pre

ulaska u kompresor obavqa se sa freonom 12 )S23*- kao radnim telom (slika). Rashladni kapacitet
postrojewa je 6/9!lX, a snaga kompresora, koji vr{i nekvazistati~ko sabijawe pare freona, je 3!lX. Radna
materija obavqa ciklus izme|u pritisaka qnjo>1/2!NQb i qnby>1/7!NQb i pri tom dostiè maksimalnu
temperaturu od 71pD. Temperatura pothla|ivawa je 27pD. Skicirati promene stawa radnog tela na qw i Ut
a) stepen dobrote adijabatske kompresije
b) {rafirati na Ut dijagramu potrebnu snagu kompresora
LE!,!QI
4 3
5 2
JT!,!QH
3
U
3l
2
5

ta~ka 2: q!>!7!cbs u!>!71pD

lK
i3!>!7:1/6!
lh
ta~ka 3: q>7!cbs u>27pD

lK
i4! ≅ !)i′*u>27pD!>!626/3:!
lh
lK
ta~ka 4: i5!>!i4!>!626/3:!
lh
ta~ka 1: q2!>!2!cbs
⋅ ⋅
R epw >6/9!lX X lq >−3!lX
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
R epw = R 52 = n⋅ (i2 − i 5 ) )2*
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
X lq = X u23 = n⋅ (i2 − i 3 ) )3*
lK h
Kombinovawem jedna~ina (1) i (2) dobija se:!i2!>!756/7! -! n>55/6!
lh t
lK
t2!>!2/716!
lhL
lK
ta~ka 2k: q!>!7!cbs t!>!t2!>!2/716!
lhL
lK
i3l!>!789/8!
lh
b*
i2 − i3l 756/7 − 789/8
ηlq
e = !>! >1/85
i2 − i3 756/7 − 7:1/6

b)
3 3
U 3l U 3l
4 4
2 2
5 5
t t
⋅
R pew ⋅
R epw
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
X lq = R pew − R epw
3
U
3l
4
2
2
⋅
X lq

7/9/!Levokretna instalacija radi sa amonijakom kao radnim telom. Rashladni kapacitet postrojewa je
51!lX. Temperatura isparavawa je −44pD, pritisak u kondenzatoru 6!cbs-!a temperatura prehla|ivawa
−4pD. Toplota oslobo|ena prehla|ivawem kondenzata koristi se za pregrevawe suve pare amonijaka,
tako da u kompresor ulazi pregrejana para koja se sabija nekvazistati~ki adijabatski sa stepenom
dobrote ηLQe >1/9. Predstaviti kru`ni proces na Ut dijagramu i odrediti:
a) maseni protok amonijaka kroz instalaciju )lh0t*
b) snagu kompresora )lX*
5 4
6 7 2
U
3
3L
2
6 7

ta~ka 3: q>6!cbs-! y>1

lK
i4>:88/:6!
lh
ta~ka 4: q>!6!cbs-! U>381!L

lK
i5>:56/8!!
lh
lK
ta~ka 5: i6!>!i5>:56/8!!
lh
ta~ka 6: U>351!L- y>2

lK
i7!>!3288!
lh
ta~ka 1: q2!>!q7!>2/7647!cbs −∆i45!>!∆i72
i4!−!i5!>!i2!−!i7! i2>!i4!−!i5!,!i7
lK lK
i2>!:88/:6!−!:56/8!,!3288!>!331:/36 t2>21/:!
lh lhL
lK
ta~ka 2K: q3L>6!cbs-! t3>!t2>21/:!
lhL
lK
i3l>3537!
lh
ta~ka 2: q3>!6!cbs-! ηLQ

e >1/9
i2 − i 3L i −i 331:/36 − 3537 lK
ηLQ
e > i 3 = i2 − 2 LQ 3L > 331:/36 − >3591/2:!
i2 − i 3 ηe 1/ 9 lh
a)
⋅
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ R epw 51 lh
R epw = n⋅ (i 7 − i 6 ) ⇒ n= = > 4/36 ⋅ 21 −3
i7 − i6 3288 − :56/8 t
b)
⋅ ⋅
M lpnq = n⋅ (i2 − i3 ) = 4/36 ⋅ 21 −3 ⋅ (331:/36 − 3591/2: ) >!−9/9!lX

7/:/!Rashladno postrojewe (slika) radi, sa freonom 12 kao radnim telom, izme|u pritisaka q2>366!lQb i
q3>2!NQb. U kompresoru snage 2/4!lX nekvazistati~ki adijabatski sabija se pare freona pri ~emu
specifi~na entropija freona (usled mehani~ke neravnoteè) poraste za ∆t23>4/3!K0lhL. Odrediti:
a) rashladnu snagu postrojewa (lX)
b) koeficijent hla|ewa postrojewa
c) {rafirati na Ut dijagramu povr{inu koja koja je evivalentna rashladnoj snazi postrojewa
!kondenzator
4
3
ispariva~
6 7
b*
ta~ka 1: q>3/66!cbs y>2
lK lK
i2!>!764/12! - t2!>!2/6829!
lh lhL
lK
ta~ka 2: q!>!21!cbs t>t2!,!∆t23!>!2/686!
lhL
lK
i3!>!789/6!
lh

lK
i4!>!651/84!
lh

Prvi zakon termodinamike za proces u odvaja~u te~nosti:
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
R 23 = ∆ I23 + X 23 ⇒ I2 = I3
⋅ / ⋅ ⋅
n⋅ i 4 + n⋅ i 7 = n⋅ i 5 + n⋅ i2 ⇒ i7!−!i5!>!i2!−!i4
⋅
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ X lq ⋅ −2/4 lh
X lq = X u23 = n⋅ (i2 − i 3 ) !!!!!!⇒!!!!!! n = > > 6/2 ⋅ 21 −3
i2 − i3 764/12 − 789/6 t
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
R epw = R 67 = n⋅ (i 7 − i 6 ) = n⋅ (i 7 − i 5 ) = n⋅ (i2 − i 4 ) ⇒
⋅
R epw > 6/2 ⋅ 21 −3 ⋅ (764/12 − 651/84 ) >6/84!lX
b)
⋅
R epw 6/84
εi!>! =! >!5/5
⋅ 2/4
X lq
c)
3
3l
U
5
⋅
R sfl 7
6 !!2
t
⋅
R epw

⋅
7/21/!Levokretni kru`ni proces sa amonijakom kao radnim telom ) n >1/12!lh0t* odvija se izme|u qnjo>2
cbs i qnby>36!cbs. Kompresija je ravnote`na izentropska i dvostepena. Stepen povi{ewa pritiska u oba
q q
stepena je jednak ( 3 = 5 ) . Na ulazu u kompresor niskog pritiska (stawe 1) para amonijaka je
q2 q 4
suvozasi}ena. Nakon prvog stepena kompresije para amonijaka se hladi do temperature od T>431!L/
Skicirati proces na Ut dijagramu i odrediti:
a) rashladni efekat instalacije koja radi po ovom ciklusu (lX)
b) snagu kompresora niskog pritiska i snagu kompresora visokog pritiska )lX*
c) koeficijent hla|ewa )εi*
d) procentualno pove}awe koeficijenta hla|ewa koje je ostvareno dvostepenom kompresijom (u
odnosu na jednostepenu kompresiju izme|u istih pritisaka i istog stawa na ulazu u kompresor)
e) na Ut dijagramu {rafirati povr{inu koja predstavqa u{tedu u snazi kompresora usled dvostepene
kompresijeϕ
6 5
⋅
⋅
X lwq
⋅ R 56
n 3
4
⋅
⋅ ⋅ X loq
n R 34
⋅
2
n⋅ y 7
⋅
n⋅ (2 − y 7 )
⋅
Repw

U
5
6
3
2
7

lK lK
i2!>!3272! - t2!>!22/14!
lh lhL
lK
ta~ka 2: q!>! q2 ⋅ q 5 >6!cbs t>t2>22/14!
lhL
lK
i3!>!3584!
lh
ta~ka 3: q!>6!cbs U>431!L

lK lK
i4!>!3444! - t4!>!21/74!
lh lhL
lK
ta~ka 4: q!>36!cbs t!>21/74!
lhL
lK
i5!>!3739!
lh

lK
i6!>!2353!
lh
lK
ta~ka 6: q>2!cbs i>!i6!>!2353!
lh

b*
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
R epw = R 72 = n⋅ (i2 − i 7 ) = 1/12 ⋅ (3272 − 2353) >:/2:!lX
c*
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
X loq = X u23 = n⋅ (i2 − i3 ) > 1/12 ⋅ (3272 − 3584) >−4/23!lX
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
X lwq = X u45 = n⋅ (i 4 − i 5 ) > 1/12 ⋅ (3444 − 3739 ) >−3/:6!lX
d*
⋅
R epw :/2:
εi!>! =! >!2/6
⋅ ⋅ 4/23 + 3/:6
X loq + X lwq
e*
U
B
2
7
t
lK
ta~ka A: q!>36!cbs t!>22/14!
lhL
lK
iB!>!3915/3!
lh
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
X lq = X u2B = n⋅ (i2 − i B ) > 1/12 ⋅ (3272 − 3915 ) >−7/54!lX
⋅
R epw :/2:
ε i- !>! =! >!2/54
⋅ 7/54
X lq
ε   2/6 
∆ε i (&) =  i- − 2 ⋅ 211& !>  − 2 ⋅ 211& >8/25&
ε   2/54 
 i 

f*
U B
5
⋅
∆X
6
3
2
7
zadaci za ve`bawe: (2.11. − 2.12.)
7/22/!U komori za hla|ewe potrebno je odràvati stalnu temperaturu od −26pD, pri ~emu temperatura
spoqa{weg (okolnog) vazduha iznosi 41/4pD. Toplotni dobici kroz zidove komore iznose 91!lK0t. Za
hla|ewe komore primeweno je kompresiono rashladno postrojewe bez pothla|ivawa kondenzata i sa
wegovim prigu{ivawem. Pri tome kompresor usisava suvu paru freona 22 )S33*!i sabija je adijabatski.
Odrediti minimalnu snagu za pogon rashladnog postrojewa kao i faktor hla|ewa. Skicirati promene
stawa freona na Ut i it dijagramu.
⋅
re{ewe: X l >28/5!lX- εi>5/7
7/23/ U postrojewe koje radi po levokretnom kru`nom procesu, kondenzuje se i pothla|uje amonijak pri
pritisku od q>2!NQb. Te~ni rashladni fluid ulazi u prigu{ni ventil pri temperaturi od 28pD, gde se
prigu{uje do temperature isparavawa u>−34pD. Kompresor, u kojem se obavqa adijabatsko sabijawe radi
lq
sa stepenom dobrote η e >1/9, usisava suvu paru, koja od stawa vla`ne pare prelazi u stawe suve pare na
ra~un pothla|ivawa te~ne faze. Snaga kompresora je 67!lX. Odrediti rashladnu snagu ovog postrojewa i
u Ut koordinatnom sistemu {rafirati povr{inu ekvivalentnu snazi za pogon kompresora.
⋅
re{ewe: R epw!>!29:/7!lX

7/24/ Kaskadna rashladna instalacija (slika), sastoji se iz me|usobno spregnutog “kola visoke
temperature” i “kola niske temperature”. “Kola” su spregnuta preko toplotno izolovanog predajnika
toplote, u kome rashladni fluid kola niske temperature (preko kondenzatora kola niske temperature) u
potpunosti predaje toplotu rashladnom fluidu kola visoke temperature (preko ispariva~a kola visoke
temperature). Kolo visoke temperature radi sa freonom 11 )S22*, izme|u pritisaka qnjo>q{)−45pD* i
⋅
qnby>1/3!NQb i masenim protokom n 2>1/45!lh0t. Kolo niske temperature radi sa freonom 22 )S33*-
izme|u pritisak qnjo>q{)−:1pD* i qnby>1/3!NQb. Izra~unati stepen (koeficijent) hla|ewa ovog
postrojejwa, ako oba kola rade bez pothla|ivawa kondenzata i sa kvazistati~kom adijabatskom
kompresijom suvozasi}ene pare.
3
4
kolo visoke temperature
⋅
S22 X lwu
5 2
4′
3′
kolo niske temperature ⋅
X lou
S33
5′ 2′
⋅ lh
kolo visoke temperature: n S22!>!1/45!
t
ta~ka 1: u!>!−45pD y>2
lK lK
i2!>!783/86! - t2!>!2/8415!
lh lhL
lK
ta~ka 2: q!>!3!cbs t!>!t2!>2/8415!
lhL
lK
i3!>!841!
lh
ta~ka 3: q!>!3!cbs y>1

lK
i4!>!651!
lh
lK
ta~ka 4: i5!>!i4!>!651!
lh

kolo niske temperature:
ta~ka 1′: u!>!.!:1pD y>2

lK lK
i2′!>!774/:7! t2′!>!2/::74!
lh lhL
lK
ta~ka 2′: q>3!cbs t!>!t2′!>!2/::74!
lhL
lK
i3′!>!863!
lh
ta~ka 3′: q!>!3!cbs y>1

lK
i4′!>!582/3!
lh
lK
ta~ka 4′: i5′!>!i4′!>!582/3!
lh
prvi zakon termodinamike za toplotno izolovani predajnik toplote
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
R 23 = ∆ I23 + X 23 ⇒ I2 = I3
⋅ / ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ i2 − i 5
nS33 ⋅ i 3( + nS22 ⋅ i 5 = nS33 ⋅ i 4( + nS22 ⋅ i2 ⇒ nS33 = nS22⋅
i 3( − i 4 (
⋅ 783/6 − 651 kg
nS33 = 1/45 ⋅ >1/27!
863 − 582/3 s
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
R epw = R 5 (2( = nS33 ⋅ (i2( − i 5 ( ) = 1/27 ⋅ (774/:7 − 582/3 ) = 41/9!lX
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
X loq = X u2(3( = nS33 ⋅ (i2( − i3( ) > 1/27 ⋅ (774/:7 − 863) >−25/2!lX
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
X lwu = X u23 = nS22 ⋅ (i2 − i3 ) > 1/45 ⋅ (783/86 − 841) >−2:/6!lX
⋅
R epw 41/9
εi!>! =! >!1/:3
⋅ ⋅ 25/2 + 2:/6
X lou + X lwu

7/25/!Rashladno postrojewe sa dva prigu{na ventila, dva odvaja~a te~nosti, dva kompresora i jednim
⋅
ispariva~em prikazano je na slici. Ako iz kondenzatora rashladnog postrojewa (stawe 1) izlazi n =1/2
lh0t kqu~alog freona 12 temperature 41pD, i ako se prvim prigu{nim ventilom sniàva pritisak freona
na q>281!lQb, a drugim na q>31!lQb, skicirati proces u it koordinatnom sistemu i odrediti rashladni
kapacitet postrojewa.
7 5
4
2
ispariva~
5
7
4
6
2
1

ta~ka 0: u>41pD y>1

lK
i1!>!63:/19!
lh
lK
ta~ka 1: q!>!2/8!cbs i!>!i1!>!63:/19!
lh
y2!>!1/38
lK
ta~ka 2: q!>1/3!cbs i3!>!)!i′!*q>2/8!cbs!>!595/6!
lh
lK
y3!>!1/32 s!>!291/44!
lh
ta~ka 3: q!>1/3!cbs y>1

lK
i4!>!737/6!
lh
1. na~in:
⋅ ⋅
R epw = n⋅ (2 − y 2 ) ⋅ (2 − y 3 ) ⋅ (s )q=1/3cbs > 1/2 ⋅ (2 − 1/38) ⋅ (2 − 1/32) ⋅ 291/34 >21/5!lX
2. na~in:
⋅ ⋅
R epw = n⋅ (2 − y2 ) ⋅ (i 4 − i 3 ) > 1/2 ⋅ (2 − 1/38) ⋅ (737/6 − 595/6 ) >21/5!lX

7/26/!Freon 12 (R12) kao rashladni fluid obavqa levokretni ciklus sa dvostepenim isparavawem (slika).
U nisko−temperaturskom ispariva~u vlada pritisak 2!cbs, u visoko-temperaturskom ispariva~u 4!cbs, a u
kondenzatoru 9!cbs. Kondenzovani fluid (stawa 6) se razdvaja na dve struje i svaka od wih se adijabatski
prigu{uje u odgovaraju}em prigu{nom ventilu (do stawa 7 odnosno stawa 8). Suva para (stawa 2) iz
visoko−temperaturskog ispariva~a (VTI) se adijabatski prigu{uje do pritiska 1 bar
(stawe 3) i zatim izobarski me{a sa suvom parom (stawa 1) iz nisko−temperaturskog ispariva~a (NTI).
Dobijena me{avina (stawa 4) se kvazistati~ki izentropski sabija u kompresoru do stawa 5. Ako je
rashladni kapacitet visokotemperaturskog ispariva~a 25!lX, a niskotemperaturskog 8!lX, skicirati
promene stawa freona 12 na Ut dijagramu i odrediti:
a) masene protoke rashladnog fluida kroz oba ispariva~a
b) snagu kompresora
c) faktor hla|ewa rashladnog postrojewa
7 6
VTI
8 3
NTI
4 5
9 2
6
U
3
8
4
5
9 2

a)
lK
ta~ka 6: q!>!9!cbs y>1 i>642/6!
lh
lK
ta~ka 7: i8!>!i7!>!642/6!
lh
lK
ta~ka 8: i9!>!i8!>!i7!>!642/6!
lh
lK
ta~ka 2: q!>!4!cbs y>2 i3!>!766/69!
lh
lK
ta~ka 1: q!>!2!cbs y>2 i2!>!752/2!
lh
⋅
⋅ R ouj 8 lh
n ouj!>! >! >1/17!
i2 − i 9 752/2 − 642/6 t
⋅
⋅ R wuj 25 lh
n wuj!>! > >!1/22!
i 3 − i 8 766/69 − 642/6 t
b)
lK
ta~ka 3: i4!>!i3!>!766/69!
lh
ta~ka 4: q>!4!cbs i!>@
prvi zakon termodinamike za me{awe fluidnih struja:
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
R 23 = ∆ I23 + X 23 ⇒ I2 = I3
⋅ ⋅
⋅ ⋅  ⋅ ⋅  n wuj ⋅ i 4 + nouj ⋅ i2
n wuj ⋅ i 4 + nouj ⋅ i2 =  n wuj + nouj  ⋅ i 5 ⇒ i5 = ⋅ ⋅
  n wuj + nouj
1/22 ⋅ 766/69 + 1/17 ⋅ 752/2 lK lK
i5 = >761/5! t5!>!2/734!
1/22 + 1/17 lh lhL
lK lK
ta~ka 5: q!>!9!cbs t!>!t5!>!2/734! i6!>!799/2!
lhL lh
⋅  ⋅ ⋅ 
X lq =  nouj + nouj  ⋅ (i 5 − i 6 ) > (1/17 + 1/22) ⋅ (761/5 − 799/2) >−7/5!lX
 
c)
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
R epw R ouj + R wuj 8 + 25
εi!>! =! !!> >!4/4
⋅ ⋅ 7/5
X lq X lq

7/27/ Za potrebe hla|ewa dve odvojene rashladne komore koristi se levokretni kru`ni proces sa
zajedni~kim kondenzatorom (KD) ,pri ~emu je rashladni fluid freon 12. U nisko temperaturskom
ispariva~u (NTI) vlada temperatura od −41PD, u visoko temperaturskom ispariva~u (VTI) temperartura
−2PD, dok je pritisak u kondenzatoru 1/8:42!NQb. Kondezovani fluid (stawa 6) razdvaja se na dve struje i
svaka od wih se adijabatski prigu{uje u odgovaraju}em ventilu (do stawa 7 odnosno stawa 8). Suva para
(stawa 1) iz nisko temperaturskog ispariva~a se kvazistati~ki adijabatski sabija u prvom kompresoru do
pritiska koji vlada u visoko temperaturskom ispariva~u
(stawe 3) i zatim izobarski me{a sa suvom parom (stawa 2) iz visoko temperaturskog ispariva~a.
Dobijena me{avina se kvazistati~ki adijabatski sabija u drugom kompresoru do temperature od 51PD
(stawe 5). Ako je maseni protok rashladnog fluida kroz nisko temperaturski ispariva~ 1/174!lh0t, a kroz
visoko temperaturski ispariva~ 1/224!lh0t, odrediti:
a) rashladne snage oba ispariva~a
b) snage oba kompresora
c) koeficijent hla|ewa rashladnog postrojewa
KD
7 6
VTI
8 3
NTI
9 2 4 5
⋅ ⋅
a) R ouj!>8!lX- ! R wuj>25!lX
⋅ ⋅
b) X u24 >!−2/29!lX X u 56 >!−4!lX
c) εi!>!6

7/28. U toplotnoj pumpi, radna materija obavqa levokretni kru`ni proces koji se sastoji od ravnote`nog
(kvazistati~kog) adijabatskog sabijawa, izotermskog ravnote`nog (kvazistati~og) sabijawa, ravnote`nog
(kvazistati~kog) adijabatskog {irewa i ravnote`nog (kvazistai~kog) izotermnog {irewa. Maksimalna
odnosno minimalna temperatura radne materije iznose: Unby>!431!L i Unjo>!391!L, a temperature
toplotnog izvora odnosno toplotnog ponora su stalne i iznose
Uuj>!3:1!L i Uuq>!421!L. Nepovratnost predaje toplote radnoj materiji iznosi
∆TJ!>!6!K0L. Predstaviti proces u Ut koordinatnom sistemu i odrediti:
a) nepovratnost predaje toplote toplotnom ponoru
b) koeficijent grejawa toplotne pumpe
U
Unby
4 3
!Uuq
!Uuj
Unjo
5 2
t
a)
R epw R R
∆TJ!>! (∆T tj )52 = (∆Tsu )52 − !>! epw − epw !!!!!!! ⇒
Uuj Unjo Uuj
(∆T tj )52 6
Repw!>! !> >!51/7!lK
2 2 2 2
− −
Unjo Uuj 391 3:1
Rpew!>!R34!> Unby ⋅ (∆T SU )34 >///!> 431 ⋅ (−1/256 ) >!−57/5!lK
R epw 51/7 K
(∆TSU )34 = −(∆T SU )52 = − =− >−256
Unjo 391 L
(∆Ttj )34 = (∆Tsu )34 − R pew !>! − 256 −

.57511
>!5/79!
K
Uuq 421 L
b)
R pew 57/5
εh!>! > >!9
R pew − R epw 57/5 − 51/7

7/29/!Dve toplotne pumpe me|usobno spojene redno (slika) rade po idealnom Karnoovom kru`nom procesu.
Toplotna pumpa 2 uzima 511!lK toplote od toplotnog izvora stalne temperature UUJ>411!L. Toplotu
odvedenu od toplotne pumpe 2 preuzima toplotna pumpa 3, koja predaje toplotu toplotnom ponoru stalne
temperature UUQ>2311!L. Ako obe toplotne pumpe rade sa istim faktorom grejawa odrediti:
a) temperaturu radne materije pri kojoj se vr{i razmena toplote izme|u dve toplotne pumpe, UY
b) neto mehani~ke radove koji se dovode radnoj materiji u toplotnoj pumpi, 2(UQ2) i toplotnoj pumpi,
3(UQ3)
TOPLOTNI Repw Ry Rpew TOPLOTNI

IZVOR UQ2 UQ3 PONOR
X2 X3
a)
UY UUQ
ε h2 = ε h3 =
UY − UUJ UUQ − UY
UY UUQ
ε h2 = ε h3 ⇒ > ⇒
UY − UUJ UUQ − UY
UY = UUJ ⋅ UUQ > 411 ⋅ 2311 >711!L
b)
UY 711 UUQ 2311
ε h2 = > >3 ε h3 = > >3
UY − UUJ 711 − 411 UUQ − UY 2311 − 711
RY ε h2
εh2!>! ⇒ RY = ⋅ R epw >911!lK
R Y − R epw ε h2 − 2
X2> R Y − R epw >911!−!511!>!511!lK
R pew ε h3
εh3!>! ⇒ R pew = ⋅ R Y >2711!lK
R pew − R Y ε h3 − 2
X3> R pew − R Y >2711!−!911!>!911!lK

7/2:/!Izobarskim odvo|ewem toplote od 4!lh vodene pare stawa (y>1/8-!q>31!lQb) sve dok se ne postigne
stawe kqu~ale te~nosti, pomo}u levokretnog kru`nog procesa u postrojewu sa toplotnom pumpom,
toplota se predaje vodoniku (idealan gas). Masa vodonika je 29!lh, a po~etna temperatura :6pD. Vodonik
se nalazi u zatvorenom sudu. Koeficijent grejawa toplotne pumpe je εh>2/9. Odrediti krajwu temperaturu
vodonika u sudu kao i snagu kompresora ako toplotna pumpa radi jedan sat.
Koli~ina toplote koja se oduzme od vodene pare u procesu kondenzacije )Rqbsb*

istovremeno predstavqa dovedenu toplotu za toplotnu pumpu )Repw*
Repw!>!Rqbsb!>!nqbsb!/!)iy!−!i′*!>!///!> 4 ⋅ (2:12/83 − 362/5 ) >!5:62!lK
lK
iy!>!i′!,!y/!)i′′!−!i′*!>!!///!> 362/5 + 1/8 ⋅ (371: − 362/5 ) >2:12/83!
lh
lK lK
i′!>!362/5! -! i′′!>!371:! -! )q!>!1/3!cbs*
lh lh
Koli~ina toplote koju primi vodonik )RW*!istovremeno predstavqa odvedenu toplotu za

toplotnu pumpu!)Rpew*
R pew εh
εh!>! ⇒ R pew = ⋅ R epw
R pew − R epw εh − 2
2/9
R pew = ⋅ 5:62>!2224:/86!lK!>!RW
2/9 − 2
RW
RW!>!nw!/!dw!)!Uw3!.!Uw2* !!!!!! ⇒ !!!!!!Uw3!> UW2 + >
nw ⋅ d W
2224:/86
UW3> 479 + >!538/62!L
29 ⋅ 21/5
XL!>! R pew − R epw = 7299/86!lK

• XL 7299/86
XL = > = 2/83!lX
τ 4711

7/31. Instalacija toplotne pumpe (slika) radi sa ugqendioksidom (idealan gas) kao radnim fluidom po
Xulovom kru`nom procesu izme|u qnjo>1/2!NQb i qnby>1/5!NQb. Stepen dobrote adijabatske kompresije
je ηlq>!1/:7, a stepen dobrote adijabatske ekspanzije ηfy>!1/:3. Svrha toplotne pumpe je da se u prostoriji
odràva temperatura UUQ>28pD pri temperaturi okolnog vazduha UUJ>1pD. Pri tome se iz okoline
radnom telu dovodi 311!lK0t toplote. Usvojiti da se ugqendioksid ispred kompresora zagreva do
temperature koja vlada u okolini, a ispred ekspanzionog ure|aja hladi do temperature koja vlada u
prostoriji. Odrediti faktor grejawa toplotne pumpe kao i snagu kompresora i snagu ekspanzionog
ure|aja (turbine).
U 3 grejana
prostorija
3l 4
3
5l 5 2
5
t
κ −2 2/39 −2
  κ
U3L!>!U2 ⋅  q 3L  >!384 ⋅  5  2/39 >!47:/82!L
 q 
 2   2
U −U 47:/82 − 384
U3!>!U2!,! 3L lq 2 !>!384!,! !>484/85!L
η 1/:7
κ −2 2/39 −2
 
>!3:1 ⋅  2 
κ
U5L!>!U4 ⋅  q 5L 
2/39
>!325/25!L
 q  5
 4 
U5!>!U4!,!ηfy!/)U5l!.!U4*!>!3:1!,!1/:3 ⋅(325/25 − 3:1) !>331/32!L
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
R epw = R 52 = n⋅ d q ⋅ (U2 − U5 ) ⇒
⋅
⋅ R epw 311 lh
n= > >5/57!
d q ⋅ (U2 − U5 ) 1/96 ⋅ (384 − 331/32) t
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
R pew = R 34 = n⋅ d q ⋅ (U4 − U3 ) > 5/57 ⋅ 1/96 ⋅ (3:1 − 484/85 ) >−428/57!lX

⋅
R pew
428/57
εh!>! >! >3/8
⋅ ⋅ 428/57 − 311
R pew − R epw
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
X lpnqsftps!>! X u23 > n ⋅ d q ⋅ (U2 − U3 ) > 5/57 ⋅ 1/96 ⋅ (384 − 484/85 ) >−492/:!lX
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
X uvscjob!>! X u45 > n ⋅ d q ⋅ (U4 − U5 ) > 5/57 ⋅ 1/96 ⋅ (3:1 − 331/32) >!375/68!lX
7/32/!Toplotna pumpa koja se koristi za zagrevawe vazduha (idealan gas) od Uw2>66pD!do Uw3>71pD! na
ra~un hla|ewa vode od (q>2!cbs- Ux2>29pD*!do!)q>2!cbs-!Ux3>25pD*, radi izme|u pritisaka qnjo>5/66!cbs
i!qnby>27/83!cbs, sa freonom 12 )S23* kao radnim telom, po idealnom Rankin−Klauzijusovom kru`nom
procesu sa prigu{ivawem te~ne faze,. Protok vode kroz ispariva~ toplotne pumpe je 2/6!lh0t/ Skicirati
promene stawa freona 12 na Ut!i!it dijagramu i odrediti faktor grejawa toplotne pumpe, snagu
kompresora kao i maseni protok vazduha kroz kondenzator toplotne pumpe.
vazduh
4 3
S23
5 2
voda 3
3
U i
4
2
4
5
5 2
t t

ta~ka 1: q>5/66!cbs y>2

lK lK
i2!>!771/95! t2!>!2/675!
lh lhL
lK
ta~ka 2: q>27/83!cbs t!>!t2!>2/675!
lhL
lK
i3!>!795/13!
lh
ta~ka 3: q>27/83!cbs y>1

lK
i4!>!677/2!
lh
lK
ta~ka 4: i5!>!i4!>!677/2!
lh
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
R epw = R 52 = n g ⋅ (i2 − i 5 ) >!///
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
R pew = R 34 = n g ⋅ (i 4 − i3 ) >!///
⋅
R pew
i4 − i3 677/2 − 795/13
εh = > > >6/19
⋅ ⋅ i 4 − i 3 − i2 − i 5 677/2 − 795/13 − 771/95 − 677/2
R pew − R epw
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces u ispariva~u toplotne pumpe:
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
R 23 = ∆ I23 + X U23 ⇒ I2 = I3
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
n x ⋅ i x2 + n g ⋅ i 5 = n x ⋅ i x3 + n g ⋅ i2 ⇒
⋅ ⋅ i x2 − i x3 86/46 − 69/71 lh
ng = nx ⋅ > 2/6 ⋅ >1/376!
i2 − i 5 771/95 − 677/2 t
napomena:
lK
ix2!>!86/46! )q!>!2!cbs-!u>29pD*
lh
lK
ix3!>!69/71! )q!>!2!cbs-!u>25pD*
lh

prvi zakon termodinamike za proces u kompresoru toplotne pumpe:
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
R 23 = ∆ I23 + X U23 ⇒ X U23 = −∆ I23 = − n g ⋅ (i3 − i2 )
⋅
X U23 = −1/376 ⋅ (795/13 − 771/95 ) >−7/25!lX
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces u kondenzatoru toplotne pumpe:
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
R 23 = ∆ I23 + X U23 ⇒ I2 = I3
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
n w ⋅ d q ⋅ Uw2 + n g ⋅ i 3 = n w ⋅ d q ⋅ Uw3 + n g ⋅ i 4 ⇒
⋅ ⋅ i3 − i 4 795/13 − 677/2 lh
nw = ng ⋅ > 1/376 ⋅ >7/36!
d q ⋅ (Uw3 − Uw2 ) 2 ⋅ (71 − 66 ) t
7/33/!Termodinami~ki stepen korisnosti Xulovog kru`nog procesa (2−3−4−5−2), koji obavqa vazduh
(idealan gas) iznosi η =0.3. Koliki bi bio faktor grejawa toplotne pumpe, kada bi metan (idealan gas)
obavqao levokretni Xulov kru`ni procec izme|u istih stawa )2−5−4−3−2*.
desnokretni levokretni
U U
4 4
5 5
3 3
2 2
t t

desnokretni kru`ni proces:
R epw = R 34 = n ⋅ d q ⋅ (U4 − U3 )
R pew = R 52 = n ⋅ d q ⋅ (U2 − U5 )
R epw + R pew U − U3 + U2 − U5
η!>! >! 4 ! )2*
R epw U4 − U3
levokretni kru`ni proces:
R epw = R 25 = n ⋅ d q ⋅ (U5 − U2 )
R pwe = R 43 = n ⋅ d q ⋅ (U3 − U4 )
R pew U3 − U4 U4 − U3
!!!εh!>! > > )3*
R pew − R epw U3 − U4 − U5 + U2 U4 − U3 − U5 + U2
2 2
pore|em izraza (1) i (2) uo~ava se: εh = > >4/44
η 1/4
7/34. Toplotna pumpa radi, sa vodenom parom kao radnim fluidom, po realnom levokretnom
Rankin−Klauzijusovom kru`nom procesu bez podhla|ivawa kondenzata izme|u pritisaka qnjo>9!lQb!i
qnby>1/7!NQb. U kompresor ulazi suvozasi}ena vodena para, a na izlazu iz kompresora temperatura pare
je 811pD. Kao izvor toplote koristi se otpadna voda nekog industrijskog procesa, temperature
61pD>dpotu, koja predaje vodenoj pari 2311!lX toplote. Potro{a~ toplote (toplotni ponor) nalazi se na
temperaturi 261pD>dpotu. Odrediti:
a) koli~inu toplote koja se predaje potro{a~u (lX)
b) koeficijent grejawa toplotne pumpe )εh*
c) promenu entorpije sistema koji sa~iwavaju radna materija, toplotni izvor i toplotni ponor
⋅
a) R pew >3161/4!lX
b) εh!>!3/5
⋅ lX
c) ∆ T tj!>!2/24!
L

VLA@AN VAZDUH
8/2/!U sudu zapremine!W>1/96!n4!nalazi se!nww>2/12!lh!nezasi}enog vla`nog vazduha stawa!)q>2!cbs-
u>31pD*/!Odrediti:
a) masu suvog vazduha u sudu i masu vodene pare u sudu
b) pritisak suvog vazduha i pritisak vodene pare u sudu
c) gustinu suvog vazduha, gustinu vodene pare i gustinu vla`nog vazduha u sudu
lhI3 P
d) sadràj vlage (apsolutnu vla`nost) vla`nog vazduha,
lhTW
e) relativnu vla`nost vla`nog vazduha
f) specifi~nu entalpiju vla`nog vazduha
a)
nww!>!ntw!,!nI3P )2*
(
q ⋅ W = nTW ⋅ S hTW + nI3PS hI3P ⋅ U ) )3*
re{avawem sistema jedna~ina (1) i (2) dobija se;

q⋅W  2  2⋅ 216 ⋅ 1/96  2
n tw =  − n ww ⋅ S hI3P  ⋅ > − 2/12⋅ 573  ⋅ >2!lh
 U  htw
S − S  3:4  398 − 573
hI3P  
nI3P!>!nww!−!ntw!>!2/12!−!2!>1/12!lh
b)
nTW ⋅ S hTW U 2 ⋅ 398 ⋅ 3:4
q TW = = = :9:41!Qb
W 1/96
nI3P ⋅ S hI3P U 1/12 ⋅ 573 ⋅ 3:4
q I3P = = = 26:3!Qb
W 1/96
c)
nTW q TW :9:41 lhTW
ρtw> = = >2/287!
W S hTW U 398 ⋅ 3:4 n4
nI3P q I3P 26:3 lhI3 P
!! !ρI3P> = = >1/119!
W S hI3P U 573 ⋅ 3:4 n4
lhWW
ρww!>!ρtw!,!ρI3P!>2/287!,!1/119!>2/195!!
n4
d)
nI3P NI3P q I3P 29 26:3 lhI3 P
y> = ⋅ = ⋅ >1/12!
nTW NTW q − q I3P 3: 2 ⋅ 21 − 26:3
6 lhTW

e)
q I3P 26:3
ϕ> =
(qqt )U =31p D 3448
>1/79
f)
lK
i = d qTW ⋅ u + y ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ u + 3611* = 2 ⋅ 31 + 1/12 ⋅ (2/97 ⋅ 31 + 3611) >56/48!
lhTW
8/3/!Odrediti temperaturu!vla`nog vazduha ~ije je stawe pri!q>2!cbs!zadato na na~in:

lhI3 P
a) y>1/13! !)apsolutna vla`nost*-!ϕ>1/9!(relativna vla`nost)
lhTW
b) Uwu>31pD!)temperatura vla`nog termometra*-!Us>21pD!)ta~ka rose*
a)
y 1/13
q I3P = ⋅q = ⋅ 2 ⋅ 21 6 >4232/75!Qb
NI3P 29
+y + 1/13
NTW 3:
q I3P 4232/75
q qt = = >4:13!Qb
ϕ 1/9
u4!>!39/6pD )temperatura kqu~awa vode na!q>4:13!Qb*
b)
(qI3P )S = ϕS ⋅ (qqt )US =21 > 2⋅ 2338 >2338!Qb
NI3P q I3P 29 2338 lhI3 P
yS> ⋅ = ⋅ >1/1188!
NTW q − q I3P 6
3: 2 ⋅ 21 − 2338 lhTW
y!>!yS
(qI3P )wu = ϕ wu ⋅ (qqt )Uwu =31 > 2⋅ 3448 >3448!Qb

ywu> ⋅ = ⋅ >1/1259!
NTW q − q I3P 6
3: 2 ⋅ 21 − 3448 lhTW
lK
iwu = dq ⋅ u + y wu ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ u wu + 3611* = 2 ⋅ 31 + 1/1259 ⋅ (2/97 ⋅ 31 + 3611) >56/48
lhTW
i!>!iwu
i − y ⋅ 3611 68/66 − 1/1188 ⋅ 3611

u!>! !> >48/87pD
dq + y ⋅ 2/97 2 + 1/1188 ⋅ 2/97

8/4/!Vla`nom vazduhu stawa!2)q2>2!cbs-!u2>31pD-!ϕ2>1/9-!nww>31!lh0i) dovodi se toplota u zagreja~u

vazduha dok vazduh ne dostigne stawe!3)q3>2!cbs-!u3>91pD), a zatim se tako zagrejan vazduh u adijabatski
izolovanoj komori vlaì pregrejanom vodenom parom stawa!Q)q>2!cbs-!u>231pD-!nqq>2!lh0i*!do stawa
4)q>2!cbs). Skicirati promene stawa vla`nog vazduha na Molijerovom i!−y!dijagramu i odrediti:
a) toplotnu snagu zagreja~a vazduha!)lX*
b) entalpiju!)i*-!apsolutnu vla`nost!)y*!i temperaturu!)u*!vla`nog vazduha stawa!4
i
4
3
3828
u3
ϕ>2
u2 2
ϕ2
ta~ka 1:
q qt >3448!Qb )napon pare ~iste vode na!u>31pD*
q I3P = ϕ ⋅ q qt > 1/9 ⋅ 3448 >297:/7!Qb

NI3P q I3P 29 297:/7 lhI3 P
y2!> ⋅ > ⋅ >1/1229!
NTW q − q I3P 6
3: 2 ⋅ 21 − 297:/7 lhTW
lK
i2> d qtw ⋅ u + y ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ u + 3611* > 2 ⋅ 31 + 1/1229 ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ 31 + 3611* >61/13!
lhTW
n ww 31 lhTW
ntw!>! > >2:/88!
2 + y 2 2 + 1/1229 i
ta~ka 2:
lhI3 P
y3!>!y2>1/1229!
lhTW
lK
i3> d q ⋅ u + y ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ u + 3611* > 2 ⋅ 91 + 1/1229 ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ 91 + 3611* >222/44!
lhTW

⋅ ⋅ ⋅
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces u zagreja~u vazduha:!!!!! R 23 = ∆ I23 + X u23
⋅ ⋅ 2:/88
R 23 = n tw ⋅ (i3 − i2 ) = ⋅ (222/44 − 61/13) >1/45!lX
4711
ta~ka 3:
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces vlaèwa vazduha:!!!!! R 23 = ∆ I23 + X u23
⋅ ⋅
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ntw ⋅ i3 + nqq ⋅ iqq
n tw ⋅ i3 + nqq ⋅ iqq = n tw ⋅ i 4 ⇒! i4 = ⋅
ntw
2:/88 2
⋅ 222/44 + ⋅ 3828
4711 4711 lK
i4 = >359/87!
2:/88 lhTW
4711
materijalni bilans vlage za proces vlaèwa vazduha:

⋅ ⋅
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ n tw ⋅ y 3 + nqq
n tw ⋅ y 3 + nqq = n tw ⋅ y 4 ⇒! y4 = ⋅
n tw
2:/88 ⋅ 1/1229 + 2 lhI3 P
y4 = >1/1735!
2:/88 lhTW
i 4 − y 4 ⋅ 3611 359/87 − 1/1735 ⋅ 3611

u4!>! !> >94/22pD
d q + y 4 ⋅ 2/97 2 + 1/1735 ⋅ 2/97
napomena:
lK
iqq>!3828! -!entalpija pregrejane vodene pare stawa!Q!)q>2!cbs-!u>231pD*
lh

8/5/!Za pripremu vla`nog vazduha stawa!5)q>2!cbs-!u>47pD-!ϕ>1/4) koristi se sve` vazduh stawa!2)q>2

cbs-!u>21pD-!ϕ>1/9). Sve` vazduh se najpre zagreva u zagreja~u do stawa!3)q>2!cbs*-!a onda adijabatski
vlaì ubrizgavawem vode!X)q>2!cbs-!ux>61pD*!dok ne postane zasi}en!)q>2!cbs-!ϕ>2*/!Na kraju se vazduh
dogreva u dogreja~u. Potro{wa vode u fazi vlaèwa vazduha iznosi!71!lh0i. Skicirati promene stawa
vla`nog vazduha na Molijerovom!i!−y!dijagramu i odrediti:
a) veli~ine stawe vla`nog vazduha na ulazu u dogreja~!!4)i-!y-!u*
b) toplotne snage zagreja~a i dogreja~a!)lX*
i
5 ϕ5
u5
3
ϕ>2
4
u2 2
ϕ2
y
31:
ta~ka 1:
q I3P = ϕ ⋅ q qt > 1/9 ⋅ 2338 >:92/7!Qb
NI3P q I3P 29 :92/7 lhI3 P
y2!> ⋅ > ⋅ >1/1173!
NTW q − q I3P 6
3: 2 ⋅ 21 − :92/7 lhTW
lK
i2> d q ⋅ u + y ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ u + 3611* > 2 ⋅ 21 + 1/1173 ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ 21 + 3611* >36/73!
lhTW
ta~ka 4;
q qt >6:51!Qb )napon pare ~iste vode na!u>47pD*
q I3P = ϕ ⋅ q qt > 1/4 ⋅ 6:51 >2893!Qb
y5!> ⋅ > ⋅ >1/1224!
NTW q − q I3P 6
3: 2 ⋅ 21 − 2893 lhTW
lK
i5> d q ⋅ u + y ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ u + 3611* > 2 ⋅ 47 + 1/1224 ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ 47 + 3611* >76/12!
lhTW
ta~ka 3:
lhI3 P
y4!>y5!>1/1224!
lhTW
y 1/1224
q I3P = ⋅q = ⋅ 2 ⋅ 21 6 >2899!Qb
NI3P 29
+y + 1/1224
NTW 3:
q I3P 2899
q qt = = >2899!Qb
ϕ 2
p
u4!>!27 D )temperatura kqu~awa vode na!q>2899!Qb*
lK
i4> d q ⋅ u + y ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ u + 3611* > 2 ⋅ 27 + 1/1224 ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ 27 + 3611* >55/6:!
lhTW

ta~ka 2:
lhI3 P
y3!>y2!>1/1173!
lhTW
materijalni bilans vlage za proces vlaèwa vazduha!)3−4*;

⋅ 71
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ nX lh
ntw ⋅ y3 + nX = ntw ⋅ y4 !!!!!!!!⇒!!!!!!!! n tw = = 4711 >4/38!
y4 − y3 1/1224 − 1/1173 t
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
⋅ ⋅
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ntw ⋅ i4 − nX ⋅ iX
n tw ⋅ i3 + nqq ⋅ iqq = n tw ⋅ i 4 ⇒ i3 = ⋅
ntw
71
4/38 ⋅ 55/6: − ⋅ 31:
lK
i3 = 4711 >54/63!
4/38 lhTW
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces u zagreja~u vazduha:!!!!! R 23 = ∆ I23 + X u23
⋅ ⋅
R 23 = n tw ⋅ (i3 − i2 ) > 4/38 ⋅ (54/63 − 36/73) >69/64!lX
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces u zagreja~u vazduha:!!!!! R 45 = ∆ I45 + X u 45
⋅ ⋅
R 45 = n tw ⋅ (i 5 − i 4 ) > 4/38 ⋅ (76/12 − 55/6:) >77/88!lX
8/6/!Vlaàn vazduh, pri konstantnom pritisku!)q>2/37!cbs*-!struji kroz adijabatski izolovan kanal i pri
tome se najpre zagreva a potom i vlaì suvozasi}enom vodenom parom!)q>2/4!cbs*!)slika*/!Jedan deo vodene
parekoristi se za zagrevawe vazduha (ulazi u cevnu zmiju i iz we izlazi potpuno kondenzovan tj. kao
kqu~ala te~nost), a drugi deo pare (istog po~etnog stawa) koristi se za vlaèwe vla`nog vazduha (isti~e
kroz mlaznicu i me{a se sa vla`nim vazduhom stawa 2). Zapreminski protok vla`nog vazduha na ulazu u
kanal iznosi!1/65!n40t-!a wegovo stawe je definisano temperaturom suvog termometra i temperaturom
vla`nog termometra!2)utu>33pD-!uwu>23pD*/!Odrediti potrebne masene protoke vodene pare posebno kroz
cevnu zmiju i posebno kroz mlaznicu, da bi se ostvarilo stawe!4)u>71pD-!ϕ>1/4*!vla`nog vazduha na izlazu
iz kanala. Skicirati promene stawa vla`nog vazduha na!Molijerovom!i−y!dijagramu.
nB nC
vlaàn
vazduh
2 3 4

ta~ka WU:
(qI3P )wu = ϕ wu ⋅ (qqt )Uwu =23 > 2⋅ 2512 >2512!Qb

ywu> ⋅ = ⋅ >1/1181!
NTW q − q I3P 6
3: 2/37 ⋅ 21 − 2512 lhTW
lK
iwu = dq ⋅ u + y wu ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ u wu + 3611* = 2⋅ 23 + 1/1181 ⋅ (2/97 ⋅ 23 + 3611) >3:/77
lhTW
ta~ka 1:
lK
i2>iwu!>3:/72!
lhTW
i2 − d q ⋅ u 2 3:/77 − 2 ⋅ 33 lhI3 P
y2 = = >1/1141!
2/97 ⋅ u 2 + 3611 2/97 ⋅ 33 + 3611 lhTW
(qI3P )2 = N y2
⋅q =
29
1/114
⋅ 2/37 ⋅ 21 6 >717!Qb
I3P
+ y2 + 1/114
NTW 3:
(q tw )2 = q − (q I3P )2 = 2/37 ⋅ 21 6 − 717 > 2/36 ⋅ 21 6 !Qb
(q TW )2 2/36 ⋅ 21 6 lhTW
(ρ tw )2 = = >2/59!
S hTW ⋅ U2 398 ⋅ 3:6 n4
⋅ ⋅ lhTW
n tw = (ρ tw )2 ⋅ W 2 = 2/59 ⋅ 1/65 >1/9!
t
ta~ka 3:
q qt >2::21!Qb )napon pare ~iste vode na!u>71pD*
q I3P = ϕ ⋅ q qt > 1/4 ⋅ 2::21 >6:84!Qb

NI3P q I3P 29 6:84 lhI3 P
y4!> ⋅ > ⋅ >1/141:!
NTW q − q I3P 6
3: 2/37 ⋅ 21 − 6:84 lhTW
lK
i4> d qtw ⋅ u + y ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ u + 3611* > 2 ⋅ 71 + 1/141: ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ 71 + 3611* >251/8
lhTW
ta~ka 2:
lhI3 P
y3>y2>1/1141! - i3>@
lhTW
materijalni bilans vlage za proces vlaèwa vazduha!)3−4*;

⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
ntw ⋅ y3 + nB = ntw ⋅ y4 !!!!!!!!⇒ n B = ntw ⋅ (y 4 − y 3 )
⋅ lh
n B = 1/9 ⋅ (1/141: − 1/1141) > 3/34 ⋅ 21 −3
t

prvi zakon termodinamike za proces u otvorenom sistemu ograni~enom isprekidanom konturom:

⋅ ⋅ ⋅
R 23 = ∆ I23 + X u23
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
n tw ⋅ i2 + n B ⋅ i B2 + nC ⋅ iC = n tw ⋅ i 4 + nC ⋅ i B3
⋅ ⋅
⋅ n tw ⋅ (i 4 − i2 ) − nC ⋅ iC 1/9 ⋅ (251/8 − 3:/77 ) − 3/34 ⋅ 21 −3 ⋅ 3798
nC = = >
i B2 − i B3 3798 − 55:/3
⋅ lh
nC > 2/3: ⋅ 21 −3
t
lK
iB2>iC2!>!3798! )suva para!q>2/4!cbs*
lh
iB3>55:/3 )kqu~ala voda!q>2/4!cbs*
i
4
ϕ>2
3798
2
WU
zadatak za ve`bawe: )8/7/*
8/7/!21!)2,y*!lh0t!vla`nog vazduha stawa!2)q>2!cbs-!u>71pD-!qI3P>1/12!cbs) vlaì se vodenom parom

stawa!Q)q>2!cbs-!u>271!pD). Parcijalni pritisak vodene pare u vla`nom vazduhu nakon vlaèwa iznosi
3)qI3P>1/16!cbs*/!Dobijeni vlaàn vazduh stawa 2 hladi se do zasi}ewa (stawe 3). Svi procesi sa vla`nim
vazduhom su izobarski. Skicirati procese sa vla`nim vazduhom na Molijerovom iy!dijagramu i odrediti:
a) temperaturu )u* i apsolutnu vla`nost!)y*!vla`nog vazduha stawa!3!i stawa!4
b) koliko se toplote odvede od vla`nog vazduha u procesu hla|ewa!)3−4*-!)lX*
re{ewe:
lhI3 P lhI3 P
a) u3>75/79pD-!y3>1/1438! -!u4>43/:pD-!y4>1/1438!
lhTW lhTW
⋅
b) R 34!>!−447!lX

8/8/!U adijabatski izolovanom rashladnom torwu, za potrebe hla|ewa neke prostorije, hladi se voda
X2)q>2!cbs-!ux2>68pD) isparavawem u struji vazduha, ~ije je stawe na ulazu u toraw 2)q>2!cbs-!u>33pD-
ϕ>1/3) a na izlazu iz torwa 3)q>2!cbs-!u>38pD-!ϕ!>1/:*/!Protok suvog vazduha kroz toraw iznosi!9/6!lh0t.
Ohla|ena voda iz torwa!X3)q>2!cbs-!ux3>33!D*-!se me{a sa sveòm vodom!Xp)q>2cbs-!uxp>27pD*!da bi se
nadoknadila isparena koli~ina vode i ponovo odvodi u prostoriju koju treba ohladiti. Odrediti:
a) potro{wu sveè vode!)X1*
b) razmewenu toplotu u torwu!)lX*
c) protoke tople )X2* i ohla|ene vode!)X3*
d) koli~inu toplote koju prostorija koja se hladi predaje vodi-!R′!!)lX*
X2
2)u3-!ϕ3*
Rups
R′
X1
X3
2)u2-!ϕ2*
Xp
vlaàn vazduh:
ta~ka 1:
q I3P = ϕ ⋅ q qt > 1/3 ⋅ 3754 >639/7!Qb
NI3P q I3P 29 639/7 lhI3 P
y2!> ⋅ > ⋅ >1/1144!
NTW q − q I3P 6
3: 2 ⋅ 21 − 639/7 lhTW
lK
i2> d q ⋅ u + y ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ u + 3611* > 2 ⋅ 33 + 1/1144 ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ 33 + 3611* >41/48!
lhTW

ub•lb!3;
q I3P = ϕ ⋅ q qt > 1/: ⋅ 4675 >4318/7!Qb
NI3P q I3P 29 4318/7 lhI3 P
y3!> ⋅ > ⋅ >1/1317!
NTW q − q I3P 6
3: 2 ⋅ 21 − 4318/7 lhTW
lK
i3> d q ⋅ u + y ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ u + 3611* > 2 ⋅ 38 + 1/1317 ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ 38 + 3611* >8:/64
lhTW
voda:
lK
ix2>349/37! entalpija vode!q>2!cbs-!u>68pD
lh
lK
ix3>:2/:7! entalpija vode!q>2!cbs-!u>33pD
lh
lK
ix1>77/99! entalpija vode!q>2!cbs-!u>27pD
lh
materijalni bilans vlage za proces vlaèwa vazduha u torwu:
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
X2 + ntw ⋅ y2 = X3 + ntw ⋅ y3 ⇒ X2 − X3 = ntw ⋅ (y 3 − y2 ) > Xp
⋅ lh
Xp > n tw ⋅ (y 3 − y 2 ) > 9/6 ⋅ (1/1317 − 1/1144 ) >1/258!
t
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces u torwu:!!!!! R 23 = ∆ I23 + X u23
⋅ ⋅
X2 ⋅ i x2 + n tw ⋅ i2 = X3 ⋅ i x3 + n tw ⋅ i3
⋅
R ups > X2 ⋅ i x2 − X3 ⋅ i x3 = n tw ⋅ (i 3 − i2 )
⋅
R ups > n tw ⋅ (i 3 − i2 ) > 9/6 ⋅ (8:/64 − 41/68) >528/97!lX
Xp > X2 − X3 )2*
R ups > X2 ⋅ i x2 − X3 ⋅ i x3 )3*
lh lh
Kombinovawem jedna~ina!)2*!i!)3*!dobija se: X 2>3/869! -! X 3>3/722!
t t
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces u hladwaku prostorije koju treba hladiti:

⋅ ⋅ ⋅
R 23 = ∆ I23 + X u23 R ( = X2 ⋅ ix2 − X3 ⋅ ix3 − Xp ⋅ ixp
R ( = 3/869 ⋅ 349/37 − 3/722 ⋅ :2/:7 − 1/258 ⋅ 77/99 >518/29!lX

8/9/!U nekom procesu izobarski se hladi vlaàn vazduh, po~etnog stawa!)q2>2!cbs-!u2>41pD-!ϕ2>1/9-

nww>211!)2,y*!lh0i*/!Odrediti:
a) koli~inu toplote koja se odvodi od vla`nog vazduha kao i koli~inu izdvojenog kondenzata ako se
hla|ewe vazduha vr{i do!u3>21pD
b) koli~inu toplote koja se odvodi od vla`nog vazduha kao i koli~inu izdvojenog leda ako se hla|ewe
vazduha vr{i do!u4>−21pD
c) koli~inu toplote koja se odvodi od vla`nog vazduha kao i koli~inu izdvojenog leda i kondenzata ako
se hla|ewe vazduha vr{i do!u4>1pD!i pri tome nastaje jednaka koli~ina leda i kondenzata
Sve procese predstaviti na Molijerovom i−y dijagramu za vlaàn vazduh
⋅
− R 23
2 3′ 3
izdvojeni
kondenzat
i/ili led
ta~ka 1:
q I3P = ϕ ⋅ q qt > 1/9 ⋅ 5352>44:3/9!Qb

NI3P q I3P 29 44:3/9 lhI3 P
y2!> ⋅ > ⋅ >1/1329!
NTW q − q I3P 6
3: 2 ⋅ 21 − 44:3/9 lhTW
lK
i2> d qtw ⋅ u + y ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ u + 3611* > 2 ⋅ 41 + 1/1329 ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ 41 + 3611* >96/83!
lhTW

a)
i
2
ϕ2
u2
ϕ>2
3
u3
3′
y
ta~ka 2:
q I3P = ϕ ⋅ q qt > 2⋅ 2338 >2338!Qb

y3!> ⋅ > ⋅ >1/1188!
NTW q − q I3P 6
3: 2 ⋅ 21 − 2338 lhTW
lK
i3> d qtw ⋅ u + y ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ u + 3611* > 2 ⋅ 21 + 1/1188 ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ 21 + 3611* >3:/4:!
lhTW
koli~ina izdvojenog kondenzata:

⋅ ⋅ lh
nlpoe = n tw ⋅ (y2 − y 3 ) = 211 ⋅ (1/1329 − 1/1188) >2/52!
i
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces u hladwaku vazduha:!!!!! R 23 = ∆ I23 + X u23
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ 211 2/52
R23 = ntw ⋅ (i3 − i2) + nlpoe ⋅ ix > ⋅ (3:/4: − 96/83) + ⋅ 53 >−2/66!lX
4711 4711
lK
ix!>!53! entalpija kondenzata (vode)!q>2!cbs-!u>21pD
lh

b)
i
2
ϕ2
u2
ϕ>2
y
3
u3
3′
ta~ka 2:
q qt >36:/5!Qb )napon pare ~iste vode na!u>−21pD*
q I3P = ϕ ⋅ q qt > 2⋅ 36:/5 >36:/5!Qb

NI3P q I3P 29 36:/5 lhI3 P
y3!> ⋅ > ⋅ >1/1127!
NTW q − q I3P 6
3: 2 ⋅ 21 − 36:/5 lhTW
i3> dqtw ⋅ u + y ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ u + 3611* > 2 ⋅ (−21) + 1/1127 ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ (−21) + 3611* >
lK
!!!>−7/14
lhTW
koli~ina izdvojenog leda:
⋅ ⋅ lh
nmfe = ntw ⋅ (y2 − y3 ) = 211 ⋅ (1/1329 − 1/1127) >3/13!
i
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ 211 3/13
R23 = ntw ⋅ (i3 − i2) + nlpoe ⋅ im > ⋅ (− 7/14 − 96/83) + ⋅ (− 463/5 ) >−3/86!lX
4711 4711
lK
im!>! d m ⋅ (Um − 384) − sm = 3 ⋅ (−21) − 443/5 >−463/5! !!!!!!entalpija leda-!u>−21pD
lh

c)
i
2
ϕ2
u2
ϕ>2
3
u3 y
3′
ta~ka 2:
q qt >721/9!Qb )napon pare ~iste vode na!u>1pD*
q I3P = ϕ ⋅ q qt > 2⋅ 721/9 >721/9!Qb

NI3P q I3P 29 721/9 lhI3 P
y3!> ⋅ > ⋅ >1/1149!
NTW q − q I3P 6
3: 2 ⋅ 21 − 721/9 lhTW
lK
i3> d qtw ⋅ u + y ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ u + 3611* > 2 ⋅ 1 + 1/1149 ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ 1 + 3611* >:/6
lhTW
koli~ina izdvojenog kondenzata i leda:
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ lh
nlpoe + nmfe = n tw ⋅ (y2 − y 3 ) = 211 ⋅ (1/1329 − 1/1149) >2/9!
i
⋅ ⋅ lh
nlpoe = nmfe >1/:!
i
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
R 23 = ntw ⋅ (i3 − i2 ) + nlpoe ⋅ i x + nm ⋅ im >
⋅ 211 1/:
R 23 = ⋅ (:/6 − 96/83) + ⋅ (− 443/5 ) >−3/3!lX
4711 4711
lK
im!>! d m ⋅ (Um − 384) − sm = 3 ⋅ 1 − 443/5 >−443/5! !!!!!!entalpija leda-!u>1pD
lh
lK
ix!>1! entalpija kondenzata (vode)!q>2!cbs-!u>1pD
lh

8/:/!Iz!21!)2,y*!lh0t!vla`nog vazduha stawa!2)q>2!cbs-!u>31pD-!y>1/13!lhI3P0!lhTW*!izdvaja se vlaga u

te~nom stawu, a zatim se preostali vazduh zagreva izobarski dok se ne postigne relativna vla`nost od
ϕ>1/4/!Odrediti maseni protok izdvojene vlage )lh0t* kao i temperaturu vla`nog vazduha nakon
zagrevawa. Prikazati procese sa vla`nim vazduhom na Molijerovom!i−y!dijagramu.
ta~ka 1:
lK
i2>g)u2-!y2*!>!69! !)pro~itano sa Molijerovog!i−y!dijagrama*
lhTW
ta~ka 2:
(qI3P )3 = ϕ3 ⋅ (qqt )U3 =31 > 2⋅ 3448 >3448!Qb
y3> ⋅ = ⋅ >1/125:!
NTW q − q I3P 3: 2 ⋅ 21 − 3448
6 lhTW
ta~ka 3:
lhI3 P
y4>y3>1/125:!
lhTW
(qI3P )4 =
NTW
y4
⋅q =
29
1/125:
⋅ 2 ⋅ 21 6 >1/1345!cbs
+ y4 + 1/125:
NI3P 3:
(qI3P )4
(qqt )4 = ϕ4
=
1/1345
1/4
>1/189!cbs ⇒ u4!>!)ul*Q>1/189!cbs>52/6pD
koli~ina odstrawene vlage:

⋅ ⋅ lh
n x = n tw ⋅ (y 2 − y 3 ) = 21 ⋅ (1/13 − 1/125:) >1/162!
t
ϕ4
i2
ϕ>2
3
u2
2
y
y2

8/21/!Vlaàn vazduh stawa!2)q>286!lQb-!utu>39pD-!uwu>33pD*!i zapreminskog protoka!W>1/6!n40t

izobarski se vlaì u adijabatski izolovanoj komori sa!1/13!lh0s pregrejane vodene pare stawa!)q>286
lQb-!u>511pD*!do stawa 2. Odrediti:
a) temperaturu vla`nog vazduha stawa!3
b) koli~inu toplote koju bi trebalo odvesti od vla`nog vazduha stawa!2 da bi ga izobarski ohladili do
temperature od −21pD!)stawe!4*-!kao i masu leda u jedinici vremena!)lh0i*!koja se tom prilikom
izdvoji iz vla`nog vazduha
c) skicirati sve procese sa vla`nim vazduhom na Molijerovom i−y dijagramu
ta~ka WU:
q I3P = ϕ ⋅ q qt > 2⋅ 3784 >3784!Qb

ywu!> ⋅ > ⋅ >1/11:7!
NTW q − q I3P 6
3: 2/86 ⋅ 21 − 3784 lhTW
lK
iwu> d qtw ⋅ u + y ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ u + 3611* > 2 ⋅ 33 + 1/11:7 ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ 33 + 3611* >57/4:
lhTW
ta~ka 1:
lK
i2>iwu!>57/25!
lhTW
i2 − d q ⋅ u 2 57/25 − 2 ⋅ 39 lhI3 P
y2 = = >1/1182!
2/97 ⋅ u 2 + 3611 2/97 ⋅ 39 + 3611 lhTW
(qI3P )2 = N y2
⋅q =
29
1/1182
⋅ 2/86 ⋅ 21 6 >2:8:!Qb
I3P
+ y2 + 1/1182
NTW 3:
(q tw )2 = q − (q I3P )2 = 2/86 ⋅ 21 6 − 2:8: > 2/84 ⋅ 21 6 !Qb
(q TW )2 2/84 ⋅ 21 6 lhTW
(ρ tw )2 = = >3!
S hTW ⋅ U2 398 ⋅ 412 n4
⋅ ⋅ lhTW
n tw = ρ tw ⋅ W = 3 ⋅ 1/6 >2!
t

ta~ka 2:
materijalni bilans vlage za proces vlaèwa vazduha:
⋅ ⋅
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ n tw ⋅ y2 + nqq
n tw ⋅ y2 + nqq = ntw ⋅ y 3 ⇒! y3 = ⋅
n tw
2 ⋅ 1/1182 + 1/13 lhI3 P
y3 = >1/1382!
2 lhTW
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
⋅ ⋅
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ntw ⋅ i2 + nqq ⋅ iqq
n tw ⋅ i2 + nqq ⋅ iqq = n tw ⋅ i 3 ⇒! i3 = ⋅
ntw
2 ⋅ 57/25 + 1/13 ⋅ 4387/6 lK
i3 = >222/78!
2 lhTW
i 3 − y 3 ⋅ 3611 222/78 − 1/1382 ⋅ 3611
u3!>! !> >52/9pD
d q + y 3 ⋅ 2/97 2 + 1/1382 ⋅ 2/97
lK
iqq>!4387/6! -! entalpija pregrejane vodene pare, q>2/86!cbs-!u>511pD
lh
ta~ka 3:
q I3P = ϕ ⋅ q qt > 2⋅ 36:/5 >36:/5!Qb

NI3P q I3P 29 36:/5 lhI3 P
y4!> ⋅ > ⋅ >1/111:!
NTW q − q I3P 6
3: 2/86 ⋅ 21 − 36:/5 lhTW
i3> dqtw ⋅ u + y ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ u + 3611* > 2 ⋅ (−21) + 1/111: ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ (−21) + 3611* >
lK
!!!>−8/88
lhTW
koli~ina izdvojenog leda:
⋅ ⋅ lh lh
nmfe = n tw ⋅ (y 3 − y 4 ) = 2 ⋅ (1/1382 − 1/111:) >1/1373! >!:5/43!
t i
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ :5/43
R 34 = n tw ⋅ (i 4 − i 3 ) + nm ⋅ im > 2 ⋅ (− 8/88 − 222/78) + ⋅ (− 463/5 ) >−239/8!lX
4711
lK
im!>! d m ⋅ (Um − 384) − sm = 3 ⋅ (−21) − 443/5 >−463/5! !!!!!!entalpija leda-!u>−21pD
lh

i 4387/6
3
2
u2 ϕ>2
uwu WU
4
u4
4′
⋅
8/22/!Pri izobarskom hla|ewu W >91!n40i vla`nog vazduha stawa!2)q>2!cbs-!u>31pD-!ϕ>1/7* do stawa
3)u>11D) od vla`nog vazduha odvede se 9:1!X toplote. Rashladna povr{ina sastoji se iz 23 plo~a
dimenzija 31!Y!41!dn zanemarqive debqine. Odrediti vreme potrebno da se na rashladnim plo~ama
stvori sloj leda debqine δ=5!dn. Pretpostaviti ravnomernost debqine leda. )ρM>:11!lh0n4*
re{ewe: τ>351111!t

⋅ n4
8/23/!Struja vla`nog vazduha stawa 2)q>2!cbs-!u>41!pD-!ϕ>31&- W >26 ) me{a se sa strujom vla`nog
njo
n4 ⋅
vazduha stawa!3)q>2!cbs-!u>51!pD-!ϕ>91&- W >31 */!Skicirati proces me{awa na Molijerovom i−y
njo
dijagramu i odrediti temperaturu!)u*!-!apsolutnu vla`nost!)y) i entalpiju!)i*!novonastale me{avine ako se
me{awe vr{i:
a) adijabatski
b) neadijabatski, pri semu se okolini predaje!!4!lX!toplote
i ϕ3
3
N
u3
O
ϕ>2
u2 2
4
ϕ2
ta~ka 1:
q I3P = ϕ ⋅ q qt > 1/3 ⋅ 5352>959/3!Qb
NI3P q I3P 29 959/3 lhI3 P
y2!> ⋅ > ⋅ >1/1164!
NTW q − q I3P 6
3: 2 ⋅ 21 − 959/3 lhTW
lK
i2> d q ⋅ u + y ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ u + 3611* > 2 ⋅ 41 + 1/1164 ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ 41 + 3611* >54/66!
lhTW
q tw = q − q I3P > 2 ⋅ 21 6 − 959/3 >::262/9!Qb

q TW ::262/9 lhTW ⋅ ⋅ 26 lh
ρtw> > = 2/25! - !!! n tw2> ρ tw ⋅ W 2 > 2/25 ⋅ >1/396!
S hTW ⋅ U 398 ⋅ 414 n 4 71 t

ta~ka 2:
q I3P = ϕ ⋅ q qt > 1/9 ⋅ 8486 >6:11!Qb
y3!> ⋅ > ⋅ >1/149:!
NTW q − q I3P 6
3: 2 ⋅ 21 − 6:11 lhTW
lK
i3> d q ⋅ u + y ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ u + 3611* > 2 ⋅ 51 + 1/149: ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ 51 + 3611* >251/25
lhTW
q tw = q − q I3P > 2 ⋅ 21 6 − 6:11 >:5211!Qb
q TW :5211 lhTW ⋅ ⋅ 31 lh
ρtw> > = 2/16! - !!! n tw3> ρ tw ⋅ W 3 > 2/16 ⋅ >1/46!
S hTW ⋅ U 398 ⋅ 424 n 4 71 t
ta~ka!N;
materijalni bilans vlage za proces me{awa dva vla`na vazduha:
⋅ ⋅
⋅ ⋅  ⋅ ⋅  n tw2 ⋅ y 2 + ntw3 ⋅ y 3
n tw2 ⋅ y 2 + n tw3 ⋅ y 3 =  ntw2 + n tw3  ⋅ y n ⇒! yn = ⋅ ⋅
  n tw2 + n tw3
1/396 ⋅ 1/1164 + 1/46 ⋅ 1/149: lhI3 P
yn = >1/1349!
1/396 + 1/46 lhTW
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces me{awa: R 23 = ∆ I23 + X u23
⋅ ⋅
⋅ ⋅  ⋅ ⋅  ntw2 ⋅ i2 + n tw3 ⋅ i 3
n tw2 ⋅ i2 + ntw3 ⋅ i 3 =  n tw2 + n tw3  ⋅ in ⇒! in = ⋅ ⋅
  n tw2 + n tw3
1/396 ⋅ 54/66 + 1/46 ⋅ 251/25 lK
in = >:7/8:!
1/396 + 1/46 lhTW
in − y n ⋅ 3611 :7/8: − 1/1349 ⋅ 3611
un!>! !> >46/82pD
d q + y n ⋅ 2/97 2 + 1/1349 ⋅ 2/97
ta~ka!O;
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
⋅  ⋅ ⋅  ⋅ ⋅ n tw2 ⋅ i2 + n tw3 ⋅ i 3 − R 23
R 23 =  ntw2 + n tw3  ⋅ io − ntw2 ⋅ i2 − n tw3 ⋅ i3 -!! io = ⋅ ⋅
  n tw2 + ntw3
1/396 ⋅ 54/66 + 1/46 ⋅ 251/25 − 4 lK
io = >:3/18!
1/396 + 1/46 lhTW
lhI3 P :3/18 − 1/1349 ⋅ 3611
yo!>yn!>1/1349! ! uo!>! >!42/26pD
lhTW 2 + 1/1349 ⋅ 2/97

⋅
8/24/!Za prostoriju u kojoj se gaje {ampiwoni (slika) priprema se! n 4>6111!lh0i!vla`nog vazduha na
slede}i na~in: sve` vazduh stawa!2)q>2!cbs-!u>−21pD-!ϕ>1/9*!!adijabatski se me{a se sa delom
iskori{}enog vazduha stawa!5)q>2cbs-!u>33!pD-!ϕ>1/:*!u odnosu!2;3/!Dobijeni vlaàn vazduh stawa
N)q>2!cbs) se zagreva u zagreja~u do stawa!3)q>2cbs-!u>36pD) a zatim adijabatski vlaì uvo|ewem
suvozasi}ene vodene pare stawa!Q)u>211pD*!do stawa!4)q>2!cbs*!kada vazduh dostiè apsolutnu
vla`nost otpadnog vazduha. Tako dobijen vazduh se u komori sa {ampiwonima hladi. Skicirati
promene stawa vla`nog vazduha na Molijerovom!i!−y!dijagramu i odrediti:
a) temperaturu vla`nog vazduha stawa!N
b) temperaturu vla`nog vazduha stawa!4
c) toplotnu snagu zagreja~a vazduha!)lX*
d) potro{wu vodene pare u fazi vlaèwa!)lh0t*
n′′
4
komora za
5
vlaèwe prostorija sa
3
{ampiwonima
N 5 5
recirkulacioni otpadni
2 vazduh vazduh
sve`
vazduh
i
4
3
3786
5
ϕ>2
N
2
y

ta~ka 1:
q I3P = ϕ ⋅ q qt > 1/9 ⋅ 36:/5 >318/6!Qb
NI3P q I3P 29 318/6 lhI3 P
y2!> ⋅ > ⋅ >1/1124!
NTW q − q I3P 6
3: 2 ⋅ 21 − 318/6 lhTW
lK
i2> d q ⋅ u + y ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ u + 3611* > 2⋅ (−21) + 1/1124 ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ (−21) + 3611* >−7/88!
lhTW
ta~ka 4:
q I3P = ϕ ⋅ q qt > 1/: ⋅ 3754 >3489/8!Qb
NI3P q I3P 29 3489/8 lhI3 P
y5!> ⋅ > ⋅ >1/1262!
NTW q − q I3P 3: 2⋅ 216 − 3489/8 lhTW
lK
i5> d q ⋅ u + y ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ u + 3611* > 2 ⋅ 33 + 1/1262 ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ 33 + 3611* >71/48!
lhTW
ta~ka!N;
⋅
n tw2
⋅
⋅ y2 + y 5
⋅ ⋅  ⋅ ⋅  ntw 5
n tw2 ⋅ y2 + n tw 5 ⋅ y 5 =  n tw2 + n tw 5  ⋅ y n ⇒! yn = ⋅
  n tw2
⋅
+2
n tw 5
2
⋅ 1/1124 + 1/1262
lhI3 P
yn = 3 >1/1216
2 lhTW
+2
3
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
⋅
n tw2
⋅
⋅ i2 + i 5
⋅ ⋅  ⋅ ⋅  n tw 5
n tw2 ⋅ i2 + n tw 5 ⋅ i 5 =  n tw2 + n tw 5  ⋅ in ⇒! in = ⋅
  ntw2
⋅
+2
n tw 5
2
⋅ (− 7/88) + 71/48
3 lK
in = >48/::!
2 lhTW
+2
3
in − y n ⋅ 3611 48/:: − 1/1216 ⋅ 3611

un!>! !> >22/63pD
d q + y n ⋅ 2/97 2 + 1/1216 ⋅ 2/97
⋅
napomena: n tw5!je oznaka za maseni protok samo recirkulacionog vazduha !!

ta~ka 2:
lhI3 P
y3!>!yn>1/1216!
lhTW
lK
i3> d q ⋅ u + y ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ u + 3611* > 2 ⋅ 36 + 1/1216 ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ 36 + 3611* >62/85
lhTW
ta~ka 3:
lhI3 P
y4!>!y5>1/1262!
lhTW
6111
⋅ H4 lhTW
n tw4!>! > 4711 >2/49!
2 + y 4 2 + 1/1262 t
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
n tw4!>! n tw3!>! n twn> n tw2!,! n tw5 )2*
⋅
⋅ ntw 5
n tw2 = )3*
3
⋅ lh ⋅ lh
Kombinovawem jedna~ina!)2*!i!)3*!dobija se;! n tw2>1/57! -! n tw5>1/:3!
t t
materijalni bilans vlage za proces vlaèwa vazduha;
 ⋅ ⋅   ⋅ ⋅   ⋅ ⋅ 
 n tw2 + ntw 5  ⋅ y 3 + n( ( =  ntw2 + ntw 5  ⋅ y 4 !!!!⇒ n( ( =  n tw2 + n tw 5  ⋅ (y 4 − y 3 )
     
lh
! n( ( = 2/49 ⋅ (1/1262 − 1/1216) >7/46!/21−4!
t

⋅ ⋅ ⋅
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces vlaèwa vazduha:! R 23 = ∆ I23 + X u23
 ⋅ ⋅ 
 ntw2+ ntw 5  ⋅ i3 + n( (⋅i#
 ⋅ ⋅   ⋅ ⋅ 
 ntw2+ ntw 5  ⋅ i3 + n#⋅i# =  ntw2+ ntw 5  ⋅ i4 !!!!⇒!!! i4 =  ⋅

⋅
    ntw2+ ntw 5
2/49 ⋅ 62/85 + 7/46 ⋅ 21 −4 ⋅ 3786 lK

i4 = >75/16!
2/49 lhTW
i 4 − y 4 ⋅ 3611 75/16 − 1/1262 ⋅ 3611

u4!>! !> >36/69pD
d q + y 4 ⋅ 2/97 2 + 1/1262 ⋅ 2/97
napomena:
lK
i′′>!3786! -!entalpija suvozasi}ene vodene pare stawa!Q)u>211pD*
lh
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces u zagreja~u vazduha:!!!!!!! R 23 = ∆ I23 + X u23
R {bh = (Htw2 + Htw 5 ) ⋅ (i3 − in ) > 2/49 ⋅ (62/85 − 48/:: ) >29/:9!lX
8/25/ n2>3!)2,y*!lh0t!vla`nog vazduha stawa!2)q>2!cbs-!y>1/116!lh0lhTW) adijabatski se me{a sa n3>4

)2,y*!lh0t!vla`nog vazduha stawa!3)q>2!cbs-!y>1/17!lh0lhTW-!u>61!pD*/!Ne koriste}i i−y dijagrama
odrediti:
a) temperaturu vla`nog vazduha 1 tako da vazduh dobijen me{awem vazduha 1 i 2 bude zasi}en
b) temperaturu dobijenog zasi}enog vla`nog vazduha
c) temperaturu vla`nog vazduha 1 tako da vazduh dobijen me{awem vazduha 1 i 2 bude zasi}en za slu~aj da
je me{awe neadijabatsko uz toplotne gubitke u okolinu od Rp>5!lX
d) skicirati sve procese na i−y dijagramu
a) u2>23/6pD
b) uN>46/5pD
c) u2′>25/8pD

8/26/ Za klimatizaciju nekog objekta potrebno je obezbediti vlaàn vazduh stawa

⋅
4)q>1/23!NQb-!u>33pD-!ϕ>61&-! W >1/5!n40t*/!U tu svrhu koristi se ure|aj koji se sastoji iz filtera,
hladwaka, zagreja~a vazduha i ventilatora-duvaqke, (slika). Snaga ventilatora koji adijabatski sabija
vazduh sa pritiska!q3)>q2>qp*!na pritisak!q4!je 2/5!lX/!Stawe okolnog nezasi}enog vla`nog vazduha je
P)qp>1/2!NQb-!up>41pD-!ϕ>61&-*/!Prikazati proces pripreme vla`nog vazduha na Molijerovom!i!−y
b* koli~inu izdvojenog kondenzata!)lh0i*
c* toplotnu snagu hladwaka vazduha,!Rimb!)lX*
d* toplotnu snagu zagreja~a vazduha,!R{bh!)lX*
4
W4
Rimb ,R{bh
v
e
z
n
f h a
t X
i l g
1 i
l a r
2 3 l
t d e
a
e w j
t
r a a
o
k ~
r
kondenzat
i
ϕ>2-!q>2/3!cbs
i 4
y
3 ϕ>2-!q>2!cbs

ta~ka 3:
q I3P = ϕ ⋅ q qt > 1/6 ⋅ 3754 >2432/6!Qb
NI3P q I3P 29 2432/6 lhI3 P
y4!> ⋅ > ⋅ >1/117:!
NTW q − q I3P 6
3: 2/3 ⋅ 21 − 2432/6 lhTW
lK
i4> d q ⋅ u + y ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ u + 3611* > 2 ⋅ 33 + 1/117: ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ 33 + 3611* >4:/64!
lhTW
q tw = q − q I3P > 2/3 ⋅ 21 6 − 2432/6 >229789/6!Qb

q TW 229789/6 lhTW ⋅ lh
ρtw> > = 2/51! - !!!Htw> ρ tw ⋅ W > 2/51 ⋅ 1/5 >1/67!
S hTW ⋅ U 398 ⋅ 3:6 n 4 t
ta~ka 2:
lhI3 P
y3>y4>1/117:!
lhTW
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces u ventilatoru:!!!!!!! R 23 = ∆ I23 + X u23
⋅
⋅ ⋅ X u23 2/5 lK
X u23 = ntw ⋅ (i 3 − i 4 ) ⇒ i3 = i4 + ⋅
> 4:/64 − >48/14!
1/67 lhTW
n tw
ta~ka 1:
lhI3 P
y2>y3>1/117:!
lhTW
y 1/117:
q I3P = ⋅ q2 > ⋅ 2 ⋅ 21 6 = 21::/5!Qb
NTW 29
+y + 1/117:
NI3P 3:
q I3P 21::/5
q qt = = = 21::/5!Qb
ϕ 2
p
u2!>9/6 D )temperatura kqu~awa vode na!q>21::/5!cbs*
lK
i2> d q ⋅ u + y ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ u + 3611* > 2 ⋅ 9/6 + 1/117: ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ 9/6 + 3611* >36/97
lhTW
ta~ka 0:
q I3P = ϕ ⋅ q qt > 1/6 ⋅ 5352>3231/6!Qb
NI3P q I3P 29 3231/6 lhI3 P
yp!> ⋅ > ⋅ >1/1245!
NTW q − q I3P 3: 2 ⋅ 21 6 − 3231/6 lhTW
lK
ip> d q ⋅ u + y ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ u + 3611* > 2 ⋅ 41 + 1/1245 ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ 41 + 3611* >75/36!
lhTW

⋅ ⋅
koli~ina izdvojenog kondenzata: X l = n tw ⋅ (y 2 − y 3 )
⋅ lh
X l = 1/67 ⋅ (1/1245 − 1/117:) ⋅ 4711 >24/21!
i
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces u hladwaku vazduha:!!!!!!! R 23 = ∆ I23 + X u23
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ 24/21
R imb = n tw ⋅ (i2 − i 1 ) + X l ⋅ il > 1/67 ⋅ (36/97 − 75/36 ) + ⋅ 46/64 >−32/48!lX
4711
napomena: il!−!entalpija kondenzata (voda!q>2!cbs-!u>9/6pD*
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces u zagreja~u vazduha:!!!!!!! R 23 = ∆ I23 + X u23
⋅ ⋅
R {bh = n tw ⋅ (i 3 − i2 ) > 1/67 ⋅ (48/14 − 36/97 ) >7/37!lX
8/27/ Postrojewe za delimi~no su{ewe vazduha sastoji se od vodom hla|enog klipnog kompresora i
⋅
hladwaka za vlaàn vazduh (slika). U klipnom kompresoru se sabija!! n ww>1/38!)2,y*!lh0t!vla`nog
vazduha stawa!2)q2>1/2!NQb-!u2>31pD-!ϕ2>1/9*!do stawa!3)q3?q2-!u3>56pD-!ϕ3>2), a potom se uz
izdvajawe te~ne faze vlaàn vazduh stawa!3!izobarski hladi do stawa!4)u4>u2). Ukupan toplotni fluks
sa vla`nog vazduha na rashladnu vodu u toku procesa sabijawa i izobarskog hla|ewa vla`nog vazduha
iznosi!R>RI2,RI3>24!lX/!Odrediti pritisak vla`nog vazduha na kraju procesa sabijawa, koli~inu
izdvojenog kondenzata kao i pogonsku snagu za pogon klipnog kompresora.
RI3
4
3 vlaàn
vazduh
X kondenzat
2
RI2
vlaàn
vazduh

ta~ka 1:
q I3P = ϕ ⋅ q qt > 1/9 ⋅ 3448 >297:/7!Qb

NI3P q I3P 29 297:/7 lhI3 P
y2!> ⋅ > ⋅ >1/1229!
NTW q2 − q I3P 3: 2 ⋅ 21 6 − 297:/7 lhTW
lK
i2> d q ⋅ u + y ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ u + 3611* > 2 ⋅ 31 + 1/1229 ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ 31 + 3611* >61/13!
lhTW
ta~ka 2:
lhI3 P
y3>y2>1/1229!
lhTW
q qt >:695!Qb )napon pare ~iste vode na!u>56pD*
q I3P = ϕ ⋅ q qt > 2⋅ :695 >:695!Qb
NI3P 29
+ y3 + 1/1229
N tw
q3!>! ⋅ q I3P = 3: ⋅ :695 >!624821!Qb!>!6/248!cbs
y3 1/1229
lK
i3> d q ⋅ u + y ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ u + 3611* > 2 ⋅ 56 + 1/1229 ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ 56 + 3611* >86/5:!
lhTW
ta~ka 3:
q I3P = ϕ ⋅ q qt > 2⋅ 3448 >3448!Qb

y4!> ⋅ > ⋅ >1/1139!
NTW q 4 − q I3P 3: 6/248 ⋅ 21 6 − 3448 lhTW
lK
i4> d q ⋅ u + y ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ u + 3611* > 2 ⋅ 31 + 1/1139 ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ 31 + 3611* >38/21!
lhTW
koli~ina izdvojenog kondenzata:

⋅ ⋅ lh
X = ntw ⋅ (y 3 − y 4 ) = 1/38 ⋅ (1/1229 − 1/1139) > 3/54 ⋅ 21 −4 !
t


⋅ ⋅ ⋅
ograni~enom isprekidanom konturom: ! R 23 = ∆ I23 + X u23
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
X !>! − ntw ⋅ i 4 − X x ⋅ i x + n tw ⋅ i2 − R I2 − R I3
⋅
X >! − 1/38 ⋅ 38/21 − 3/54 ⋅ 21 −4 ⋅ 299/5 + 1/38 ⋅ 61/13 − 24 >−8/38!lX
lK
napomena: ix>299/5! entalpija vode!!q>2!cbs-!u>56pD
lh
8/28/ 611!lh0i!vla`nog vazduha stawa!2)q>2!cbs-!u>3pD!ϕ>1/9*!me{a se izobarski sa!611!lh0i!vla`nog

vazduha stawa!3)q>2!cbs-!u>57pD-!ϕ>1/8). Zatim se kondenzat koji je nastao me{awem izdvaja, a
preostali vazduh zagreva do!81pD. Nakon zagrevawa vazduhu se dodaje vodena para ~ija entalpija iznosi
3111!lK0lh!i vlaèwe se obavqa do postizawa stawa zasi}ewa. Skicirati procese sa vla`nim
vazduhom na Molijerovom i!−y! dijagramu i odrediti:
a) apsolutnu vla`nost me{avine )y* kada kondenzat jo{ nije izdvojen (ra~unskim putem)
b) maseni protok odvedenog kondenzata!)lh0i*
c) toplotnu snagu greja~a!)lX*
d) maseni protok vodene pare koja se dodaje u ciqu vlaèwa!)lh0i*
za stavke b), c) i d)!moè se koristiti Molijerov dijagram za vlaàn vazduh

lhI3 P
a) yn!>!1/1355!
lhTW
lh
b) nlpoefo{bu!>!2/5!
i
c) R45!>!23/2!lX
lh
d) nwpefob!qbsb!>!54/8!
i
i
5
3 6
ϕ>2
2
y
ix>3111!lK

DRUGI VLA@NI GASOVI
8/29/!Me{avina vodonika (idealan gas) i vodene pare (idealan gas) ima temperaturu!u>41pD-!relativnu
vla`nost!ϕ>:1&!i pritisak!q>311!lQb/!Za navedenu gasnu me{avinu odrediti:
a) apsolutnu vla`nost!)y*!i specifi~nu entalpiju!)i*!vla`nog vodonika
b) masene udele vodonika i vodene pare u vla`nom vodoniku
a)
q I3P = ϕ ⋅ q qt > 1/: ⋅ 5352>4927/:!Qb

NI3P q I3P 29 4927/: lhI3 P
y2!> ⋅ > ⋅ >1/2862!
NI3 q2 − q I3P 6
3 3 ⋅ 21 − 4927/: lhTW
lK
i2> d q ⋅ u + y ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ u + 3611* > 25/66 ⋅ 41 + 1/2862 ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ 41 + 3611* >995/13
lhI3
b)
nI3P
nI3P nI3 y 1/2862
hI3P = = = = >1/26
nI3P + nI3 nI3P nI3 y + 2 1/2862 + 2
+
nI3 nI3
nI3
nI3 nI3 2 2
hI3 = = = = >1/96
nI3P + nI3 nI3P nI3 y + 2 1/2862 + 2
+
nI3 nI3

8/2:/!U vertikalnom cilindru sa klipom, po~etne zapremine!W>1/2!n4 nalazi se, pri stalnom pritisku
q>3!cbs!sme{a ugqen−dioksida (idealan gas) i pregrejane vodene pare. Maseni udeo vodene pare u sme{i
je! hI3P >1/2-!a po~etna temperatura!sme{e!:1pD/!Odrediti koli~inu toplote koju treba odvesti od
vla`nog ugqen-dioksida da bi zapo~ela kondenzacija vodene pare.
ta~ka 1:
hI3P 1/2 lhI3 P
y2!>! = >1/2222!
2 − hI3P 2 − 1/2 lhDP3
lK
i2> dqDP3 u + y ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ u + 3611* > 1/96 ⋅ :1 + 1/2222 ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ :1 + 3611* >483/96
lhI3
y2 1/2222
qI3P = ⋅q = ⋅ 3 ⋅ 216 > 1/4 ⋅ 216 Qb!>1/41!cbs
NI3P 29
+ y2 + 1/2222
NDP3 55
qDP3 2/8 ⋅ 216 lhDP3
! qDP3 = q − qI3P >3!−!1/4!>2/8!cbs ρDP3 = = >3/59
ShDP3 ⋅U 29: ⋅ 474 n4
nDP3 = ρDP3 ⋅ W = 3/59 ⋅ 1/2 >1/359!lh
ta~ka 2:
lhI3 P
y3!>!y2!>!1/2222! !! qI3P = dpotu > 1/4 ⋅ 216 Qb!>1/41!cbs
lhDP3
qI3P 1/4
qqt3 = = >1/4!cbs u3!>!)ulr*q>1/4!cbs!≈!7:pD
ϕ3 2
lK
i3> dqDP3 u + y ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ u + 3611* > 1/96 ⋅ 7: + 1/2222 ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ 7: + 3611* >461/77
lhI3
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces u cilindru:
R23!>!∆V23!,!X23 ⇒ R23!>!V3!−!V2!,!q!/)W3!.−!W2*!
R23!>!I3!−!I2! ⇒ R23!>! nDP3 ⋅ (i3 − i2)
R23!>! 1/359 ⋅ (461/77 − 483/96 ) >−6/6!lX

8/31/!U toplotno izolovanoj komori me{aju se dva toka razli~itih vla`nih gasova zadatih
⋅
termodinami~kih stawa : zasi}en vlaàn kiseonik!)P3*!stawa!2)q>1/6!NQb-!U>464!L-! n2 >3!)2,y*!lh0t*!i
⋅
vlaàn metan!)DI5) stawa!3)q>1/4!NQb-!U>3:4!L-!ϕ>1/5-! n3 >4!)2,y*!lh0t*/!Promene kineti~ke i
potencijalne energije gasnih tokova su zanemarqive. Odrediti temperaturu vla`ne gasne sme{e koja
izlazi iz komore.
1. vlaàn kiseonik
M. me{avina vla`nog
kiseonika i vla`nog metana
2. vlaàn metan
ta~ka 1:
q I3P = ϕ ⋅ q qt > 2⋅ 58471 >58471!Qb
NI3P qI3P 29 58471 lhI3P
y2!> ⋅ > ⋅ >1/169:!
NP3 q2 − qI3P 43 6 ⋅ 216 − 58471 lhP3
lK
i2> dqP3 ⋅ u + y ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ u + 3611* > 1/:2 ⋅ 91 + 1/169: ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ 91 + 3611* >339/92!
lhP3
⋅
lh
nP3 >3
t
ta~ka 2:
q I3P = ϕ ⋅ q qt > 1/5 ⋅ 3448 >:45/9!Qb
NI3P q I3P 29 :45/9 lhI3 P
y3!> ⋅ > ⋅ >1/1146!
NDI5 q 3 − q I3P 27 4 ⋅ 21 6 − :45/9 lhDI5
lK
i3> dqDI5 ⋅ u + y ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ u + 3611* > 3/45 ⋅ 31 + 1/1146 ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ 31 + 3611* >66/79!
lhDI5
⋅ lh
nDI5 >4
t

ta~ka!N;
materijalni bilans vlage za proces me{awa dva vla`na gasa:
⋅ ⋅
⋅ ⋅  ⋅ ⋅  nP3 ⋅ y2 + nDI5 ⋅ y3
nP3 ⋅ y2 + nDI5 ⋅ y3 =  nP3 + nDI5  ⋅ yn ⇒! yn = ⋅ ⋅
  nP3 + nDI5
3 ⋅ 1/169: + 4 ⋅ 1/1146 lhI3 P
yn = >1/1368!
3+4 lh(P 3 + DI 5 )
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
⋅ ⋅
⋅ ⋅  ⋅ ⋅  nP3 ⋅ i2 + nDI5 ⋅ i 3
nP3 ⋅ i2 + nDI5 ⋅ i 3 =  nP3 + nDI5  ⋅ in !!!!!!⇒!!!!! in = ⋅ ⋅
  nP3 + nDI5
3 ⋅ 339/92 + 4 ⋅ 66/79 lK
in = >235/:4!
3+4 lh(P 3 + DI 5 )
⋅ ⋅
nP3 3 nDI5 4
hP3 = ⋅ ⋅
= >1/5 hDI5 = ⋅ ⋅
= >1/7
3+4 3+4
nP3 + nDI5 nP3 + nDI5
lK
d qn = h P3 ⋅ d qP3 + h DI5 ⋅ d qDI5 = 1/5 ⋅ 1/:2 + 1/7 ⋅ 3/45 >2/88!
lh(P 3 + DI 5 )
in − y n ⋅ 3611 235/:4 − 1/1368 ⋅ 3611

un!>! !> >44/5pD>417/5!L
d qn + y n ⋅ 2/97 2/88 + 1/1368 ⋅ 2/97

8/32/!U toplotno izolovanom kanalu izobarski se me{aju tok kiseonika stawa!2)q>1/3!NQb-!U>391!L-

⋅ ⋅
W >1/657!n40t*!i tok pregrejane vodene pare stawa!Q)q>1/3!NQb-!U>664!L-! nq >1/17!lh0t*/!Nastali
vlaàn kiseonik stawa!3, biva potom u vodom hla|enom klipnom kompresoru, pogonske snage!Q>76!lX-
sabijan do stawa!4)q>1/4!NQb-!ϕ>1/83*/!Odrediti toplotni protok sa vla`nog kiseonika na vodu za
hla|ewe kompresora i prikazati sve procese u!!i−y!koordinatnom sistemu.
nqq
2 3 4
ta~ka!Q;
lK
iqq!>!4141!! )q>!3!cbs-!u>391pD*
lh
ta~ka 1:
lhI3 P
y2!>1!
lhP3
lK
i2!>! d qP3 ⋅ u 2 + y2 ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ u 2 + 3611* > 1/:2 ⋅ 8 + 1 ⋅ 2/97 ⋅ 8 + 3611* >!7/48!
lhP3
q P3 3 ⋅ 21 6 lhP3 ⋅ ⋅ kg
ρ P3 = = >3/86! - !!!!! n P3 = ρ P3 ⋅ W = 3/86 ⋅ 1/657 >2/6
S hP3 U2 371 ⋅ 391 n 4
s
ta~ka 2:
materijalni bilans vlage za proces vlaèwa kiseonika!)2−3*;
⋅ ⋅
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ nP3 ⋅ y2 + nqq 1/17 lhI3 P
nP3 ⋅ y2 + nqq = nP3 ⋅ y3 !!!!⇒ y3 = ⋅
= >1/15!
2/6 lhP3
nP3
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces vlaèwa kiseonika:!!!!! R 23 = ∆ I23 + X u23
⋅ ⋅
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ nP3 ⋅ i2 + nqq ⋅ iqq
nP3 ⋅ i2 + nqq ⋅ iqq = nP3 ⋅ i3 ⇒! i3 = ⋅
nP3
2/6 ⋅ 7/48 + 1/17 ⋅ 4141 lK
i3 = >238/68!
2/6 lhP 3

ta~ka 3:
lhI3 P
y4!>!y3!>1/15!
lhP3
y4 1/15
q I3P = ⋅ q4 = ⋅ 4 ⋅ 21 6 !>!2::28!Qb
NI3P 29
+ y4 + 1/15
NP3 43
q I3P 2::28
q qt = = >38774Qb!≈1/39!cbs u4!>!)ulr*Q>1/39!cbs>78/6pD
ϕ 1/83
i4!>! d qP3 ⋅ u 4 + y 4 ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ u 4 + 3611* > 1/:2 ⋅ 78/6 + 1/15 ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ 78/6 + 3611* !>
lK
>277/56!
lhP3
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces u kompresoru:! R 34 = ∆ I34 + X u34
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
R 34 = nP3 ⋅ (i 4 − i 3 ) + X u34 = 2/6 ⋅ (277/56 − 238/68) − 76 >−7/79!lX
i
i
ϕ>2-!q>4!cbs
4
y
3 4141
ϕ>2-!q>3!cbs
2
8/33/!Vlaàn azot, masenog protoka!1/5!lh0t-!stawa!2)q2>4!cbs-!u2>55pD-!ϕ2>1/:*!izobarski se ohladi do

temperature od!1pD!)stawe 2*-!pri ~emu se od azota odvede!47!lX!toplote. Odrediti masuformiranog
kondenzata i masu formiranog leda ako je proces trajao!2!sat.
re{ewe:! nlpoefo{bu!>!23/:7!lh nmfe!>!21/9!lh

8/34/!âsovni kapacitet teorijske tunelske teorijske su{are iznosi!261!lh suvih banana. Vla`nost
sirovih banana (maseni udeo vlage) je!z2>81!nbt&!a suvih!z3>23!nbt&/!Temperatura vazduha na
izlazu iz su{are kf!51pD a maksimalna temperatura vazduha u su{ari!96pD/!Atmosferski vazduh ima
temperaturu od!29pD!i ta~ku rose!23pD/!Skicirati promene stawa vla`nog vazduha na Molijerovom!i
−y!dijagramu i odrediti potro{wu grejne pare u zagreja~u vazduha (suvozasi}ena vodena para) ako joj je
temperatura za!31!L!vi{a od maksimalne temperature vazduha u su{ari (smatrati da je kondenzat
grejne pare na izlazu iz zagreja~a vazduha neprehla|en). Sve promene stawa vla`nog vazduha su
izobarske na q>2!cbs/
nwn npn
komora za
su{ewe
materijala
vazduh 1 zagreja~ 2 3
vazduha
grejna para
2
u2
3
u3 ϕ>2
1
up
us S
napomena: Teorijski uslovi su{ewa (adijabatska su{ara) podrazumevaju:

1−2; y>dpotu
2−3; i>dpotu

ub•lb!S;
lhI3 P
yS>!g)uS-!ϕS>2*!>!1/1199!
lhTW
ub•lb!1;
lhI3 P lK
yp!>yS!>!1/1199! ip!>!g)up-!yp*!>!51/4!
lhTW lhTW
ub•lb!2;
lhI3 P lK
y2!>!y1!>!yS!>!1/1199! i2!>!g)u2-!y2*!>!219/5!
lhTW lhTW
ub•lb!3;
lK lhI3 P
i3!>!i2>219/5! y3!>!g)u3-!i3*!>!1/1376!
lhTW lhTW
napomena: Sve vrednosti pro~itane sa Molijerovog!i!−!y!dijagrama
materijalni bilans vlage za proces su{ewa banana:
⋅ z2 − z 3 ⋅ z2 − z 3 2
n tw ⋅ (y 3 − y 2 ) > n pn ⋅ ⇒ n tw = npn ⋅ ⋅
2 − z2 2 − z 2 y 3 − y2
⋅ 261 1/8 − 1/23 2 lh
n tw = ⋅ ⋅ >5/66
4711 2 − 1/8 1/1376 − 1/1199 t
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces u zagreja~u vazduha:!! R 12 = ∆ I12 + X u12
⋅
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ n tw ⋅ (i2 − i p )
n tw ⋅ i p + nq ⋅ i( ( = n tw ⋅ i2 + nq ⋅ i( ⇒ nq =
i( (−i(
⋅ 5/66 ⋅ (219/5 − 51/4 ) lh

nq = >1/25
3354 t
lK
i′′!−!i′!>!s!>3354! toplota kondenzacije vodene pare na!u>216pD
lh

8/35/!U teorijskoj su{ari su{i se, pri!q>2!cbs-!61!lh0i!kva{~eve biomase koja sadrì!z2>81!nbt&

vlage, pri ~emu se dobija suvi kvasac sa!z3>8!nbt&!vlage. Na ulazu u zagreja~ stawe vazduha odre|eno
je temperaturom suvog termometra i temperaturom vla`nog termometra!1)utu>27pD-!uwu>21pD*/!Stawe
otpadnog vazduha odre|eno je entalpijom i relativnom vla`nosti vazduha!3)i>:1!lK0lhTW-!ϕ>1/7).
Skicirati promene stawa vla`nog vazduha na Molijerovom!i!−y!dijagramu i odrediti:
b* potro{wu suvog vazduha u su{ari!) no4 0t*
c* toplotnu snagu zagreja~a vazduha!)lX*
d* koliko bi se toplote moglo u{tedeti hla|ewem otpadnog vazduha do stawa zasi}ewa i
rekuperativnim kori{}ewem oslobo|ene toplote za zagrevawe sveèg vazduha u predgreja~u!)lX*
i3
2
ϕ3
ϕ>2
3
up 1
uwu WU
y
ta~ka 0:
lK lhI3 P
ip>3:/6 - yp>1/1168
lhTW lhTW
ta~ka 2:
lK lhI3 P
i3>:1 - y3>1/1326
lhTW lhTW
ta~ka 1:
lK lhI3 P
i2>i3>:1 - y2>yp>1/1168
lhTW lhTW
napomena: Sve vrednosti pro~itane sa Molijerovog!i!−!y!dijagrama

b*
materijalni bilans vlage za proces su{ewa kva{~eve biomase:
⋅ z2 − z 3 ⋅ z2 − z 3 2
n tw ⋅ (y 3 − y 2 ) > n wn ⋅ ⇒ n tw = n wn ⋅ ⋅
2− z3 2 − z 3 y 3 − y2
⋅ 61 1/8 − 1/18 2 lh
ntw = ⋅ ⋅ >1/7
4711 2 − 1/18 1/1326 − 1/1168 t
⋅ ⋅ 33/5 33/5 n4
W o tw = n tw ⋅ > 1/7 ⋅ >1/57! o
N tw 3: t
c*
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
⋅ ⋅
R {bh = n tw ⋅ (i2 − i p ) = 1/7 ⋅ (:1 − 3:/6 ) >47/3:!lX
d*
n wn n pn
X
Htw 1 C 2 3
Rsfl
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces u otvorenom sistemu ograni~enom

⋅ ⋅ ⋅
isprekidanom konturom:!! R 23 = ∆ I23 + X u23
⋅ ⋅
R sfl > − ntw ⋅ (i3 − i B ) > −1/7 ⋅ (:1 − 92/3) >−6/39!lX
lK
napomena: iB>g)yB>y3-!ϕ>2*>92/3! )!Molijerov!i−y!dijagram)
lhTW

8/36/!Jednostepena, teorijska su{ara, radi sa vazduhom kao agensom za su{ewe po zatvorenom ciklusu
(slika) na pritisku!q>:1!lQb>jefn/!Nakon zagrevawa vazduha )2−3*- wegovog prolaska kroz komoru za
su{ewe )3−4*-!te hla|ewa )4−5*- u predajniku toplote, u kome se kondenzuje vodena para, ulazi zasi}en
vlaàn vazduh stawa!5)U>424!L*-!a napu{ta ga ohla|eni zasi}en vlaàn vazduh i izdvojeni kondenzat
temperature!U2>3:4!L. Maseni protok odvedenog kondenzata je!X>1/14!lh0t. Toplotna snaga zagreja~a
vazduha je!R{bh>:6!lX/!Skicirati promene stawa vla`nog vazduha na Molijerovom i!−!y!dijagramu i
odrediti potreban maseni protok suvog vazduha i relativnu vla`nost!)ϕ4*!do koje se, su{ewem vla`nog
materijala, ovlaì vazduh.
vlaàn
materijal
zagreja~
2 komora
3 za su{ewe 4
osu{en
materijal
5
!!!L
hladwak
kondenzat
ϕ>2
5
2

ta~ka 1:
q I3P = ϕ ⋅ q qt > 2⋅ 3448 >3448!Qb
y2!> ⋅ > ⋅ >1/1276!
NTW q − q I3P 6
3: 1/: ⋅ 21 − 3448 lhTW
lK
i2> d q ⋅ u + y ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ u + 3611* > 2 ⋅ 31 + 1/1276 ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ 31 + 3611* >72/97!
lhTW
ta~ka 4:
q I3P = ϕ ⋅ q qt > 2⋅ 8486 >8486!Qb
y5!> ⋅ > ⋅ >1/1665!
NTW q − q I3P 3: 1/: ⋅ 21 6 − 8486 lhTW
lK
i5> d q ⋅ u + y ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ u + 3611* > 2 ⋅ 51 + 1/1665 ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ 51 + 3611* >293/73!
lhTW
⋅
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ X
X !>! n tw/!)y4!−!y3*!>! n tw/!)y5!−!y2*! ⇒! n tw!>
y 5 − y2
⋅ 1/14 lh
n tw!> >!1/88!
1/1665 − 1/1276 t
ta~ka 2:
lhI3 P
y3!>!y2!>!1/1276! i3!>!@
lhTW
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
⋅
⋅ ⋅ R {bh :6 lK
R {bh = n tw ⋅ (i 3 − i2 ) i 3 = i2 + ⋅
> 72/97 + >296/35!
1/88 lhTW
n tw
ta~ka 3:
lhI3 P lK
y4>y5>!1/1665! i4>i3>296/35!
lhTW lhTW
i 4 − y 4 ⋅ 3611 296/35 − 1/1665 ⋅ 3611
u4!>! !> >53/48pD
d q + y 4 ⋅ 2/97 2 + 1/1665 ⋅ 2/97
y4 1/1665
q I3P = ⋅q> ⋅ 1/: ⋅ 21 6 >8485/9!Qb
NI3P 29
+ y4 + 1/1665
N tw 3:
q I3P 8485/9
ϕ4!>!
(qqt )U4 !>
9472
>!1/99

8/37/!U dvostepenu teorijsku su{nicu uvodi se vlaàn vazduh zapreminskog protoka!Wp>1/94!n40t!i stawa
⋅
1)q>1/2!NQb-!u>25pD-!ϕ>1/5). Nakon zagrevawa vazduha u zagreja~u toplotne snage! R J>62/:!lX!)do stawa
2) vazduh se uvodi u prvi stepen su{are odakle izlazi sa temperaturom!u>41pD!)stawe!3). Ovaj vazduh se
⋅
zatim zagreva u drugom zagreja~u toplotne snage! R JJ>35!lX!)do stawa!4), te uvodi u drugi stepen su{are
koji napu{ta sa relativnom vla`no{}u!ϕ>1/9!)stawe!5*/!Ako se zanemare padovi pritiska odrediti masu
vlage uklowenu iz vla`nog materijala u prvom i drugom stepenu su{ewa (posebno za svaki stepen) za
vreme od τ=1 sat. Skicirati promene stawa vla`nog vazduha na!i!−y!dijagramu.
4
i
2
3 ϕ>2
y
ta~ka 0:
q qt >26:8!Qb )napon pare ~iste vode na!u>25pD*
q I3P = ϕ ⋅ q qt > 1/5 ⋅ 26:8 >749/9!Qb
NI3P q I3P 29 749/9 lhI3 P
yp!> ⋅ > ⋅ >1/1151!
NTW q − q I3P 6
3: 2 ⋅ 21 − 749/9 lhTW
lK
ip> d q ⋅ u + y ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ u + 3611* > 2 ⋅ 25 + 1/1151 ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ 25 + 3611* >35/2!
lhTW
q tw = q − q I3P > 2 ⋅ 21 6 − 749/9 >::472/3!Qb
q TW ::472/3 lhTW ⋅ ⋅ lh
ρtw> > = 2/32! - !!! n tw = ρ tw ⋅ W > 2/32 ⋅ 1/94 >2!
S hTW ⋅ U 398 ⋅ 398 n 4 t

ta~ka 1:
lhI3 P
y2!>!yp>1/1151! i3!>!@
lhTW
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces u 1. zagreja~u vazduha:! R 12 = ∆ I12 + X u12 R J = n tw ⋅ (i2 − i 1 )
⋅
RJ 62/: lK
i2 = i p + ⋅
> 35/2 + >87!
2 lhTW
n tw
ta~ka 2:
lK
i3!>!i2!>!87!
lhTW
i . dq ⋅ u 87 . 2 ⋅ 41 lhI3 P
y3!>! >! >!1/129!
2/97 ⋅ u + 3611 2/97 ⋅ 41 + 3611 lhTW
ta~ka 3:
lhI3 P
y4!>!y3!>!1/129! i4!>!@
lhTW
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces u 2. zagreja~u vazduha: R 34 = ∆ I34 + X u34
⋅
⋅ ⋅ R JJ 35 lK
R JJ = n tw ⋅ (i 4 − i 3 ) i 4 = i3 + ⋅
> 87 + >211!
2 lhTW
n tw
ta~ka 4:
lK lhI3 P
i5!>!i4!>!211! - y5!>!g)ϕ5-!i5*!>!1/1374! ! )i!−!y!dijagram*
lhTW lhTW
⋅
X2!>! n tw!)y3!−!y2* ⋅ τ >! 2 ⋅ (1/129 − 1/115 ) ⋅ 4711 >61/5!lh
⋅
X3!>! n tw!)y5!−y4* ⋅ τ >! 2 ⋅ (1/1374 − 1/129 ) ⋅ 4711 >3:/:!lh

8/38/!U teorijskoj konvektivnoj su{ari su{i se neki materijal koji ne sme biti izloèn temperaturi
vi{oj od!91pD/!Maksimalna relativna vla`nost, koju dostiè vazduh pri svakom prolasku preko vla`nog
materijala, iznosi!ϕnby>:1%. Odrediti koli~inu vlage, koja se u toku jednog sata odstrani iz materijala,
⋅
ako je stawe vla`nog vazduha na ulazu u su{aru odre|eno sa!P)q>2cbs-!u>31pD-!ϕ>1/6-! n ww>1/6!lh0t*;
a) u slu~aju dvostepene teorijske su{are
b) u slu~aju teorijske su{are sa beskona~no mnogo stepeni su{ewa (naizmeni~no povezanih komora za
su{ewe i zagreja~a vazduha)
Smatrati da se tokom svih proces pritisak vazduha u su{ari ne mewa.
a)
i
4
2
u2>u4
ϕ3>ϕ5>ϕnby
5
ϕ>2
3
y
ta~ka 0:
q qt >3448!Qb )napon pare ~iste vode na u>31pD*
q I3P = ϕ ⋅ q qt > 1/6 ⋅ 3448 >2279/6!Qb
NI3P q I3P 29 2279/6 lhI3 P
yp!> ⋅ > ⋅ >!1/1184!
NTW q − q I3P 3: 2 ⋅ 21 6 − 2279/6 lhTW
lK
ip> d q ⋅ u + y ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ u + 3611* > 2 ⋅ 31 + 1/1184 ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ 31 + 3611* >49/63!
lhTW
⋅
⋅ n ww 1/6 lh
n tw = > >1/5:7!
2 + y 1 2 + 1/1184 t

ta~ka 1:
lhI3 P
y2>yp>!1/1184!
lhTW
lK
i2> d q ⋅ u + y ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ u + 3611* > 2 ⋅ 91 + 1/1184 ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ 91 + 3611* >::/45!
lhTW
ta~ka 2:
lK
i3>i2!>::/45
lhTW
lhI3 P
y3>!g)ϕ3-!i3*>1/1376! ! )i!−!y!dijagram*
lhTW
ta~ka 3:
lhI3 P
y4>y3>!1/1376!
lhTW
lK
i4> d q ⋅ u + y ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ u + 3611* > 2 ⋅ 91 + 1/1376 ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ 91 + 3611* >261/2:!
lhTW
ta~ka 4:
lK
i5>i4!>261/2:
lhTW
lhI3 P
y5>!g)ϕ5-!i5*>1/154! ! )i!−!y!dijagram*
lhTW
⋅
X!>! n tw!)y5!−!yp* ⋅ τ >! 1/5:7 ⋅ (1/154 − 1/1184) ⋅ 4711 >74/86!lh
b)
ta~ka!3o;
q I3P = ϕ nby ⋅ q qt > 1/: ⋅ 58471 >53735!Qb
NI3P q I3P 29 53735 lhI3 P
y3o!> ⋅ > ⋅ >!1/5722!
NTW q − q I3P 6
3: 2 ⋅ 21 − 53735 lhTW
⋅
X′!>! n tw!)y3o!−!yp* ⋅ τ >! 1/5:7 ⋅ (1/5722 − 1/1184) ⋅ 4711 >921/4!lh

8/39/!U teorijskoj su{ari sa recirkulacijom, jednog dela iskori{}enog vazduha, protok atmosferskog
⋅
vla`nog vazduha, stawa!1)i>61!lK0lhTW-!y>1/12!lhI3P0lhTW*-!iznosi! n p>7!u0i. Stawe me{avine sveèg
i opticajnog vazduha na ulazu zagreja~ vazduha je N)u>51pD-!y>1/145!lhI3P0lhTW*/!Me{avina se u
kaloriferu zagreva do stawa!2)u>99pD*/!Po~etna vla`nost materijala je! Z2 >81&!ra~unato na suvu
materiju, a krajwa! Z3 >9&!tako|e ra~unato na suvu materiju. Skicirati promene stawa vla`nog vazduha
na!i!−!y!dijagramu i odrediti:
a) masene protoke: odstrawene vlage i osu{enog materijala!)lh0i*
b) maseni udeo sveèg i opticajnog vazduha u me{avini
c) potrebnu koli~inu toplote za zagrevawe vla`nog vazduha!)lK0t*
d) kolika bi bila potro{wa toplote da se su{ewe izvodi samo sveìm vazduhom tj. da nema
recirkulacije i kolika bi bila temperaturu vla`nog vazduha na ulazu u komoru za su{ewe u tom
slu~aju
i
2
u2
3
ϕ>2
un
N
ip
y
y2 yN
ta~ka 0:
lhI3 P lK
y1>1/12! ip!>!!61!
lhTW lhTW
⋅ 21 4
⋅ 7⋅
n1 4711 = 2/76! lh
n twp!>! =
2+ y1 2 + 1/12 t
ta~ka M:
lhI3 P
yn>1/145!
lhTW
lK
in!> d q ⋅ u + y ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ u + 3611* > 2 ⋅ 51 + 1/145 ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ 51 + 3611* >238/64
lhTW

ta~ka 1:
lhI3 P
y2>yn>1/145!
lhTW
lK
i2!> d q ⋅ u + y ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ u + 3611* > 2 ⋅ 99 + 1/145 ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ 99 + 3611* >289/67
lhTW
ta~ka 2:
lK
i3>i2>289/67! y3!>!@
lhTW
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces me{awa dva vla`na vazduha:

⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅  ⋅ ⋅ 
R 23 = ∆ I23 + X u23 n twp ⋅ i p + n tw3 ⋅ i 3 =  ntwp + n tw3  ⋅ in
 
⋅
⋅ n twp ⋅ (in − i p ) 2/76 ⋅ (238/64 − 61) lh
n tw3 = > >3/62
i 3 − in 289/67 − 238/64 t

 ⋅ ⋅  ⋅
 n twp + n tw3  ⋅ y n − n twp ⋅ y p
⋅ ⋅  ⋅ ⋅   
n twp ⋅ y p + n tw3 ⋅ y 3 =  n twp + n tw3  ⋅ y n !!! y 3 = ⋅
  n tw3
y3 =
(2/76 + 3/62) ⋅ 1/145 − 2/76 ⋅ 1/12 >1/15:9! lhI3 P
3/62 lhTW
a)
⋅  ⋅ ⋅  lh
X =  ntwp + n tw3  ⋅ (y 3 − y 2 ) > (2/76 + 3/62) ⋅ 4711 ⋅ (1/15:9 − 1/145 ) >347/73!
  i
Z2 1/8 Z 1/19
z2 = > >1/52- z3 = 3
> >1/18
2 + Z2 2 + 1/8 2 + Z3 2 + 1/19
⋅ z2 − z 3 ⋅ 2 − z2 2 − 1/52 lh
X = npn ⋅ n pn = X⋅ > 347/73 ⋅ >521/72!
2 − z2 z2 − z 3 1/52 − 1/18 i
b)
⋅ ⋅
n TWp 2/76 nTW3 3/62
hp> ⋅ ⋅
> >1/5- h3> ⋅ ⋅
> >1/7
2/76 + 3/62 2/76 + 3/62
nTWp + nTW3 nTWp + nTW3
c)
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces u zagreja~u vazduha:!!!!!! R 23 = ∆ I23 + X u23
⋅  ⋅ ⋅ 
R {bh =  !n twp + n tw3  ⋅ (i2 − in ) (2/76 + 3/62) ⋅ (289/67 − 238/64 ) >323/39!lX
 

d)
i
2′
2
u2
3
ϕ>2
un
N
ip
y
y1 yN
lhI3 P lK
y2′!>!yp>1/12! i2′>!i2>!i3!>289/67!
lhTW lhTW
i − y ⋅ 3611 289/67 − 1/12 ⋅ 3611
u2′!>! !> >261/87pD
d q + y ⋅ 2/97 2 + 1/12 ⋅ 2/97
8/3:/!U teorijskoj su{ari se obavqa proces izdvajawa vlage iz koncentrata paradajza. Maseni protok
koncentrata paradajza na ulazu u su{aru je!1/237!lh0t. Na ulazu u su{aru koncentrat paradajza sadrì
z 2 =31!nbt&!vode, a prah na izlazu! z 3 =6!nbt%. Parcijalni pritisak vodene pare u okolnom (sveèm)
( ) ( )
vazduhu je! q I3P 1 >2/44!lQb, dok na izlazu iz su{are ne sme biti vi{i od! q I3P 3 >37/8!lQb/!Da bi se taj
uslov ispunio potrebno je me{awe dela iskori{}enog i okolnog sveèg vazduha tako da parcijalni
( )n
pritisak vodene pare u vla`nom vazduh na ulazu u zagreja~ iznosi! q I3P >7/8!lQb. Pritisak vazduha za
vreme su{ewa je konstantan i iznosi!q>212/4!lQb/!Odrediti:
a) maseni protok sveèg i recirkulacionog vazduha (ra~unato na suv vazduh)
c* specifi~nu potro{wu toplote u su{ari!)lK0lh!odstrawene vlage) ako se u fazi zagrevawa vazduh
zagreje za u 2 − u n >41pD

ta~ka 0:
NI3P q I3P 29 2/44 lhI3 P
y1!> ⋅ > ⋅ >1/1194!
NTW q − q I3P 3: 212/4 − 2/44 lhTW
ta~ka 2:
y3!> ⋅ > ⋅ >1/3333!
NTW q − q I3P 3: 212/4 − 37/8 lhTW
ta~ka M:
yn!> ⋅ > ⋅ >1/155!
NTW q − q I3P 3: 212/4 − 7/8 lhTW
ta~ka 1:
lhI3 P
y2>yn!>1/155!
lhTW
a)
materijalni bilans vlage za proces su{ewa:
 ⋅ ⋅  z − z3 ⋅ ⋅ z2 − z 3 2
 n tw p + n tw3  ⋅ (y 3 − y 2 ) > n wn ⋅ 2 ⇒ n tw p + ntw3 = n wn ⋅ ⋅
  2− z3 2 − z 3 y 3 − y2
⋅ ⋅ 1/3 − 1/16 2 lh
n tw p + ntw3 = 1/237 ⋅ ⋅ >1/22
2 − 1/16 1/3333 − 1/155 t
⋅ ⋅  ⋅ ⋅ 
n twp ⋅ y p + n tw3 ⋅ y 3 =  n twp + n tw3  ⋅ y n )2*
 
⋅ ⋅
n tw p + n tw3 >1/22 )3*
⋅ lh ⋅ lh
Kombinovawem jedna~ina!)2*!i!)3*!dobija se;! n tw p >1/1:3 -! ntw 3 >1/129
t t
c*
i2!> d q ⋅ u 2 + y2 ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ u 2 + 3611* )2*
in!> d q ⋅ u n + y n ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ u n + 3611* )3*
Oduzimawem jedna~ina!)2*!i!)3*!dobija se;!!!!!!i2!−in!> (u 2 − u n ) ⋅ d q + 2/97 ⋅ y2 ( )

 ⋅ ⋅ 
 n twp + n tw3  ⋅ (i2 − in )
⋅
R n2   (
(u 2 − u n ) ⋅ d q + 2/97 ⋅ y2 ) lK
rx = ⋅ = = >293/2!
 ⋅ ⋅  y 3 − y2 lhX
X  n twp + n tw3  ⋅ (y 3 − y2 )
 

8/41/!Jabuke koje ne podnose temperaturu vi{u od!81pD su{e se u teorijskoj su{ari sa recirkulacijom
dela iskori{}enog vazduha. Stawe sveèg vazduha odre|eno je sa!1)u>7pD-!y>6/42!hI3P0lhTW*/
Apsolutna vla`nost iskori{}enog vazduha je
y3>45!hI3P0lhTW-a specifi~na potro{wa toplote u su{ari iznosi!rx>4761!lK0lh!odstrawene vlage.
Skicirati promene stawa vla`nog vazduha na!i!−!y!dijagramu i odrediti:
b* masene udele sveèg i recirkulacionog vazduha u me{avini
b) minimalnu temperaturu do koje se mora zagrejati sve` vazduh pre me{awa da bi se izbeglo
stvarawe magle za vreme procesa me{awa
a)
ta~ka 0:
lhI3 P
yp>1/11642!
lhTW
lK
ip> d q ⋅ u + y ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ u + 3611* > 2 ⋅ 7 + 1/11642 ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ 7 + 3611* >2:/44!
lhTW
ta~ka 2:
lhI3 P
y3>1/145!
lhTW
⋅
R n2 i2 − in i − in i − h p ⋅ i p − h3 ⋅ i3
rx = ⋅
= = 3 = 3 ⇒
y 3 − y2 y 3 − y n y 3 − h p ⋅ y p − h3 ⋅ y 3
X
i3 ⋅ (2 − h3 ) − h p ⋅ i p i − ip
rx> > 3 ⇒ i3>ip!, r x ⋅ (y 3 − y p ) ⇒
y 3 ⋅ (2 − h3 ) − y p ⋅ i p y3 − yp
lK
i3>2:/44!, 4761 ⋅ (1/145 − 1/11642) >235/16
lhTW
ta~ka 1:
lK
i2>i3!>235/16!
lhTW
i2 − d q ⋅ u 2 235/16 − 2 ⋅ 81 lhI3 P
y2 = > >1/1316!
2/97 ⋅ u 2 + 3611 2/97 ⋅ 81 + 3611 lhTW
ta~ka M:
lhI3 P
yn>y2>1/1316!
lhTW
y − yn 1/145 − 1/1316
hp> 3 > >1/58
y3 − yp 1/145 − 1/11642
yn − yp 1/1316 − 1/11642
h3> > >1/64
y3 − yp 1/145 − 1/11642
lK
in = h p ⋅ i p + h3 ⋅ i3 > 1/58 ⋅ 2:/44 + 1/64 ⋅ 235/16 >85/94
lhTW

b)
i
2
u2
4761
3
N′
ϕ>2
1′ N
up
1
y
y2 y3
P−N−3; pravac me{awa pre zagrevawa okolnog vazduha

P−N′−3; pravac me{awa nakon zagrevawa okolnog vazduha
ta~ka 0′:
grafi~ki postupak:
Konstrui{e se prava kroz ta~ke!3!i!N′)!yN′>yN). Presek ove prave sa
linijom!yp>dpotu!!defini{e poloàj ta~ke O′. Iz dijagrama se o~itava!uP′!
/
ra~unski postupak:
lhI3 P
y p( >yp>1/11642! i p( >@
lhTW
lK
in′!>88/68
lhTW
in − h3 ⋅ i 3
in = h p ⋅ i p( + h 3 ⋅ i 3 ⇒ i p( =
hp
88/68 − 1/58 ⋅ 235/16 lK
i p( > >44/46
1/64 lhTW
i − y ⋅ 3611 47/46 − 1/11642 ⋅ 3611
up′!>! !> >33/96pD
d q + y ⋅ 2/97 2 + 1/11642 ⋅ 2/97

8/42/!U teorijskoj su{ari sa recirkulacijom jednog dela iskori{}enog vazduha su{i se vlaàn
lhX
materijal po~etne vla`nosti!!411&!ra~unato na suvu materiju!)Z2>4! */!U su{ari se odstrani
lhTN
91% od vlage koju sa sobom u su{aru unosi vlaàn materijal i pri tom dobijamo!43!lh0i!osu{enog
materijala. Stawe sveèg vazduha odre|eno je sa!)u>31pD-!ϕ>1/7*!a stawe otpadnog vazduha odre|eno je
sa!)u>51pD-!ϕ>1/9*/!Temperatura vazduha nakon faze zagrevawa iznosi!u>87pD/!Odrediti:
b* toplotnu snagu zagreja~a vazduha!R{bh!)lX*
b) koliko bi se toplote moglo u{tedeti (u zagreja~u) hla|ewem otpadnog vazduha do stawa zasi}ewa i
rekuperativnim kori{}ewem tako oslobo|ene toplote za zagrevawe vazduha nastalog me{awem
sveèg i recirkulacionog vazduha (slika)
ta~ka 0:
q I3P = ϕ ⋅ q qt > 1/7 ⋅ 3448 >2513/3!Qb
NI3P q I3P 29 2513/3 lhI3 P
yp!> ⋅ > ⋅ >!1/1199!
NTW q − q I3P 6
3: 2 ⋅ 21 − 2513/3 lhTW
lK
ip> d q ⋅ u + y ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ u + 3611* > 2 ⋅ 31 + 1/1199 ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ 31 + 3611* >53/44!
lhTW
ta~ka 2:
q I3P = ϕ ⋅ q qt > 1/9 ⋅ 8486 >6:11!Qb
y3!> ⋅ > ⋅ >!1/149:!
NTW q − q I3P 3: 2 ⋅ 21 6 − 6:11 lhTW
lK
i3> d q ⋅ u + y ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ u + 3611* > 2 ⋅ 51 + 1/149: ⋅ )2/97 ⋅ 51 + 3611* >251/25!
lhTW
ta~ka 1:
lK
i2>!i3>!251/25!
lhTW
i . dq ⋅ u 251/25 . 2 ⋅ 87 lhI3 P
y2>! >! >1/1354!
2/97 ⋅ u + 3611 2/97 ⋅ 87 + 3611 lhTW
ta~ka M:
lhI3 P
yn>y2>1/1354!
lhTW
y3 − yn 1/149: − 1/1354
hp> > >1/596 h3>2−h2>1/626
y3 − yp 1/149: − 1/1199
lK
in = h p ⋅ i p + h3 ⋅ i3 > 1/596 ⋅ 53/44 + 1/626 ⋅ 251/25 >:3/81
lhTW

a)
Z2 4 lhX
z2 = > >1/86!
2 + Z2 4 + 2 lh)X + TN*
materijalni bilans komore za su{ewe materijla: nwn>npn,!X !!!!)2*

⋅
bilans vlage komore za su{ewe materijala: n wn ⋅ z 2 = n pn ⋅ z 3 + X !!)3*
⋅
uslov zadatka: 1/9 ⋅ n wn ⋅ z 2 = X !! !!!!)4*
⋅
kada se odstrawena vlaga!) X *!iz jedna~ine )4*!uvrsti u jedna~ine!)2*!i!)3*!⇒
n wn ⋅ z 2 = n pn ⋅ z 3 + 1/9 ⋅ n wn ⋅ z 2 tj. 1/3 ⋅ n wn ⋅ z 2 = npn ⋅ z 3 !!!)5*

npn
n wn = n pn + 1/9 ⋅ n wn ⋅ z 2 tj. n wn = !!!!)6*
2 − 1/9 ⋅ z 2
kada se jedna~ina!)6) uvrsti u jedna~inu!)5*!dobija se:
1/3 ⋅ z 2 1/3 ⋅ 1/86 lhX

z3 > > >1/486
2 − 1/9 ⋅ z 2 2 − 1/9 ⋅ 1/86 lh)X + TN*
n pn ⋅ z 3 43 ⋅ 1/486 lh
)5* ⇒ n wn = > >91
1/3 ⋅ z 2 1/3 ⋅ 1/86 i
⋅ lh
)2* ⇒ X = n wn − n pn !>91!−!43!>59
i
⋅
⋅ ⋅ X 59 2 lh
n tw1!,! n tw3!> > ⋅ >1/:2
y 3 − y2 1/149: − 1/1354 4711 t
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces u zagreja~u vazduha:!!!!!! R 23 = ∆ I23 + X u23
⋅  ⋅ ⋅ 
R {bh =  !n twp + n tw3  ⋅ (i2 − in ) > 1/:2 ⋅ (251/25 − :3/8) >54/28!lX
 

b)
nwn npn
komora za
su{ewe
zagreja~ materijala
C 2 3
vazduha
predgreja~
vazduha otpadni vazduh
B 3
recirkulacioni
N vazduh
3
1
sve` vazduh
i
2
u2
3
ϕ3
C
u3 ϕ>2
N B
up
1
ϕp
⋅  ⋅ ⋅  lh
n tw1!>! h p ⋅  n tw1 !+!n tw3  > 1/596 ⋅ 1/:2 >1/55
  t
⋅  ⋅ ⋅ ⋅  lh
n tw3!>! h3 ⋅  n tw1 !+!n n tw3  > 1/626 ⋅ 1/:2 >1/58
  t
ta~ka A:
lK
y B = y3 - iB>g (y B - ϕ = 2) >247/28
lhTW
⋅ ⋅
R qsfe!>! n twp ⋅ (i3 − i B ) >!1/55 ⋅(251/25 − 247/28) >2/86!lX

8/43/!U dvostepenoj teorijskoj su{ari za!7!sati osu{i se!2111!lh!vla`nog materijala.!Maseni odnos vlage
lhX
prema suvoj materiji u materijalu koji ulazi u prvi stepen su{ewa je 1/54! !a maseni odnos vlage
lhTN
lhX
prema suvoj materiji u materijalu koji napu{ta drugi!stepen su{ewa je!1/25! . Sve` ulazni vazduh
lhTN
stawa!1)q>2!cbs-!u>27pD-!ϕ>1/6*!me{a se sa recirkulacionim vazduhom stawa!6)q>2!cbs-!u>57pD-!ϕ>1/7*!u
odnosu!3;2, a zatim se predgreja~u vazduha (razmewiva~ toplote) pomo}u dela vla`nog vazduha oduzetog iz
prvog stepena su{are. U greja~ima vazduha!H2!i!H3 vlaàn vazduh se zagreva do temperature od!91pD/
Temperatura vla`nog vazduha na izlazu iz postrojewa je!41pD/!Skicirati promene stawa vla`nog vazduha
na Molijerovom!i!−!y!dijagramu i odrediti:
a) veli~ine stawa vla`nog vazduha!)i-!y-!u*!u karakteristi~nim ta~kama
b) toplotne snage greja~a vazduha-!H2!i!H3
c) vla`nost materijala (maseni udeo vlage) na kraju prvog stepena su{ewa
sve`
nwn npn
vazduh
prvi drugi
1 stepen stepen
N p 2 3 4
su{ewa su{ewa 6
r
6 e 5
H2 H3
d
g
r
e
j
a otpadni vazduh
7 ~
recirkulacioni
vazduh
i 5
3
6
4
2
7 ϕ>2
N
1

b*
ta~ka 0:
lhI3 P lK
yp!>!g)up-!ϕp*>1/1168! ip>!g)up-!yp*>41/53!
lhTW lhTW
ta~ka 5:
lhI3 P lK
y6!>!g)u6-!ϕ6*!>1/14::7! i6!>!g)u6-!y6*!>25:/43!
lhTW lhTW
ta~ka M:
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces me{awa dva vla`na vazduha:
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅  ⋅ ⋅ 
R 23 = ∆ I23 + X u23 n twp ⋅ i p + n tw 6 ⋅ i 6 =  n twp + n tw 6  ⋅ in
 
⋅
n twp
⋅ ip + i6 3
⋅ ⋅ (41/53) + 25:/43
n tw 6 lK
in = ⋅
>2 >81/16!
3 lhTW
n twp +2
⋅
+2 2
n tw6

⋅
ntwp
⋅
⋅ yp + y6
⋅ ⋅  ⋅ ⋅  ntw 6
n tw 1 ⋅ y p + n tw 6 ⋅ y 6 =  n twp + n tw 6  ⋅ y n ⇒! yn = ⋅
  ntwp
⋅
+2
ntw 6
3
⋅ 1/1168 + 1/15
lhI3 P
yn = 2 >1/1282
3 lhTW
+2
2
i − y n ⋅ 3611 81/13 − 1/1282 ⋅ 3611
un!>! n !> >37/54pD
d q + y n ⋅ 2/97 2 + 1/1282 ⋅ 2/97
ta~ka 2:
lhI3 P lK
y3>yn!>1/1282! i3!>!g)u3-!y3*>236/46!
lhTW lhTW
ta~ka 4:
lK lhI3 P
i5!>i6!>25:/43! y5>!g)u5-!i5*>1/1373!
lhTW lhTW
ta~ka 3:
lK lhI3 P
i4!>i3>236/46! y4>!y5>1/1373!
lhTW lhTW

ta~ka 6:
lhI3 P lK
y7!>!y4!>!y5>1/1373! i7!>!g)u7-!y7*!>!:7/9:!
lhTW lhTW
ta~ka 1:
lhI3 P
y2!>!yn!>!1/1282! i2!>!@
lhTW
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces u predgreja~u vazduha:!!! R 23 = ∆ I23 + X u23
⋅  ⋅ ⋅ 
n twp ⋅ (i 4 − i 7 ) =  ntwp + ntw 7  ⋅ (i2 − iN ) ⇒
 
⋅
n twp
⋅ (i 7 − i 4 ) 3
⋅ ⋅ (:7/9: − 236/46 )
n tw 7 lK
i2 = in − ⋅
> 81/16 − 2 >9:/13
3 lhTW
n twp +2
⋅
+2 2
n tw 7
i − y2 ⋅ 3611 9:/13 − 1/1282 ⋅ 3611
u2!>! 2 !> >88/95pD
d q + y2 ⋅ 2/97 2 + 1/1282 ⋅ 2/97
c*
Z2 1/54 lhX
z2 = > >1/41!
2 + Z2 1/54 + 2 lh)X + TN*
Z3 1/25 lhX
z3 = > >1/23!
2 + Z3 1/25 + 2 lh)X + TN*
materijalni bilans vlage za oba stepena su{ewa zajedno:
⋅ z 2 − z 3 2111 1/41 − 1/23 lh

X = n wn ⋅ > ⋅ >45/1:
2− z3 7 2 − 1/23 i
⋅  ⋅ ⋅  ⋅
X =  ntwp + n tw 6  ⋅ (y 4 − y 3 ) + n tw 7 ⋅ (y 6 − y 5 ) ⇒
 
⋅ 45/1:
⋅ X lh
n tw 6 = > 4711 >1/34
4 ⋅ (y 4 − y 3 ) + (y 6 − y 5 ) 4 ⋅ (1/1373 − 1/1282) + 1/15 − 1/1373 t
⋅ ⋅ lh
n twp = 3 ⋅ n tw 6 > 3 ⋅ 1/34 >1/57
t

⋅ ⋅ ⋅
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces u greja~u vazduha H2 :!!! R 23 = ∆ I23 + X u23
⋅  ⋅ ⋅ 
R 23 =  ntwp + ntw3  ⋅ (i3 − i2 ) > 1/7: ⋅ (236/46 − 9:/13) >36/18!lX
 
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces u greja~u vazduha H3 :!!! R 45 = ∆ I45 + X u 45
⋅ ⋅
R 45 = n tw6 ⋅ (i 5 − i 4 ) > 1/34 ⋅ (25:/43 − 236/46 ) >6/62!lX
d*
⋅ z 2 − z(
X 2!>! n wn ⋅ )2*
2 − z(
⋅  ⋅ ⋅ 
X 2 =  n twp + n tw 6  ⋅ (y 4 − y 3 ) )3*
 
⋅ lh
Kombinovawem jedna~ina!)2*!i!)3*!dobija se! X 2>!33/7! !!j!z′>1/3
i
zadatak za ve`bawe:! )8/44/*
8/44/!U dvostepenoj teorijskoj su{ari su{i se!2911!lh0i nekog proizvoda koji sadrì!4:!nbt&!vlage.
Nakon su{ewa proizvod sadrì!:3!nbt% suve materije. Vazduh izlazi iz su{are na temperaturi od
56pD/!Temperatura okoline je!31pD/!Vazduh se pred svakim stepenom zagreva do!91pD!a na izlazu iz
svakog stepena ima relativnu vla`nost!81&/!Sve promene stawa vla`nog vazduah u su{ari se doga|aju
pri!q>2!cbs>dpotu/!Skicirati promene stawa vla`nog vazduha na!i!−y!!dijagramu i odrediti:
a) ukupnu potro{wu toplote u su{ari!)lX*
b) izra~unati vla`nost materijala (maseni udeo vlage) na izlazu iz prvog stepena su{ewa
re{ewe:
a) R>684!lX
b) z′>1/36

KRETAWE TOPLOTE
9/2/!Sa jedne strane ravnog zida povr{ine B>4!n3 nalazi se suva vodena para U2>247pD, a sa druge
ravnog zida nalazi se vazduh U6>36pD. Zid je sastavqen od dva sloja: ~eli~nog lima (1) )λ2>61-!X0nL-
δ2>21!nn* i izolacionog materijala
(2) )λ3>1/17!X0nL-!δ3>31!nn*/ Koeficijent prelaza toplote sa pare na zid iznosi α2>6111!X0n3L, a
sa zida na okolni vazduh α3>2111!X0n3L. Odrediti:
b* toplotni protok sa pare na vazduh, kroz zid )X*
b) temperaturu izolacije (do vazduha) i temperaturu lima (do pare)
δ2 δ3
α2
λ2 λ3 vazduh
para
α3
U6
U2
U4
U3
U5
a)
⋅ U2 . U6 247 . 36
R= B= ⋅ 4 >2111!X
2 δ δ 2 2 1/12 1/13 2
+ 2 + 3 + + + +
α2 λ2 λ 3 α 3 6111 61 1/17 2111
b)
⋅
⋅U − U3 R 2111
R= 2 ⋅B ⇒ U3!>!U2!−! >247!−! >246/:4pD
2 α2 ⋅ B 6111 4
α2
⋅
⋅U .U R 2111
R= 5 6 B ⇒ U5!>!U6!, >36,! >36/69pD
2 α3 ⋅ B 2111 4
α3
dipl.ing. @eqko Ciganovi}!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!{fmlp@fvofu/zv

9/3/!Za izgradwu privremenog skloni{ta u polarnim oblastima istraìva~i mogu upotrebiti ponetu
{per plo~u, debqine!δ2>6!nn!)λ2>1/218!X0)nL**-!vla`nu zemqu!)λ3>1/767!X0)nL**-!i nabijen sneg
)λ4>1/218!X0)nL**/!Na unutra{woj povr{i zida skloni{ta ustali se temperatura U2>3:4!L-!a
koeficijent prelaza toplote, sa spoqa{we povr{i zida na okolni vazduh temperature!U6>341!L,
iznosi!α>:/7!X0)n3L*/!′′Povr{inski toplotni protok′′ (toplotni fluks) pri tome treba da iznosi
r>69!X0n3. Odrediti:
a) najmawu debqinu sloja vla`ne zemqe u konstrukciji zida, tako da ne do|e do topqewa snega
b) potrebnu debqinu sloja nabijenog snega u konstrukciji zida
δ2 δ3 δ4
{per vla`na nabijen

plo~a zemqa sneg
U2 U3 U4 U5 U6
a)
napomena: Uo~iti da je U4!>384!L (uslov ne topqewa snega na grani~noj
povr{ini vla`na zemqa sneg).
U2 − U4 U −U δ 
!r!>! ⇒ δ3!>!λ3!  2 4 − 2  ⇒
δ2 δ3  r λ2 
+
λ2 λ3
 3:4 − 384 6 ⋅ 21 −4 
δ3!>! 1/767 ⋅  −  >2:7!nn
 69 1/218 
 
U2 − U6 U −U δ δ 2
b) r!>! ⇒ δ4!>!λ4!  2 6 − 2 − 3 − 
δ2 δ3 δ4 2  r λ2 λ3 α 
+ + +
λ2 λ3 λ 4 α
 3:4 − 341 6 ⋅ 21 −4 79 ⋅ 21 −4 2 
δ4!>!λ4! ⋅  − − − >!79!nn
 69 1/218 1/767 :/7 


9/4/![upqi cilindar od stiropora!)λ>1/138!X0nL) unutra{weg pre~nika!ev>1/3!n, spoqa{weg

pre~nika!et>1/4!n!i visine!I>2/6!n!napuwen je ledom sredwe!temperature!u2>1pD/!Temperatura
okolnog vazduha je!u4>41pD, a koeficijent prelaza toplote na stiropor sa okolnog vazduha iznosi!α>9
X0n3L/!Temperatura unutra{we povr{ine cilindra je!1pD/!Zanemaruju}i razmenu toplote kroz baze
cilindra, odrediti:
a) toplotne dobitke cilindra )lX*
b) temperaturu spoqa{we povr{ine zida cilindra
d* vreme za koje }e se sav led otopiti ako toplota topqewa leda iznosi sm>443/5!lK0lh-!a gustina leda
ρm>:11!lh0n4
α
led
vazduh
u2 u3 u4
a)
⋅ u2 − u 4 36 − 1
!R = ⋅I = ⋅ 2/6 = 28/95!X
2 2 et 2 2 1/4
+ mo + mo
e t π ⋅ α 3π ⋅ λ e v 1/4π ⋅ 9 3π ⋅ 1/138 1/3
b)
⋅
⋅ u − u3 R 28/95
R= 2 ⋅I ⇒! u3!>!u2!−! >!36!− >39/5pD
2 ev π ⋅ α ⋅ I 1/4π ⋅ 9 ⋅ 2/6
et π ⋅ α
c)
Rm 251:4/87
τ!>! ⋅
= ///!> = 8:1119!t! (9 dana 3 sata 27 min)
R 28/95 ⋅ 21 −4
Rm!>!nm!/!sm!>!///!>53/5/!443/5!>251:4/87!lK
ev3 π 1/3 3 π
nm!>!ρm!/!Wm!>!ρm!/ ⋅ M >!:11 ⋅ ⋅ 2/6 >!53/5!lh
5 5

9/5/!Odrediti kolika se maksimalna debqina leda!)λmfe!>3/67!X0)nL**!moè obrazovati na spoqnoj

povr{ini aluminijumske cevi!)λBm>33:/2!X0)nL**-!pre~nika!∅>:6094!nn-!duìne!M>2!n-!koju obliva
voda, ako je temperatura na wenoj unutra{woj povr{ini U4>374!L-!pri ~emu je toplotni protok sa
vode na cev!2661!X/
e4 e3 e2
U4 U3 U2
napomena: !U2!>!384!L (uslov stvarawa leda)
e4 − e3 1/216 − 1/1:6
δ mfe !>! >!///>! >1/116!n>!6!nn
3 3
⋅ U2 − U4
R= ⋅M ⇒
2 e4 2 e
mo + mo 3
3π ⋅ λmfe e3 3π ⋅ λ Bm e2
 3π ⋅ λ ⋅ M λ mfe e 3 
e4!> e 3 ⋅ fyq ⋅
mfe
⋅ (U2 − U4 ) − mo 
 λ Bm e2 
 R 
 3π ⋅ 3/67 ⋅ 2 3/67 :6 
e4!> 1/1:6 ⋅ fyq ⋅ (384 − 374 ) − mo >1/216!n
 2661 33:/2 94 

9/6/!Sa jedne strane staklene!)λ>1/9!X0nL*!plo~e, ukupne povr{ine!B>21!n3-!nalazi se vlaàn vazduh

temperature!71pD!dok je sa druge strane voda temperature!31pD/!Pad temperature kroz staklenu plo~u
iznosi!6pD. Koeficijent prelaza toplote sa vla`nog vaduha na plo~u iznosi!α2>31!X0n3L-!a sa plo~e
na vodu
α3>211!X0n3L/!Odrediti:
a) temperature staklene povr{ine u dodiru sa vla`nim vazduhom i vodom
b) debqinu staklene plo~e
c) toplotni protok sa vla`nog vazduha na vodu
d) toplotni protok sa vla`nog vazduha na vodu ako bi se sa strane vode formirao sloj kamenca
toplotnog otpora S>1/2!n3L0X
re{ewe:
b* u3!>!41/94pD-!u4>36/94pD
b) δ>7/97!nn
⋅
c) R >6945!X
⋅
d) R( >3484!X
9/7/!U ~eli~noj cevi!)λ>57/6!X0)n3L**-!pre~nika!26:y5/6!nn, po celoj duìni deonice ime|u dva

ventila, usled duèg prekida rada u ma{inskoj hali, u zimskom periodu, obrzaovao se ledeni ~ep
sredwe temperature!1pD/!êli~na cev je toplotno izolovana slojem stiropora debqine!δ>61!!nn/
Naglim zagrevawem, temperatura vazduha u ma{inskoj hali povisi se do!41pD i potom ostaje
nepromewena. Koeficijent prelaza toplote sa okolnog vazduha na spoqa{wu povr{ stiropora tako|e
je stalan i iznosi!α>26!X0)n3L*/!Uz predpostavku da je temperatura na unutra{woj povr{i cevi
stalna i da iznosi!1pD-!odrediti vreme (u danima) za koje }e se ledeni ~ep potpuno otopiti.
re{ewe: τ!≈!7 dana

9/8/!U zidanom kanalu od hrapave crvene opeke!)ε3>1/:4*-!duìne!M>2!n, kvadratnog popre~nog preseka

stranice!b>511!nn!postavqena je ~eli~na cev!)ε2>1/9*!spoqa{weg pre~nika!e>211!nn/
Temperatura spoqa{we povr{i cevi je!U2>684!L-!a unutra{wih povr{i zidova kanala!U3>434!L/
Prostor izme|u cevi i kanala je vakumiran. Odrediti:
a) toplotni protok koji zra~ewem razmene cev i zidani kanal
b) toplotni protok koji zra~ewem razmene cev i zidani kanal (pri istim temperaturama U2 i U3 ) ako
se izme|u cevi i zidova kanala postavi cilindri~ni toplotni ekran koeficijenta emisije εF>1/96
i pre~nika eF>311!nn
c) temperaturu tako postavqenog ekrana (zanemariti debqinu ekrana )
ε3
ε2
U2 U3
a)
5 5 5 5
 U2   U   684   434 
  −  3    −  
⋅   211   211   211   211 
 R {  = ⋅ M >///> ⋅ 2 >2496!X
 23 2 2
eπ ⋅ D23 1/2 ⋅ π ⋅ 5/56
X
D23!>!Dd/!ε23!>//!!/!>!6/78/!1/8:!>!5/56!
n3L 5
2 2
ε23!>! >///>! >!1/8:
2 B2  2  2 1/425  2 
+  − 2 +  − 2
ε2 B3  ε3 
 1/9 2/7  1/:4 
B2!>!e π /!M!> 1/2 ⋅ π ⋅ 2 >1/425!n3
B3!>! 5 ⋅ b ⋅ M > 5 ⋅ 1/5 ⋅ 2 >2/7!n3

b)
ε3
ε2
U
εF
U2 U3
5 5 5 5
 U2   U   684   434 
  − 3    − 
⋅   211   211   211   211 
 R {  = ⋅ M >///> ⋅ 2>!99:/77!X
 2F3 2 2 2 2
+ +
eπ ⋅ D2F eF π ⋅ D F3 1/2 ⋅ π ⋅ 5/35 1/3 ⋅ π ⋅ 5/8
X 2
D2F!>!Dd!ε2F!>5/35! ε2F!>! >!1/86
3 5
nL 2 B2  2 
+  − 2
ε2 BF  εF 
BF!>!eF π /!M!> 1/3 ⋅ π ⋅ 2 >!1/739!n3
X 2
DF3!>!Dd/!εF3!>5/8! εF3!>! >!1/94
n3L 5 2 BF  2 
+  − 2
εF B3  ε3 

c)
U trenutku uspostavqawa stacionarnog reìma kretawa toplote
⋅  ⋅ 
postavqamo toplotni bilans za toplotni ekran:  R [  =  R [  odakle
 2F   F3
sledi da je:
D2F ⋅ e ⋅ U25 + D F3 ⋅ eF ⋅ U35 5/35 ⋅ 1/2 ⋅ 684 5 + 5/8 ⋅ 1/3 ⋅ 434 5

5
UF!>! 5 > = >561!L
D2F ⋅ e + D F3⋅ eF 5/35 ⋅ 1/2 + 5/8 ⋅ 1/3

9/9/!U industrijskoj hali nalazi se pe} od vaqanog ~eli~nog lima!)ε2>1/68*!ukupne povr{ine!B>3/6

n3/!Temperatura spoqa{we povr{i pe}i je!u2>271pD, a okolnog vazduha i unutra{wih povr{i zidova
hale!u3>u4>26pD. Koeficijent prelaza toplote sa spoqa{we povr{i pe}i na vazduh u hali je!α>24/24
X0)n3L*/!Odrediti:
a) ukupan toplotni protok (zra~ewe + prelaz) koji odaje spoqa{wa povr{ina pe}i
b) temperaturu unutra{we povr{i pe}i ako je debqina zida pe}i!δ>31!nn-!a koeficijent toplotne
provodqivost zida pe}i!λ>61!X0)n3L*
α
ε2 ε3
U1
U2
U3
U4
a)
⋅ ⋅  ⋅ 
 R  >!  R QSFMB[  ,!  R [SB•FOKF  >!///>!5871!,!3351!>!8111!X
 ∑  23  23
⋅  U −U 271 − 26
 R QSFMB[  >! 2 3 ⋅ B2 >! ⋅ 3/6 >5871!X
 23 2 2
α 24/24
5 5 5 5
 U2   U   544   399 
  − 4    − 
⋅   211  ⋅ B >!    211 
 R [SB•FOKF  > 
211  211
2 ⋅ 3/6 >3351!X
 23 2 2
D24 4/34
ε24!>!ε2!>!1/68!)B2!==!B4*
X
D24!>!Dd/!ε24!>! 6/78 ⋅ 1/68 >!4/34!
n3L 5
b)
⋅
 R 
⋅ ⋅  U − U2  Σ δ
 R  >!  R QSPWPEKFOKF  >! 1 ⋅ B !!! ⇒ U1!>!U2!, ⋅ !>!271/4pD
 ∑   12 δ B λ
λ
−4
8111 31 ⋅ 21
U1!>!271!, ⋅ !>!271/4pD
3/6 61

9/:/!Temperatura vrelih gasova, koji se kre}u kroz kanal, meri se temperaturskom sondom!)ε2>1/9*/
Pri stacionarnim uslovima sonda pokazuje temperaturu!u2>411pD/!Temperatura povr{i zidova kanala
je!u4>311pD/!Koeficijent prelaza toplote sa vrelih gasova na povr{ sonde iznosi!α>69!X0)n3L).
Odrediti stvarnu temperaturu vrelih gasova u kanalu!)!u3>@*/
u4
u3
u2
ε
toplotni bilans temperaturske sonde: (r{sb•fokf )24 = (rqsfmb{ )32

5 5 5 5
 U2   U   U2   U 
  − 4    − 4 
 211   211  = U3 − U2 ⇒ U3!>!U2!,! 
211   211  !!⇒
2 2 2
D24 α D24
5 5
 684   584 
  − 
 211   211 
U3!>!684!,! >729!L!)!456pD!*
2
5/65
ε24!>!ε2!>!1/9!)B2!==!B4*
X
D24!>!Dd/!ε24!> 6/78 ⋅ 1/9 >!5/65!
n3L 5

9/21/!U prostoru izme|u dve, koncentri~no postavqene posrebrene cevi ostvaren je potpuni vakum.
Temperatura na spoqa{woj povr{i unutra{we cevi, spoqa{weg pre~nika!e2>261!nn-!iznosi
u2>711pD-!a temperatura na unutra{woj povr{i spoqa{we cevi, unutra{weg pre~nika!e3>311!nn-
iznosi u3>311pD/!Emisivnost svake posrebrene cevi je!ε>1/16/!Odrediti “ekvivalentnu” toplotnu
provodqivost materijala!)λ*-!~ijim bi se postavqewem u prostor izme|u cevi, pri nepromewenim
temperaturama i pre~nicima cevi ostvarila ista linijska gustina toplotnog protoka!)!toplotni
fluks-!X0n*
e2
e3
e3
e2
(r{sb•fokf )23 = (rqspwp} fokb )23

5 5
 U2   U 
  − 3 
 211   211  = U2 − U3 ⇒
2 2 e
mo 3
e2π ⋅ D23 3π ⋅ λ e2
5 5
 U2   U  e
  − 3  mo 3
λ!>! 
211   211  ⋅ e2
!>///
2 3π ⋅ (U2 − U3 )
e2π ⋅ D23
X
D23!>!Dd!ε23!>///!>! 6/78 ⋅ 1/14 >1/276!
n3L 5
2 2 2
ε23!>! > >! >!1/14
2 B2  2  2 e2  2  2 1/26  2 
 − 2   +  − 2
+
ε2 B3  ε3  ε + e  ε − 2 1/16 1/3  1/16 
 2 3  3 
5 5
 984   584  1/3
  −  mo
 211   211  1/26 X
λ!> ⋅ >!1/158!
2 3π ⋅ (984 − 584 ) nL
1/26 ⋅ π ⋅ 1/276

9/22/!Cilindri~ni kolektor za vodenu paru, spoqa{weg pre~nika!e2>386!nn-!nalazi se u velikoj

prostoriji. Koeficijent emisije kolektora iznosi!ε2>1/:2/!Radi smawewa toplotnih gubitaka
zra~ewem postavqa se osno postavqen toplotni {tit (ekran), zanemarqive debqine, koeficijenta
emisije!εF>1/66/!Predpostavqaju}i da se postavqawem toplotnog {tita ne mewa temperatura na
spoqa{woj povr{i kolektora i unutra{woj povr{i zidova prostorije odrediti pre~nik toplotnog
{tita!)eF*-!tako da je u odnosu na neza{ti}eni kolektor smawewe toplotnih gubitaka zra~ewem 61&!/
(r{sb•fokf )23 = (r{sb•fokf )2F3

5 5 5 5
 U2   U   U2   U 
  − 3    − 3 
 211   211  = 3 ⋅  211   211 
2 2 2
+
e2π ⋅ D23 e2π ⋅ D2F eFπ ⋅ DF3
2 3 2 3
= ⇒ = ⇒
2 2 2 2 2 e2  2 
+ +  − 2
e2ε23 e2ε2F eFεF3 e2ε23 ε2 eF  εF  2
+
e2 eFεF3
3 2 2  2  2  3 
= +  − 2 + ⇒ eF!>! e2 ⋅ ε2 ⋅  − 2

e2ε2 e2ε2 eF  εF  eFεF  εF 
 3 
eF!>! 1/386 ⋅ 1/:2 ⋅  − 2 !>!1/76:!n!>!76:!nn
 1/66 
napomena:
ε23!>!ε2 )!B2!==!B3!* εF3!>!εF)!BF!==!B3!*
2 2
ε2F!>! >
2 B2 2  2 e2  2 
+  − 2 +  − 2
   
ε2 BF  εF  ε2 eF  εF 

9/23/!Oko duga~kog cilindra, pre~nika!e2>361!nn-!koncentri~no je postavqen ekran pre~nika

eF>461!nn-!zanemarqive debqine. Ukupan koeficijent emisije povr{i cilindra i povr{i ekrana su
jednaki i iznose!!ε!>1/9/!U stacionarnim uslovima, temperatura ekrana je!2:1pD-!temperatura okolnog
vazduha i okolnih povr{i iznosi!61pD-!a sredwi koeficijent prelaza toplote sa spoqa{we povr{i
ekrana na okolni vazduh!α>46!X0)n3L). Zanemaruju}i konvektivnu predaju toplote izme|u cilindra i
ekrana odrediti temperaturu povr{i cilindra.
α
ε
U2 UF Uw U3
toplotni bilans ekrana: (r{sb•fokf )23 = (r{sb•fokf )F3 + (rqsfmb{ )FW

5 5 5 5
 U2   U   UF   U 
  − F    − 3 
 211   211  =  211   211  + UF − UW
2 2 2
e2π ⋅ D2F eFπ ⋅ DF3 eFπ ⋅ α

X
D2F!>!Dd!ε2F!>///> 6/78 1/8 >4/:8!
n3L 5
2 2
ε2F!>! > >!>!1/8
2 B2  2  2 e2  2 
+  − 2 +  − 2
ε BF  ε  ε eF  ε 
X
DF3!>!Dd!εF3!>//!!/!>!5/65!
n3L 5
εF3!>!εF!>!1/8
 U 5 5 
   3  −  U2   
 U 
5    211   211   U − U 
 + 3
2 4  >!835!L
U2 = 211 ⋅ 5  3  +
 211  e2 ⋅ D2F  2 2 
 eF ⋅ DF3 eF ⋅ α 
 
9/24/!U kanalu kvadratnog popre~nog preseka!)b>711!nn*!nalazi se ~eli~na cev!∅>3310311!nn-

λ>57!X0nL/!Kroz kanal proti~e suv vazduh. Temperatura spoqa{we povr{i cevi je!U2>711!L-!a
unutra{we povr{i zida je!U4>411!L/!Koeficijenti emisije zra~ewa su!ε2>1/92!(za cev) i!ε4>1/97!(za
zidove kanala). Koeficijent prelaza toplote sa cevi na vazduh je!α2>41!X0n3L/!Odrediti:
a) temperaturu vazduha u kanalu )U3>@* ako su toplotni gubici spoqa{we povr{i cevi, radijacijom i
konvekcijom jednaki
c* temperaturu unutra{we povr{i cevi )Up>@*
c) koeficijent prelaza toplote )α3*!sa vazduha na zidove kanala
α3
U4
α2
U3
U2
Up ε2
ε4

a)
uslov zadatka: (rqsfmb{b )23 = (r{sb•fokf )24
5 5 5 5
 U2   U   U2   U 
  − 4    − 4 
U2 − U3
=    211  U3!>!U2! −    211  >!///
211 211
⇒
2 2 α
et π ⋅ α et π ⋅ D24 D24
X
D24!>!Dd/!ε24!>///> 6/78 ⋅ 1/9 >!5/53!
n3L 5
2 2 2
ε24!>! > >!! >1/89
2 B2  2  2 et π  2  2 1/33 ⋅ π  2 
+  
− 2 +  
− 2 +  − 2
ε2 B 4  ε4  1/92 5 ⋅ 1/7  1/97
 ε2 5 ⋅ b  ε3  
B2!>! et π ⋅ M
B4!>!5b!/!M
5 5
 711   411 
  − 
 211   211 
U3!>!711! − >!532!L
41
5/53
b)
toplotni bilans spoqa{we povr{ine cevi:
(rqspwp} fokf )12 = (rqsfmb{b )23 + (r{sb•fokf )24 !!⇒ (rqspwp} fokf )12 = 3 ⋅ (rqsfmb{b )23 U1 − U2
2 e
!>
mo t
3π ⋅ λ ev
e
mo t
U − U3 U2 − U3 ev
3⋅ 2 = ⇒ U1!>!U2!.! 3 ⋅ ⋅ ⇒
2 2 3π ⋅ λ
et π ⋅ α et π ⋅ α
1/33
mo
711 − 532 1/3 !>!713/5!L
Up!>!711!−! 3 ⋅ ⋅
2 3π ⋅ 57
1/33 ⋅ π ⋅ 41
c)
•  • 
toplotni bilans vazduha u kanalu:  Rqsfmb{  =  Rqsfmb{ 
   
 23  34
U2 − U3 U − U4 U − U3 2
⋅M = 3 ⋅b⋅M ⋅ 5 ⇒ α3!>! 2 ⋅ ⇒
2 2 2 5b ⋅ (U3 − U4 )
et π ⋅ α2 α3 et π ⋅ α2
711 − 532 2 X
α3!>! ⋅ >23/9!
2 5 ⋅ 1/7 ⋅ (532 − 411) n3L
1/33π ⋅ 41

9/25/!!Unutar metalnog!cilindri~nog rezervoara, unutra{weg pre~nika!e>1/6!n! i visine i>2!n,

ostvaren je potpuni vakum. Temperatura na unutra{woj povr{i doweg dna je stalna i iznosi U2>511!L,
dok su temperature na preostalim unutra{wim povr{ima tako|e stalne i iznose U3>411!L/
Koeficijent emisije svih unutra{wih povr{i je jednak i iznosi ε>1/9/ Odrediti debwinu
izolacionog materijala )δj{* toplotne provodnosti λj>1/4!X0)nL* koeficijenta emisije εj{>1/:6, kojim
treba izolovati dowe dno, da bi pri stacionarnim uslovima i pri nepromewenim temperaturama (na
dodirnoj povr{i doweg dna i izolacionog sloja U2 i na ostalim unutra{wim povr{inama U3) toplotni
protok sa doweg dna bio smawen za 31&/
U3
vakum
i
δj{
Uj{
U2
5 5 5 5
 U2   U   511   411 
  −  3    − 
⋅   211   211   211   211 
 R {  = ⋅ B 2 >///> ⋅ 1/2:7 >262/72!X
 23 2 2
D23 5/53
X
D23!>!Dd/!ε23!>//!!/!>!6/78/!1/89!>!5/53!
n3L 5
2 2
ε23!>! >///>! >!1/89
2 B2  2  2 1/2:7  2 
+  − 2 +  − 2
ε2 B3  ε3 
 1/9 2/878  1/9 
e 3 π 1/6 3 π
B2!> = !>1/2:7!n3
5 5
e3 π 1/6 3 π
B3!>! e ⋅ π ⋅ i + > 1/6 ⋅ π ⋅ 2 + >2/878!n3
5 5

⋅ ⋅ 
R( = 1/9 ⋅  R {  >232/3:!X
 23
5 5
 Uj{   U 
  − 3  ⋅ 5
⋅  U 
 211   211  R(
R( = ⋅ B2 ⇒ Uj{ = 211 ⋅ 5 + 3 
2 D J{3 ⋅ B 2  211 
D J{3
X
DJ{3>!Dd/!εJ{3′!>//!!/!>!6/78/!1/:4!>!6/38!
n3L 5
2 2
εJ{3!>! >///>! >!1/:4
2 B2  2  2 1/2:7  2 
+  − 2 +  − 2
ε j{ B 3  ε 3  1/:6 2/878  1/9 
5
232/3:  411 
Uj{ = 211 ⋅ 5 +  >486/43!L
6/38 ⋅ 1/2:7  211 
⋅  ⋅
toplotni bilans gorwe povr{i izolacije:  R qspwp} fokf  = R(
 2J{
⋅ 
 R qspwp} fokf  = 2
U − Uj{ (U2 − Uj{ ) ⋅ λ j{ ⋅ B 2
⋅ B2 ⇒ δ j{ = >
 2J{ δ {j ⋅ 
 R qspwp} fokf 
λ j{  2J{
δ j{ =
(511 − 486/43) ⋅ 1/4 ⋅ 1/2:7 >22/:7!nn
232/3:
napomena: Pri izra~unavawu A2 za slu~aju sa izolaciju zanemaruje se

smawewe povr{ine A2 zbog male debqine izolacije

9/26/!Ravan zid debqine!6!dn!sa jedne svoje strane izloèn je dejstvu toplotnog zra~ewa, ~iji
intenzitet u pravcu normale na zid iznosi!r{>2111!X0)n3L*/!Usled na ovaj na~in prenete koli~ine
toplote ozra~ena povr{ zida odràva se na temperaturi od!u2>62/2pD/!Ukupan koeficijent emisije
povr{i zida je!ε>1/8-!a toplotna provodqivost materijala od kojeg je zid na~iwen je!λ>1/86!X0)nL*/
Temperatura okolnog vazduha (sa obe strane zida) je 31pD/!Zanemaruju}i sopstveno zra~ewe zida i
smatraju}i da je koeficijent prelaza toplote sa obe strane zida na okolni vazduh (α) isti odrediti
temperaturu neozra~ene povr{i zida!)u3*
r{
rsfg
rqsfmb{2 rqspw
rqsfmb{3
Uw U2 U3 Uw
toplotni bilans ozra~ene povr{i zida (povr{ 1)

U2 − Uw U −U
r{!>!rsfg!,!rqsfmb{2!,!rqspw r{!>!)2.!ε!*!r{!,! !,! 2 3 !!!)2*
2 δ
α λ
toplotni bilans ne ozra~ene povr{i zida (povr{ 2)
U2 − U3 U − Uw
rqspw!>!rqsfmb{3 > 3 !!! !!!!!!!!)3*
δ 2
λ α
re{avawem sistema dve jedna~ine )2*!i )3* sa dve nepoznate )U3!i!α* dobija se:
X
U3!>419/7!L-!!α!>26!
n3L

9/27/!Ravan zid od mermera!)λ>3/9!X0)nL*-!ε>1/66*-!debqine!1/167!n!izloèn je sa obe strane dejstvu

toplotnog zra~ewa ~iji intenziteti u pravcu normala na povr{i iznose!r{2>253:!X0n3!i!r{3>2:4
X0n3/!Hla|ewe mermera sa obe strane zida obavqa se iskqu~ivo konvektivnim putem (zanemaruje se
sopstveno zra~ewe mermera). Temperatura vazduha sa jedne strane zida je!UW2>61pD-!a sa druge
UW3>51pD-!a odgovaraju}i koeficijenti prelaza toplote!α2>9!X0)n3L*!i!α3>31!X0)n3L*/!Odrediti
temperature obe povr{i mermera!)U2!j!U3*/
r{2 r{3
rsfg rsfg3
rqsfmb{2 rqspw
rqsfmb{3
Uw2 U2 U3 Uw3
toplotni bilans ozra~ene povr{i zida (povr{ 1)

U2 − Uw2 U −U
r{2>!rsfg!,!rqsfmb{2!,!rqspw r{2>)2−ε!*!r{2, !,! 2 3 !!)2*
2 δ
α λ
toplotni bilans ozra~ene povr{i zida 2 (povr{ 2)
U2 − U3 U − Uw3
r{3!,!rqspw!>!rsfg3!,!rqsfmb{ r{3, >!)2−ε!*!r{3!,! 3 !)3*
δ 2
λ α3
re{avawem sistema dve jedna~ine )2* i )3* sa dve nepoznate )U3!i U2*!dobija se:
U2>91pD-!U3>81pD

9/28/!Toplotna provodnost materijala od kojeg je na~iwen ravan zid, moè da se izrazi u funkciji
temperature zida u obliku:! λ = 1/5 + 7 ⋅ 21 −4 u -!!pri ~emu je toplotna provodnost, λ, izraèna!v!X0)nL*-
a temperatura, u, u!pD/!Debqina zida je!δ>41!cm a temperature sa jedne i druge strane zida su!u2>231pD
i!u3>41pD/!Pdrediti toplotni fluks (povr{insku gustinu toplotnog protoka) kroz zid i predstaviti
grafi~ki raspored temperatura u zidu.
1. na~in:
diferencijalna jedna~ina provo|ewa toplote kroz ravan zid pri λ>g)u*:
r = −λ(u ) ⋅
eu
ey
⇒ (
r ⋅ ey = − 1/5 + 7 ⋅ 21 −4 u ⋅ eu)
δ u3
∫( ) u 33 − u 23
∫
r ⋅ ey = − 1/5 + 7 ⋅ 21 −4 u ⋅ eu ⇒ r ⋅ δ = −1/5 ⋅ (u 3 − u 2 ) − 7 ⋅ 21 −4
3
1 u2
r=
(
− 1/5 ⋅ (u 3 − u 2 ) − 4 ⋅ 21 −4 u 33 − u 23
>
)
− 1/5 ⋅ (41 − 231) − 4 ⋅ 21 −4
(41 3
− 231 3 )
δ 41 ⋅ 21 −3
X
r>366! 3
n
2. na~in:
Jedna~ina za toplotni fluks kroz ravan zid pri λ>g)u*;
U3 U3
2 2
r!>! −
δ ∫ λ)u* ⋅ eu = −
δ ∫ (1/5 + 1/117 ⋅ u ) ⋅ eu ⇒
U2 U2
2 u3 − u3 
r!>! − 1/5 ⋅ (u3 − u2 ) + 1/117 ⋅ 3 2 
δ  3 
 231 3 − 41 3 
r=−
2 
1/5 ⋅ (231 − 41) + 1/117 ⋅  >!366! X
1/14  3  n3
 

e3 y
1. na~in: >@
eu 3
eu r ey 1/5 + 7 ⋅ 21 −4 u
=− ⇒ =−
ey 1/5 + 7 ⋅ 21 −4 u eu r
e3 y 7 ⋅ 21 −4
=− =1
eu 3 r
Kako je drugi izvod funkcije y>g)u* negativan to zna~i da je y>g)u*!konkavna

(ispup~ena na gore).
2. na~in: δ>g)!u!*>@
Do istog zakqu~ka se moè do}i posmatrawem funkcije δ>g)u*, kada

koristimo 2. na~in za izra~unavawe toplotnog fluksa.
2 u3 − u23 
δ!> − 1/5 ⋅ (u − u2 ) + 1/117 ⋅ 
r  3 
∂δ 2 ∂ 3δ 2
= − ⋅ [1/5 + 1/117 ⋅ u ] ⇒ =− ⋅ 1/117
∂u r ∂u 3 r
3
∂ δ
!=!1 ⇒ funkcija!δ!>!g)!u!*!je konkavna (ispup~ena na gore)
∂u3
u2
isprekidana linija predstavqa
temperaturni profil pri λ>dpotu
puna linija predstavqa

temperaturni profil pri λ≠dpotu,
tj. pri! λ = 1/5 + 7 ⋅ 21 −4 u
u3

9/29/!Cev od {amotne opeke!∅>4310391!nn!)λ>1/5,1/113/!u) obloèna je sa spoqa{we strane slojem

izolacije!)δj>6!nn-!λj>1/16,1/1112/!u*-!gde je!u!temperatura zida u!pD-!b!λ!v!X0)n/L). Temperatura
unutra{we povr{i cevi od {amotne opeke je!241pD-!a spoqa{we povr{i izolacionog materijala
41pD/!Odrediti topotni fluks (gustinu toplotnog protoka) po du`nom metru cevi.
u4
u3
u2
U3
∫ (1/5 + 1/113 ⋅ u ) ⋅eu !>! mo e3 [1/5(u3 − u2) + 1/112⋅ (u3 − u2 )]

3π 3π 3 3
r23!!>−
e
mo 3 U2
e2 e2
[ )]
U4
∫( ) (
3π 3π
r34!>− 1/15 + 21 ⋅ 21−6 u ⋅eu !> 1/15 ⋅ (u 4 − u3 ) + 6 ⋅ 21−6 u34 − u33
e4 e4
mo U mo
e3 3 e3
toplotni bilans spoqa{we povr{i {amotne opeke (unutra{we povr{i
izolacije): r23!>!r34
3π
e3
[ (
1/5 ⋅ (u3 − u2) + 1/112⋅ u33 − u23 !>! )]3π
e4
[
1/15 ⋅ (u 4 − u3 ) + 6 ⋅ 21−6 u34 − u33 ( )]
mo mo
e2 e3
4/856 ⋅ 21 −6 ⋅ u 33 + 2/876 ⋅ 21 −3 ⋅ u 3 − 3/397 >1
u3 =
− 2/876 ⋅ 21 −3 ± (2/876 ⋅ 21 ) −3 3
− 5 ⋅ 4/856 ⋅ 21 −6 ⋅ (− 3/397)
>216/9pD
3 ⋅ 4/856 ⋅ 21 −6
u3!>!216/9pD-!(pozitivno re{ewe)
r24!>!r23!>!r34!>!−
3π
e3
[
1/5 ⋅ (u3 − u2) + 1/112⋅ u33 − u23 ( )]
mo
e2
r24!>−
3π
1/43
[ (
1/5 ⋅ (216/9 − 241) + 1/112 ⋅ 216/9 3 − 241 3 !>!835!
X
n
)]
mo
1/39

9/2:/!Preko gorwe povr{i horizontalne ravne plo~e postavqena je toplotna izolacija!debqine!δ>39

nn-!toplotne provodqivosti!λ>1/4!,21−5!/!u!,!3/21−8/!u3!-!gde je!λ!)X0nL*!b!u!)pD*-!i emisivnosti
hrapave povr{ine u pravcu normale!εo>1/:/!Na dodirnoj povr{i plo~e i izolacije je stalna
temperatura!u2>511pD. Temperatura gorwe povr{i izolacije je tako|e stalna i iznosi!u3>211pD.
Temperatura zidova velike prostorije u kojoj se nalazi izolovana plo~a iznosi!u5>31pD/!Koeficijent
prelaza toplote sa gorwe povr{i izolacije na vazduh iznosi α>48/:!X0)n3L*/!Odrediti temperaturu
vazduha u prostoriji )u4*/
u5
u4
ε3 α
u3
izolacija
u2
plo~a
toplotni bilans gorwe povr{i izolacije:
(rqspwp} fokf )23 = (rqsfmb{ )34 + (r{sb•fokf )35

5 5
 U3   U 
u3   − 5 
∫( ) −
1/4 + 2⋅ 21− 5 ⋅ u + 3 ⋅ 21−8 ⋅ u3 ⋅ eu !>! 3 4 ,    211 
2 u u 211
− ⇒
δ 2 2
u2
α D35
  U3 
5
 U  
5
 u3   − 5  
u4!>!u3! − − ∫( )
2 2
1/4 + 2⋅ 21− 5 ⋅ u + 3 ⋅ 21−8 ⋅ u3 ⋅ eu − 
211   211  
α δ 2 
 u2 
 D35 
u4>u3!−
2
α
[( ) (
⋅ rqspwp } fokb 23 − r{sb•fokb )35 ] >///>211!− 482/: ⋅ [4743 − 711] >31pD

napomena:
u3
(rqspwp} fokf )23 !>! − 2δ ∫ (1/4 + 2⋅ 21−5 ⋅ u + 3 ⋅ 21−8 ⋅ u3 )⋅ eu !
u2
 3 3 4 4
(rqspwp} fokf )23 !>! − 2δ 1/4 ⋅ (u3 −u2) + 2⋅ 21−5 u3 3− u2 + 3 ⋅ 21−8 u3 4− u2  !>!4743! X
  n3
5 5
 U3   U  5
 484   3:4 
5
  − 5    − 
(r{sb•fokf )35 >  211  2  211  >  211  2  211  >711! X3
n
D35 6
X
D35!>!Dd/!ε35!>!///>6/78!/1/993>6
n3L 5
ε35!>!ε3!)!kfs!kf!B3!==!B5!*
ε3!>!L/εo!>!///>!1/:91/:>!1/993
L!>!1/:9-!(hrapava povr{ izolacije)
9/31/!Izme|u homogenog i izotropnog izolacionog materijala debqine δj>51!nn!i cevi, spoqa{weg

pre~nika e>91!nn, ostvaren je idealan dodir. Zavisnost toplotne provodqivosti materijala od
temperature data je izrazom:
λ 2  U 
= 1/59 + 1/27 ⋅ mo   − 384  . Termoelementima, pri ustaqenim uslovima, izmerene su
[X 0 (nL )]  31  [L ] 
slede}e temperature:
U2!>!534!L − na spoqa{woj povr{i cevi
U3!>!429!L − na spoqa{woj povr{i izolacionog materijala
U4!>!384!L − za okolni fluid.
Odrediti koeficijent prelaza toplote sa spoqa{we povr{i izolacionog materijala na okolni
fluid.
X
re{ewe: α!>!41/6!
n3L

9/32.!Tanka plo~a visine!i>1/3!n-!{irine b>1/6!n-!potopqena je, vertikalno, u veliki rezervoar sa

vodom temperature ug!>!31pD. Odrediti snagu greja~a, ugra|enog u plo~u, potrebnu za odràvawe
temperature povr{i na!u{>!71pD/
⋅ u − ug
R= { ⋅ b ⋅ i ⋅ 3 !>!///
2
α
1. korak: fizi~ki parametri za vodu na temperaturi!ug!>!31pD
X n3 2
λg!>!6:/:!/21.3! -!νg!>!2/117!/21.7! -!βg!>!2/93!/21.5!
nL t L
2. korak: karakteristi~na duìna ~vrste povr{i
ml!>!i!>!1/3!n
3. korak: potrebni kriterijumi sli~nosti

β g ⋅ h ⋅ mL4 ⋅ )U{ − Ug * 2/93 ⋅ 21 −5 ⋅ :/92 ⋅ 1/3 4 ⋅ )71 − 31*
Hsg!>! !>! >6/76!/219
υ 3g (2/117 ⋅ 21 )
−7 3
Qsg!>!8/13 Qs{!>!3/:9
1/36
 Qsg 
4. korak: konstante u kriterijalnoj jedna~ini Ovg!>!D!)!Hsg!/Qsg!*o! 

 Qs{ 
Hsg!/Qsg!>!4/:8!/21: turbulentno strujawe fluida u grani~nom sloju
D>!1/26 o>1/44
5. korak: izra~unavawe Nuseltovog broja

1/36
 8/13 
Ovg!>!1/26!)!4/:8!/21:!*1/44!   >384/46
 3/:9 
6. korak: izra~unavawe koeficijenta prelaza toplote!)α*

λ 6:/: ⋅ 21 −3 X
α!>!Ovg! ⋅ g >!384/46 ⋅ >929/8!
mL 1/3 n3L
⋅ 71 − 31
R= ⋅ 1/6 ⋅ 1/3 ⋅ 3 >765:/7!X
2
929/8

9/33/!Odrediti povr{insku gustinu toplotnog protoka (toplotni fluks) konvekcijom, sa spoqa{we

povr{i vertikalnog zida neke pe}i na okolni prividno miran vazduh stalne temperature!ug>31pD/
Temperatura spoqa{we povr{ine pe}i je!u{>!91pD/!Smatrati!da je strujawe vazduha u grani~nom sloju
turbulentno po celoj visini zida.
U − Ug
r!>! { >///
2
α
1/36
λg  Qs  λg
α!>!Ovg! >!D!/!)!Hsg!/!Qsg!*o!/  G  / >///
mL  Qs{  mL
fizi~ki parametri za vazduh na temperaturi tf = 20oC

X n3 2 2 2
λg!>!3/6:!/21.3! !!!!! νg!>!26/17!/21.7! βg!>! > >!4/52!/21.4!
nL t UG 3:4 L
potrebni kritrijumi sli~nosti:
Qsg!>!1/814 Qs{!>!1/7:3
konstante u kriterijalnoj jedna~ina za prirodnu konvekciju
D>1/26 o>!1/44!! (turbulentno strujawe u grani~nom sloju)
1/44
 β g ⋅ h ⋅ ml4 ⋅ (u { − u g )   Qsg 
1/36
λg
α!>!1/26/  ⋅ Qsg  /! 
 Qs  / ⇒
 υg3  mL
   { 
1/44
 β g ⋅ h ⋅ (u { − u g )   Qsg 
1/36
α!>!1/26/  ⋅ Qsg  /! 
 Qs  /λ
g>
 υg3 
   { 
1/44

4/52⋅ 21 −4
⋅ :/92⋅ (91 − 31)  1/36
α!>!1/26/  ⋅ 1/814  /  1/814  ⋅ 3/6: ⋅ 21−3 !>7/74!
X

 (26/17 ⋅21 ) −7 3 

 1/7:3  n3 L
91 − 31 X
r!>! >4:8/9!
2 n3
7/74

9/34/!Ukupan toplotni protok koji odaje horizontalna ~eli~na cev!)ε>1/86) spoqa{weg pre~nika!et>91
nn!iznosi 611!X. Ako sredwa temperatura spoqa{we povr{i cevi iznosi!U2>91pD-!temperatura mirnog
okolnog vazduha!U3>31pD!i temperatura unutra{we povr{i zidova velike prostorije u kojoj se cev nalazi
U4>26pD!-!odrediti:
a) duìnu cevi
b) ukupan toplotni protok koji odaje ista ova cev kada bi je postavili vertikalno (pretpostaviti da je
strujawe u grani~nom sloju turbulentno po celoj visini cevi)
a)
5 5
 U2   U 

  −  4 

 ⋅  ⋅   ⋅  U − U3  211   211 
 R  >!  R qsfmb{  ,!  R {sb•fokf  > 2 ⋅ M !,!! ⋅M
 ∑  23  23 2 2
e t πα e t π ⋅ D24
⋅
 R 
 Σ
M!>! = ///
  U  5  U  5  

e t πα ⋅ (U2 − U3 ) + D24 ⋅  2  −  4   
  211   211   
X
ε24!>!ε2!>!1/86!)B2!==!B4* D24!>!Dd!ε24!>!6/78!/1/86>!5/37!
n3 L 5
1. korak: fizi~ki parametri za vazduh na temperaturi!ug!>!31pD

X n3 2 2 2
λg!>!3/6:!/21.3! νg!>!26/17!/21.7! !!!!!!βg!>! > >!4/52!/21.4!
nL t UG 3:4 L
ml!>!et!>!91!nn

β g ⋅ h ⋅ mL4 ⋅ )U{ − Ug * 4/52 ⋅ 21 −4 ⋅ :/92 ⋅ 1/19 4 ⋅ )91 − 31*
Hsg!>! !> >!5/65!/217
υ 3g (26/17 ⋅ 21 )
−7 3
Qsg!>1/814 Qs{!>!1/7:3
1/36
 Qs 
4. korak: konstante u kriterijalnoj jedna~ini Ovg!>!D!)!Hsg!/Qsg!*o!  g 
 Qs{ 
Hsg!/Qsg!>!4/2:!/217 laminarno strujawe fluida u grani~nom sloju
D>!1/6 o>1/36


1/36
 1/814 
Ovg!>!1/6!)!4/2:!/217!*1/36!   >32/32
 1/7:3 

λ 3/6: ⋅ 21 −3 X
α!>!Ovg! g >32/32! >!7/98!
. 4
mL 91 ⋅ 21 n3L
611
M!>! >!3/66!n
  464  5  399  5  
1/19π7/98 ⋅ (91 − 31) + 5/37 ⋅   −  
  211   211   
b)
5 5
 U2   U 
 ⋅    − 4 
 R (  > U2 − U3 ⋅ M !,!!  211   211  ⋅ M >///>591!X
  2 2
 ∑
eT π ⋅ α ( eT π ⋅ D24
α′>@
2. korak: ml( >M!>!3/66!n
4/52 ⋅ 21 −4 ⋅ :/92 ⋅ 3/66 4 ⋅ )91 − 31*

3. korak: Hsg′!>! >!2/58!/2122
(3/6: ⋅ 21 )
−3 3
4.korak: Hsg′!/!Qsg!>!2/14!/2122 ⇒ D>!1/26 o>1/44
)turbulentno strujawe fluida u grani~nom sloju du` cele visine cevi)
1/36
 1/814 
5. korak: Ovg′!>!1/26!)!2/14!/2122!*1/44!   >75:/32
 1/7:3 
3/6: ⋅ 21 −3 X
6. korak: α′!>!75:/32! >!7/6:!
3/66 n3L
5 5
 464   399 
⋅
    − 
 R (  > 91 − 31 ⋅ 3/66 !,!!  211   211 
⋅ 3/66 >59:!X
  2 2
 ∑
1/19π ⋅ 7/6: 1/19π ⋅ 5/37

9/35/!Vertikalna cev, visine!M>1/9!n, nalazi se u prividno mirnom vazduhu stalne temperature

Ug>31pD!j!pritiska!q>2!cbs/!Temperatura na grani~noj povr{i cevi je stalna i iznosi U{>91pD/
Odrediti toplotni protok sa cevi na okolni vazduh u laminarnom delu strujawa, turbulentnom delu
strujawa i du` cele cevi.
1. korak: fizi~ki parametri za vazduh na temperaturi!ug!>!31pD

X n3 2 2 2
λg!>!3/6:!/21−3! νg!>!26/17!/21−7! !!!!!!βg!>! > >!4/52!/21−4!
nL t UG 3:4 L
ml!>!M!>!1/9!n

β ⋅ h ⋅ ml4 ⋅ )U{ − Ug * 4/52 ⋅ 21 −4 ⋅ :/92 ⋅ 1/9 4 ⋅ )91 − 31*
Hsg!>! g !> >!5/64!/21:
υ 3g (
26/17 ⋅ 21 −7 3
)
Qsg!>1/814 Qs{!>!1/7:3
1/36
 Qs 
4. korak: konstante u kriterijalnoj jedna~ini Ovg!>!D!)!Hsg!/Qsg!*o!  g 
 Qs{ 
(Hsg ⋅ Qsg )ls >2/21: )kriti~na vrednost proizvoda!Hsg!/Qsg!*
Hsg!/Qsg!>!4/2:!/21:!?! (Hsg ⋅ Qsg )ls prirodno strujawe fluida u grani~nom

sloju do visine M>mls je laminarno a
nakon toga turbulentno
D>1/87-! o>1/36
2 2
mls

=
:
2 ⋅ 21 ⋅ υ 3g 4 
 > (
2 ⋅ 21 : ⋅ 26/17 ⋅ 21 −7)3 4
 >1/65!n
 β g ⋅ h ⋅ )U{ − Ug * ⋅ Qsg   4/52 ⋅ 21 −4 ⋅ :/92 ⋅ )91 − 31* ⋅ 1/814 
   
5. korak: izra~unavawe Nuseltovog broja za laminarnu oblast strujawa

1/36
(Ov g )mbn >!1/87!)!2!/21:!*1/36!  1/814  >246/26
 1/7:3 
6. korak: izra~unavawe koeficijenta prelaza toplote!)αmbn) u laminarnom delu

strujawa.
λg 3/6: ⋅ 21 −3 X
αmbn!>! (Ov g )mbn ⋅ >!135.15 ⋅ >7/59!
mls 1/65 n3L

⋅ 91 − 31
R mbn = ⋅ 1/65 >76/5!X
2
1/2 ⋅ π ⋅ 7/5
oblast turbulentnog strujawa u grani~nom sloju:
ml!>!M!−!mls!>!1/:!−!1/65!>1/47!n
(Hsg ⋅ Qsg )M >4/2:!/21:- (Hsg ⋅ Qsg )ls >2!/21:

1/36
 Qsg 
4. korak: konstante u kriterijalnoj jedna~ini Ovg!>!D!)!Hsg!/Qsg!*o!  
 Qs{ 
Hsg!/Qsg!>!4/2:!/21:!?! (Hsg ⋅ Qsg )ls ⇒ D>1/26-! o>1/44
5. korak: izra~unavawe Nuseltovog broja za turbulentnu oblast strujawa
(Ov g )uvs >! D ⋅ [(Hsg ⋅ Qsg )oM − (Hsg ⋅ Qsg )omls ]⋅ 

1/36
 Qsg 

 Qs{ 
(Ov g )uvs > 1/26 ⋅ (4/2: ⋅ 21 : ) ( )

1/36
1/44 1/44   1/814 
− 2 ⋅ 21 : ⋅
  1/7:3 
>76/3:

6. korak: izra~unavawe koeficijenta prelaza toplote!)αmbn) u turbulentnom

delu strujawa.
λg 3/6: ⋅ 21 −3 X
αuvs!>! (Ov g )uvs ⋅ >!76/3: ⋅ >5/81!
ml 1/47 n3L
⋅ 91 − 31
R uvs = ⋅ 1/47 >42/:!X
2
1/2 ⋅ π ⋅ 5/8
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
 R  = R mbn !,! R uvs >76/5!,!42/:!>:8/4!X
 Σ

9/36/!Toplotni gubici prostorije, u kojoj je potrebno odràvati temperaturu od!29pD-!iznose!2!lX/

Grejawe vazduha u prostoriji se ostvaruje grejnim telima (konvektorima). Ova tela imaju oblik
kvadra!)2111!y!291!y!711!nn*-!i toplotno su izolovana na gorwoj i dowoj osnovi ({rafirani deo na
slici). Temperatura na spoqa{wim povr{ima konvektora je!55pD/!Odrediti potreban broj
konvektora za nadokna|ivawe toplotnih gubitaka prostorije. Zanemariti razmenu toplote zra~ewem.
re{ewe: o>7
291!nn
!711!nn
2111!nn
⋅
9/37/!U horizontalnoj cevi spoqa{weg pre~nika e>231!nn!vr{i se potpuna kondenzacija n >36!lh0i
suvozasi}ene vodene pare pritiska q>211!lQb. Cev se nalazi u velikoj prostoriji i okruèna je
mirnim okolnim vazduhom stalne temperature 31pD. Sredwa temperatura na povr{i zidova prostorije
iznosi 28pD, a sredwa temperatura na spoqa{woj povr{i cevi :8pD. Koeficijent emisije zra~ewa sa
cevi iznosi ε>1/:. Odrediti duìnu cevi.
re{ewe: M>47/23!n

9/38/!Kroz cev unutra{weg pre~nika!e>91!nn!struji transformatorsko uqe sredwe temperature

ug>61pD-!sredwom brzinom!x>1/3!n0t. Temperatura unutra{we povr{i zidova cevi je!u{>36pD/!Ukupno
⋅
razmewen toplotni protok izme|u uqa i unutra{we povr{i cevi iznosi! R >896!X/!Odrediti duìnu
cevi.
M
ug ug
u{
⋅
⋅u − u{ R
R= g ⋅M ⇒ M!>! = ///
2 eπ ⋅ α ⋅ (u g − u { )
eπ ⋅ α
1. korak: fizi~ki parametri za transformatorsko uqe temperaturi ug!>!61pD

X lh 2
λg>1/233! -! ρg>956! -! βg>7:/6/21−6! -
nL 4 L
n
lK
µg>!:/:!/21.4! Qb ⋅ t -! dqg>3/154!
lhL

e3 π
B
ml!>! 5 ⋅ = 5 ⋅ 5 >e>!91!nn
P eπ
ρ g ⋅ x ⋅ mL 956 ⋅ 1/3 ⋅ 1/19

Sfg!>! > >2476/7 )Sf=3411-!laminarno strujawe*
µg :/: ⋅ 21 −4
β g ⋅ h ⋅ mL4 ⋅ )Ug − U{ * ⋅ ρ 3g 7:/6 ⋅ 21 −6 ⋅ :/92 ⋅ 1/19 4 ⋅ )61 − 36* ⋅ 956 3
Hsg> > >7/47!/216 Qsg!>
µ 3g (:/: ⋅ 21 )
−4 3
dqg ⋅ µ g 4
3/154 ⋅ 21 ⋅ :/: ⋅ 21 −4
> >276/9
λg 1/233
d q{ ⋅ µ {
2/:29 ⋅ 21 4 ⋅ 35 ⋅ 21 −4
Qs{!>! >///> >!485/3
λ{ 1/234
fizi~ki parametri za transformatorsko uqe temperaturi u{!>!36pD
X lK
λ{>1/234! -! µ{>!35!/21.4! Qb ⋅ t -! dq{>2/:29!
nL lhL

4. korak: konstante u kriterijalnoj jedna~ini:!!!!!!Ovg> D ⋅ Sfn o q

g ⋅ Qsg ⋅ Hsg ⋅ ε U
1/2: 1/2:
 Qs   276/9 
n>1/44-!!!o>1/54-!!!q>1/2-!!!εU>  g  >  >1/97-!!!D> 1/26 ⋅ ε M
 Qs{   485/3 
M
pretpostavimo: > 61 ⇒ εM>2 ⇒! D>1/26
ml
(
Ov g = 1/26 ⋅ (2476/7 )1/44 ⋅ (276/9 )1/54 ⋅ 7/47 ⋅ 21 6 )1/2
⋅ 1/97 1/36 >56/5
λg 1/233 X
α!>!Ovg! ⋅ >56/5! >!7:/3!
. 4
mL 91 ⋅ 21 n3L
⋅
R 896
M!>! > >2/9!n
eπ ⋅ α ⋅ (u g − u { ) 1/19π ⋅ 7:/3 ⋅ (61 − 36 )
M 2/9
provera pretpostavke: > >33/6!=!61! pretpostavka nije ta~na
mL 1/19
M(
pretpostavimo: >33/6 ⇒ ε M( >2/22
ml
εM 2
M( = M ⋅ > 2/9 ⋅ >2/73!n
ε M( 2/22
M( 2/73
provera pretpostavke: > >31/36!≠!33/6! pretpostavka nije ta~na
ml 1/19
M( (
pretpostavimo: >31/36 ⇒ ε M(( >2/24
ml
εM 2
M(( = M ⋅ > 2/9 ⋅ >2/6:!n
ε M(( 2/24
M( ( 2/6:
provera pretpostavke: > >2:/99!≈!31/36! pretpostavka ta~na !!
ml 1/19
stvarna duìna cevi iznosi M>2/6:!n/

9/39/ Kroz prav kanal, prstenastog popre~nog preseka dimenzija ∅2>910:1!nn, ∅3>3110321!nn,
proti~e voda sredwom brzinom od x>2/3!n0t. Ulazna temperatura vode je Ux2>91pD, a sredwa
temperatura zidova kanala iznosi U{>31pD. Odrediti duìnu cevi na kojoj }e temperatura vode pasti
na Ux3>71pD. Zanemariti prelaz
toplote sa vode na spoqa{wu cev.
Ux2 Ux3
U{

⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
R 23!>!∆ I 23!,! X U23 ⇒ R 23!>! n x /!)!ix3!−!ix2!*!>!///
lK
!ix2!>!445/:! )q>2!cbs-!u>91pD*
lh
lK
ix3!>!362/2! )q>2!cbs-!u>71pD*
lh
⋅ ⋅
 e3 ⋅ π e33 ⋅ π   1/3 3 ⋅ π 1/1: 3 ⋅ π 
nx = ρ x ⋅ x ⋅  4 −  !> :88/9 ⋅ 2/3 ⋅  −  >!3:/5!lh0t
 5 5   5 5 
   
lh
napomena:! ρx>:88/9! 4 -!je gustina vode odre|ena za sredwu
n
U + Ux 3 91 + 71
temperaturu vode u cevi;! Uxts = x2 = >81pD
3 3
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
R 23 = 3:/5 ⋅ (362/2 − 445/: ) >−3574/8!lX ⇒ R !>! R23 >3574/8!lX
⋅
⋅ ∆Uts R
R= ⋅M ⇒ M!>! = ///
2 e3 π ⋅ α ⋅ ∆Uts
e3 π ⋅ α

∆Unby!>!91!−!31!>71pD 91pD
wpeb
∆Unjo!>!71!−!31!>51pD
71pD
71 − 51
∆Uts!>! = 5:/4pD dfw
71 31pD 31pD
mo
51
1. korak: fizi~ki parametri za vodu odre|eni za sredwu temperaturu vode u

U + Ux 3 91 + 71
cevi: Uxts = x2 = >81pD
3 3
X n3
λg>77/9!/21−3!! ! ! υg>1/526/21−7!
nL t

e34 ⋅ π e33 ⋅ π
−
B
ml!>! 5 ⋅ = 5 ⋅ 5 5 = e − e = 311 − :1 >221!nn
4 3
P e 4 ⋅ π − e3 ⋅ π
Qsg!> (Qs )Ug =81p D >3/66- Qs{!> (Qs )U{ =31p D >8/13
x ⋅ mL 2/3 ⋅ 1/22
Sfg!>! = !>!4/29!/216! (turbulentno strujawe)
νg 1/526 ⋅ 21 −7
4. korak: konstante u kriterijalnoj jedna~ini

1/36 1/36
 Qs   3/66 
n>1/9-!!!o>1/54-!!!q>1-!!!εU!>!  g  >  >1/89-!!!!D>1/132!/!εM
Qs
 {  8/13 
M
ml
Ovg!>!1/132!/!)!4/29!/216!*1/9!/!)!3/66!*1/54!/!1/89!>!726/5

λg 77/9 ⋅ 21 .3 X
α!> Ov g ⋅ > 726/5 ⋅ .4
>!4848! 3
mL 221 ⋅ 21 nL
3574/8
M!>! >!58/4!n
:1 ⋅ 21 −4 π ⋅ 4/848 ⋅ 5:/4
M 58/4
provera pretpostavke: > >541!?!61! pretpostavka ta~na
mL 1/22
stvarna duìna cevi iznosi M>58/4!n/
9/3:/!Predajnik toplote se sastoji od cilindri~nog, toplotno izolovanog omota~a, unutra{weg

pre~nika!E>1/5!n!i snopa od!o>66!pravih cevi, spoqa{weg pre~nika!e>41!nn/!Podu`no, kroz
prostor izme|u omota~a i cevi, struji suv vazduh i pritom se izobarno, pri!q>6!NQb!-!hladi od
temperature!Ug2>447!L!ep!Ug3>424!L/ Maseni protok vazduha iznosi n>1/5!lh0t/!Uemperatura na
spoqa{woj povr{i cevi pre~nika e je stalna i iznosi!U{>3:4!L. Odrediti duìnu predajnika
toplote.
E e
⋅
⋅ ∆Uts R
R= ⋅o⋅M ⇒ M= >!///
2 e ⋅ π ⋅ α ⋅ ∆Uts ⋅ o
e⋅ π⋅α

⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
R 23!>!∆ I 23!,! X U23 ⇒ R 23!>! n w ⋅ d qg ⋅ (Ug 3 − Ug2 )
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
! R 23!>! 1/5 ⋅ 2/196 ⋅ (424 − 447) >−:/:9!lX ⇒ R !>! R23 >:/:9!lX
∆Unby!>!447!−!3:4!>!54!L
447!L
wb{evi
∆Unjo!>!424!−!3:4!>!31!L
424!L
54 − 31
∆Uts = !>!41!L
54 dfw
mo 3:4!L 3:4!L
31
M
Ug2 + Ug 3
1. korak fizi~ki parametri za vazduh (q>61!cbs- Ugts = >435/6!L*
3
X lh
λg>4/14/21−3! - ρg>64/84! 4
- µg!>31/74/21−7!Qb/t
nL n
2. korak karakteristi~na duìna ~vrste povr{i

E3 π e3 π
−o⋅ 3 3 3 3
B
ml = 5 ⋅ = 5 ⋅ 5 5 > E − o ⋅ e = 1/5 − 66 ⋅ 1/14 >1/165!n
P Eπ + o ⋅ e π E +o⋅e 1/5 + 66 ⋅ 1/14
3. korak potrebni kriterijumi sli~nosti
Qsg!> (Qs )Ug =435/6L -q=61 cbs >1/849- Qs{!> (Qs )U{ =3:4L -q=61 cbs >1/887
ρ g ⋅ x ⋅ ml 64/84 ⋅ 1/197 ⋅ 1/165

Sfg!>! >!///>! >2/32/215!!!!(turbulentno strujawe)
µg 31/74 ⋅ 21 −7
⋅
⋅  E3 π e 3 π  ng
ng = ρ g ⋅ x ⋅  − o⋅ ⇒ x=
 5 5   E3 π
 e 3 π 
ρg ⋅  −o⋅
 5 5 

1/5 n
x= >1/197!
 1/5 π3
1/14 π 3 t
64/84 ⋅  − 66 ⋅
 5 5 



1/36 1/36
 Qs   1/849 
n>1/9-!!!o>1/54-!!!q>1-!!!εU!>!  G  >  ≈2-!!!!D>1/132!/!εM
 Qs{   1/887 
M
ml

(
Ov g = 1/132 ⋅ 2/32 ⋅ 21 5 )1/9
⋅ (1/849)1/54 >45

λ 4/14 ⋅ 21 −3 X
α = Ov g ⋅ g !>! 45 ⋅ >2:/2!! 3
ml 1/165 nL
R :/:9
M= >! M = >4/47!n
e ⋅ π ⋅ α ⋅ ∆Uts ⋅ o 1/14 ⋅ π ⋅ 2:/2 ⋅ 21 −4 ⋅ 41 ⋅ 66
M 4/47
provera pretpostavke: > >73!?!61! pretpostavka ta~na !!
mL 1/165
stvarna duìna cevi iznosi M>4/47!n/
9/41/ Kroz prav kanal pravougaonog popre~nog preseka proti~e voda brzinom x>2n0t/!Dimenzije
unutra{wih stranica!pravougaonika iznose b>21!nn!i!c>31!nn/!Temperatura vode na ulazu u kanal je
ux2>21pD-!a na izlazu!ux3>81pD/!Temperatura zidova kanala je!u{>211pD>dpotu/!Odrediti:
a) toplotni protok sa zidova kanala na vodu )lX*
b) duìnu kanala
M
voda b
α
U{ Ux>g)!M!*
voda

b*
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
R 23!>!∆ I 23!,! X U23 ⇒ R 23!>! n x /!)!ix3!−!ix2!*!>!///
lK
!ix2!>53! )q>2!cbs-!u>21pD*
lh
lK
ix3!>3:4! )q>2!cbs-!u>81pD*
lh
⋅ ⋅
lh
n x = ρ x ⋅ x ⋅ b ⋅ c !> ::3/3 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 21 ⋅ 21 −4 ⋅ 31 ⋅ 21 −4 >1/3!
t
lh
napomena:! ρx>::3/3! -!je gustina vode odre|ena za sredwu
n4
Ux2 + Ux3 21 + 81
temperaturu vode u cevi;! Uxts = = >51pD
3 3
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
R 23 = 1/3 ⋅ (3:4 − 53) >61/3!lX ⇒ R !>! R23 >61/3!lX
b)
⋅
⋅ ∆U R
R >! ts ⋅ (3b + 3c) ⋅ M ⇒ M!>! >!///
2 α ⋅ ∆Uts ⋅ 3 ⋅ (b + c)
α
∆Unby!>!:1pD {je
∆Unjo!>!41pD 211pD 211pD
:1 − 41 81pD
∆Uts!>! = 65/7pD
:1 wpeb
mo
41 21pD
M

U + Ux3 21 + 81
3 3
X lh n3
λg>74/6!/21−3! !-! ρg!>::3/3! - υg>1/76:/21−7!
nL n4 t
B b ⋅c 1/12 ⋅ 1/13
ml!>! 5 ⋅ = 5⋅ !> 5 ⋅ >24/44!nn
P 3 ⋅ (b + c) 3 ⋅ (1/12 + 1/13)
x ⋅ mL 2 ⋅ 24/24 ⋅ 21 −4
Sfg!>! > >3!/215 (turbulentno strujawe)
νg 1/76: ⋅ 21 −7
4. korak: konstante u kriterijalnoj jedna~ini:

1/36 1/36
 Qs   5/42 
n>1/9-!!!o>1/54-!!!q>1-!!!εU!>  G  >  >2/36-!!!!D>1/132!/!εM
 Qs{   2/86 
M
ml
(
Ov g = 1/132 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 21 5 )
1/9
⋅ (5/42)1/54 ⋅ 2/36 >246/9
λg 74/6 ⋅ 21 .3 X
α!>!Ovg! ⋅ >246/9! ⋅ >!757:/2!
n3L
. 4
mL 24/44 ⋅ 21
61/3
M!>! >!3/48!n
757:/2 ⋅ 21 −4
⋅ 65/7 ⋅ 3 ⋅ (1/12 + 1/13)
M 3/48
provera pretpostavke: > >288/9?!61! pretpostavka ta~na !!
mL 24/44 ⋅ 21 −4
stvarna duìna kanala iznosi M>3/48!n/

9/42/ Dve cevi spoqa{wih pre~nika!e>1/229!n-!od kojih je jedna od wih toplotno izolovana nalaze se
u toplotno izolovanom kanalu kvadratnog popre~nog preseka, unutra{we stranice!b>1/4!m (slika).
Kroz slobodan prostor, pri stalnom pritisku!q>212/436!lQb-!proti~e voda, sredwom brzinom!x>1/3
n0t/!Temperatura vode na ulazu u kanal je!Ug2>3::!L, a iz kanala izlazi voda sredwne temperature
Ug3>418!L/
Temperatura povr{i neizolovane cevi je stalna i iznosi U{>474!L/!Odrediti toplotni protok koji
razmeni voda ca neizolovanom cevi kao i duìnu kanala,
α
e
voda
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
R 23!>!∆ I 23!,! X U23 ⇒ R 23!>! n x /!)!ix3!−!ix2!*!>!///
lK
!ix2!>!21:/1 )q>2!cbs-!u>37pD*
lh
lK
!ix3!>!253/5! )q>2!cbs-!u>45pD*
lh
⋅ ⋅
 e 3 π   1/229 3 π  lh
n x = ρ x ⋅ x ⋅  b3 − 3 ⋅ !> ::6/8 ⋅ 1/3 ⋅  1/4 3 − 3 ⋅ >24/68
 5   5  t
   
lh
napomena:! ρx>::6/8! 4 -!je gustina vode odre|ena za sredwu
n
U + Ux3 37 + 45
temperaturu vode u cevi;! Uxts = x2 = >41pD
3 3
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
R 23 = 24/68 ⋅ (253/5 − 21:/1) >564/3!lX ⇒ R !>! R23 >564/3!lX

⋅
⋅∆Uts R
R= ⋅M ⇒ M!>! !>!///
2 eπ ⋅ α ⋅ ∆Uts
eπ ⋅ α
U
∆Unby!>474!−!3::!>75pD
∆Unjo!>474!−!418!>!67pD cev
474!L 474!L
75 − 67
∆Uts!> = 6:/:pD
75 418!L
mo
67 voda
3::!L
M

U + Ux3 37 + 45
3 3
X lh n3
λg>72/9!/21−3! !-! ρg!>::6/8! - υg>1/916/21−7!
nL n4 t

B 1/179
ml!>! 5 ⋅ >///> 5 ⋅ >1/25!n
P 2/:52
e3π 1/229 3 π
B = b3 − 3 ⋅ !> 1/4 3 − 3 ⋅ >1/179!n3
5 5
P!>! 5 ⋅ b + 3 ⋅ eπ !>! 5 ⋅ 1/4 + 3 ⋅ 1/229 ⋅ π >2/:52!n
x ⋅ mL 1/3 ⋅ 1/25
Sfg!>! > >4/59/215 (turbulentno strujawe)
νg 1/916 ⋅ 21 −7
Qsg!> (Qs )Ug =41p D >6/53- Qs{!> (Qs )U{ =:1p D >2/:6
1/36 1/36
 Qs   6/53 
n>1/9-!!!o>1/54-!!!q>1-!!!εU!>  G  >  >2/3:-!!!!D>1/132!/!εM
 Qs{   2/:6 
M
ml

(
Ov g = 1/132 ⋅ 4/59 ⋅ 21 5 ) 1/9
⋅ (6/53)1/54 ⋅ 2/3: >351/9
λg 72/9 ⋅ 21 .3 X
α!>!Ovg! ⋅ >351/9! ⋅ >!2174!
mL 1/25 n3L
⋅
R 564/3
M!> > >!2:/3!n
eπ ⋅ α ⋅ ∆Uts 1/229 ⋅ π ⋅ 2174 ⋅ 21 −4 ⋅ 6:/:
M 2:/3
provera pretpostavke: > >248/2?!61! pretpostavka ta~na !!
mL 1/25
stvarna duìna cevi iznosi M>2:/3!n/
9/43/!U tolplotno izolovanom kanalu kvadratnog popre~og preseka stranice!b>1/6!n!postavqena je

cev spoqa{weg pre~nika!e>1/3!n/!Kroz kanal struji suv vazduh temperature!ug>41pD-!brzinom!x>9
n0t/!Temperatura zidova kanala iznosi U3>321pD-!a temperatura spoqa{we povr{i cev!U2?U3>@/
Koeficijent emisije zra~ewa cevi iznosi!ε2>1/:6-!a zidova kanala!ε3>1/9/!Smatraju}i da
koeficijenti prelaza toplote )α*!sa obe povr{i (sa cevi na vazduh i sa kanala na vazduh) imaju istu
vrednost, odrediti:
b* temperaturu spoqa{we povr{i cevi
b) ukupan toplotni fluks koji odaje spoqa{wa povr{ cevi
Pri odre|ivawu Nuseltovog broja smatrati da εU!i!εM!iznose!εU>εM>2
α
ε2 ε3 α
U3
Ug
U2

a)
⋅  ⋅ 
toplotni bilans unutra{wih povr{i zidova kanala:  R {sb•okf  =  R qsfmb{ 
 23  3g
5 5
 U2   U 
  −  3 
 211   211  U − Ug
⋅M = 3 ⋅b⋅M ⋅ 5 ⇒
2 2
eπ ⋅ D23 α
5
 U  5b ⋅ α
U2 = 211 ⋅ 5  3  + (U3 − Ug ) ⋅ >!///
 211  eπ ⋅ D23
X
D23!>!Dd!ε23!>//!!/!>!6/78/!1/995!>!6!
n3L 5
2 2 2
ε23!>! > >! >!1/995
2 B2  2  2 eπ ⋅ M  2  2 1/3π  2 
+  
− 2 +  
− 2 +  − 2
ε2 B3  ε3 
 ε 2 5b ⋅ M  ε 3  1/:6 5 ⋅ 1/6  1/9 
1. korak: fizi~ki parametri za vazduh na temperaturi!ug!>41pD

X lh
λg!>!3/78!/21−3!! -! !ρg!>!::3/3! - νg!>!27!/21−7! Qb ⋅ t
nL 4
n

e3π 1/3 3 π
b3 − 1/6 3 −
B 5 !> 5 ⋅ 5 >1/444!n
ml!>! 5 ⋅ = 5 ⋅
P 5 ⋅ b + eπ 5 ⋅ 1/6 + 1/3π
x ⋅ mL 9 ⋅ 1/444
Sfg!>! > >2/77!/216 (turbulentno strujawe)
νg 27 ⋅ 21 −7
Qsg!> (Qs )Ug =41p D >1/812
n>1/9-!!!o>1/54-!!!q>1-!!!εU!>2-!!!!D>1/132!/!εM>1/132

(
Ov g = 1/132 ⋅ 2/77 ⋅ 21 6 )
1/9
⋅ (1/812)1/54 >381/5
λg 3/78 ⋅ 21 .3 X
α!>Ovg! ⋅ >381/5! ⋅ >32/8!
mL 1/444 n3L
5
 594  5 ⋅ 1/6 ⋅ 32/8
U2 = 211 ⋅ 5   + (321 − 41) ⋅ >853!L
 211  1/3 ⋅ π ⋅ 6
b)
5 5
 U2   U 
  −  3 
U − Ug
(
r Σ = r {sb•okf )23 + (rqsfmb{ ) 2g
>
 211 
2
 211 
+ 2
2
eπ ⋅ D23 eπ ⋅ α
5 5
 853   594 
  − 
 211   211  853 − 414 X
rΣ = + >8924/15!,!6:96/66!>!248:9/7!
2 2 n
1/3π ⋅ 6 1/3π ⋅ 32/8
9/44/!Horizontalna cev, spoqa{weg pre~nika!e>41!nn!i duìne!M>6!n, se hladi popre~nom strujom

vode sredwe temperature!ug>21pD/!Voda struji brzinom!x>3!n0t-!pod napadnim uglom od!β>71p/
Temperatura spoqa{we povr{i cevi iznosi!u{>91pD/!Odrediti toplotni protok konvekcijom sa cevi
na vodu.
voda
u{ ug

⋅ u{ − ug
R= ⋅ M >!///
2
e⋅π⋅α
1. korak: fizi~ki parametri za vodu na temperaturi!ug>21pD

X n3
λg!>!68/5!/21.3!! ! !υg!>!2/417!/21−7!
nL t
ml!>!et!>!41!nn
x ⋅ mL 3 ⋅ 1/14
Sfg!>! > >5/6:!/215 (prelazni reìm strujawa)
νg 2/417 ⋅ 21 −7
Qsg!> (Qs )Ug =21p D >:/63- Qs{!> (Qs )U{ =91p D >3/32
1/36 1/36
 Qs   :/63 
n>1/7-!!!o>1/48-!!!q>1-!!!εU!>  G  >  >2/55-
 Qs{   3/32 
D>1/37! εβ>1/37! 1/:4>1/35
/! /! )β>71pD! ⇒ εβ>!1/:4*
Ovg!>!1/35/!)!5/6:!/215!*1/7!/!)!:/63!*1/48!/!2/55!>!5:9/7
λg 68/5 ⋅ 21 .3 X
α!>!Ovg! ⋅ >5:9/7! ⋅ >!:46:/:!
mL 1/14 n3L
⋅ 91 − 21
R= ⋅ 6 >419/86!lX
2
1/14 ⋅ π ⋅ :46:/: ⋅ 21 −4

9/45/!Suvozasi}ena vodena para!)u>291pD*!transportuje se kroz parovod na rastojawe od!M>5!ln/!Parovod

je napravqen od ~eli~nih cevi!)λ2>61!X0nL*-!pre~nika!)∅>211091!nn*!i izolovan je slojem staklene
vune!)λ3>1/15!X0nL*!debqine!δ>:1!nn/!Pra}ewe atmosferskih uslova pokazalo je da:
- maksimalna brzina vetra koji duva normalno na parovod je x>21!n0t
- minimalna temperatura okolnog vazduha je!−21pD
U parovod treba ugraditi kondenzacione lonce na drugom!)3/*!i ~etvrtom!)5/*!kilometru. Ukoliko gubici

zra~ewem iznose!71&!od gubitaka konvekcijom, a koeficijent prelaza toplote sa strane pare koja se
kondenzuje du` celog cevovoda iznosi α2>:111!X0n3L!-!odrediti potreban kapacitet kondenzacionih
lonaca!)lh0t*/!Pri izra~unavawu koeficijenta prelaza toplote sa strane vazduha zanemariti popravku!εU-
tj. smatrati da je!εU>2
razmewen toplotni protok na prva dva kilometra!)M2>3111!n*;
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅

R 2 =  R  +  R  > 2/7 ⋅  R 
  qsfmb{   {sb•fokf   qsfmb{
⋅ Uqbsb − Uwb{evi
R 2 = 2/7 ⋅ ⋅ M2 >!///
2 2 e 2 e 2
+ mo 3 + mo 4 +
e2π ⋅ α 2 3π ⋅ λ 2 e2 3π ⋅ λ 3 e 3 e 4 π ⋅ α 3
1. korak: fizi~ki parametri za vazduh!ob!ufnqfsbuvsj!ug>−21pD

X n3
λg!>!3/47!/21−3! νg!>!23/54/21−7!
nL t
mfl>e4>!1/39!n
3. korak: izra~unavawe potrebnih kriterijuma sli~nosti
x ⋅ mL 21 ⋅ 1/39
Sfg!>! !> >3/36!/216 (turbulentno strujawe)
υg 23/54 ⋅ 21 −7
Qsg!> (Qs )Ug = −21p D >1/823
D>1/134- n>1/9- o>1/5- q>1

(
Ov g = 1/132 ⋅ 3/36 ⋅ 21 6 )1/9
⋅ (1/823)1/5 ⋅ (Hsg )1 ⋅ 2 >495/2
6. korak izra~unavawe koeficijenta prelaza toplote!)α*
λg 3/47 ⋅ 21 −3 X
α = Ov g ⋅ !>! 495/2 ⋅ >43/5!!
mfl 1/39 n3L
⋅ 291 + 21 ⋅
R 2 = 2/7 ⋅ ⋅ 3111 >! R 2 >!258!lX
2 2 211 2 391 2
+ mo + mo +
1/19π ⋅ :111 3π ⋅ 61 91 3π ⋅ 1/15 211 1/39π ⋅ 58/6
⋅
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ R2 258 lh
R 2 = n2 ⋅ s ⇒ n2 = > >1/184!
s 3126 t
napomena: Razmewena toplota na drugom delu cevovoda!)duìne!M3>3!ln) je

identi~na kao na prvom delu cevovoda!)duìne!M2>3!ln*-!pa je i
kapacitet drugog kondenzazcionog lonca jednak kapacitetu prvog
⋅ lh
kondenzacionog lonca-! n3 >1/184!
t
9/46/!Upravno na cev, spoqa{weg pre~nika!e>311!nn!i duìne!M>9!n-!struji suv vazduh temperature

ug>−31pD-!pri!q>212/4!lQb/!Temperatura na spoqa{woj povr{i cevi je konstantna i iznosi u{>291pD/
Odrediti brzinu strujawa vazduha pri kojoj toplotni protok sa cevi na vazduh iznosi 31!lX/
⋅
⋅ u − ug R X
R= { ⋅M ⇒ α!>! !>!31! 3
2 e ⋅ π ⋅ M ⋅ (u { − u g ) nL
e⋅π⋅α
31 X
α!>! !>!31! 3
1/3 ⋅ π ⋅ 9 ⋅ (291 + 31) nL

fizi~ki parametri za vazduh na!ug>−31pD
X lh
λg!>!3/39/21−3!! ! ! νg!>!23/8:/21−7!
nL n4
1/36
 Qs 
ml>1/3!n-! !Qsg!>!1/827-! Qs{!>!1/792- εU>  G 
 >2
 QsB 
λ λ
α!>! Ovg ⋅ = D ⋅ Sfn ⋅ Qso ⋅ Hsq ⋅ ε U ⋅ ⇒
ml ml
2
 m 2 n
Sf!>!  α ⋅ l ⋅  >!///
 λ D ⋅ Qsg ⋅ Hsgq ⋅ ε U
o 
 
predpostavimo da je strujawe vazduha oko cevi turbulentno tj. da vaì:
3/216!=!Sfg!=!2/218 ⇒
D!>1/134/!εβ!>1/134- n!>1/9-!!!o!>1/5-!!!q>1
2
 1/3 2  1/9
Sf>  31 ⋅ ⋅  >9/53/215 pretpostavka neta~na!"
 3/ 39 ⋅ 21 −3
1/ 134 ⋅ 1/ 827 1/5
⋅ 2 
 
predpostavimo da je strujawe vazduha oko cevi preobraàjno tj. da vaì:
2/214!=!Sfg!=!3/216 ⇒
D!>1/37/!εβ!>1/37-!!!n!>1/7-!!!o!>1/48-!!!q>1
2
 1/3 2  1/7
Sf>  31 ⋅ ⋅  >7/49/215 pretpostavka ta~na!"
 3/39 ⋅ 21 −3
1/ 37 ⋅ 1/ 827 1/48
⋅ 2 
 
Sf g ⋅ υ g 7/49 ⋅ 21 5 ⋅ 23/8: ⋅ 21 −7 n
x!>! >! >5/19!
ml 1/3 t

9/47/!Kroz cev od ner|aju}eg ~elika!)!λ>28!X0nL!*-!pre~nika!∅>62y3/:!nn!i duìne!M>3/6!n-!struji

voda!ux!>91pD>dpotu-!!sredwom brzinom!xx>2!n0t. Upravno na cev struji vazduh sredwe temperature
ug>31pD>dpotu-!sredwom brzinom!xg>3!n0t/!Odrediti toplotni protok sa vode na vazduh kao i
temperaturu spoqa{we povr{i cevi ( smatrati da je!εUv!>!εUt!>!2*/
⋅
re{ewe: R >655/3!X- u!>!8:/6pD
9/48/!Dve kvadratne plo~e stranica duìne!b>2!n obrzauju ravnu povr{ (zanemarqive debqine) du`
koje brzinom!x>2!n0t!struji suv vazduh!)u>21pD-!q>2!cbs*/!Odrediti koliko se toplote preda vazduhu
za slede}a tri slu~aja:
a) obe plo~e su stalne temperature u{>231pD
b) prva plo~a je stalne temperature u{>231pD, a druga je adijabatski izolovana
d* prva plo~a je adijabatski izolovana, a druga plo~a je stalne temperature u{>231pD
b b
b*
Sfls ⋅ ν g 6 ⋅ 21 6 ⋅ 25/27 ⋅ 21 −7
ml!>! > >7/:!n
x 2
kako je M>b,b>!3!n! ≤ !mls strujawe vazduha du` cele plo~e je laminarno
n3
napomena: υg!>25/27!/21−7 (vazduh na temperaturi!ug!>21pD)
t

b*
⋅ u{ − ug
R 1−3b >! ⋅ b ⋅ b ⋅ 3 >///
2
α 1−3b

X n3
λg!>!3/62!/21−3! - υg!>25/27!/21−7
nL t
ml!>3b!>3!n
x ⋅ ml 2⋅ 3
Sfg!> = >2/52!/216
υg 25/27 ⋅ 21 −7

1/36 1/36
 Qs   1/816 
n>1/6-!!!o>1/44-!!!q>1 -!!!εU!>!  G  =  >2-!!!D>1/775
 Qs{   1/797 
Ovg!>!1/775/!)!2/52!/216!*1/6!/!)!1/816!*1/44!/!2!>333/28
λg 3/62 ⋅ 21 .3 X
α1−3b!>Ovg!/ >333/28/! >3/8:! 3
mL 3 nL
⋅ 231 − 21
R 1−3b >! ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 >!724/9!X
2
3/8:

b)
⋅ u{ − ug
! R 1−b >! ⋅ b ⋅ b >///
2
α 1 −b

ml!>b!>2!n

x ⋅ ml 2⋅ 2
Sfg!> = −7
>1/8!/216
υg 25/27 ⋅ 21
Ovg!>!1/775/!)!1/8!/216!*1/6!/!)!1/816!*1/44!/!2!>!267/65
λg 3/62⋅ 21.3 X
α1−b!>!Ovg!/ >267/65/! >!4/:4! 3
mL 2 nL
⋅ 231 − 21
R 1−b >! ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2>!543/4!X
2
4/:4
napomena: prikazani su samo oni koraci koji nisu isti kao pod a)
c)
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
R b−3b !>! R 1−3b !−! R 1−b !>!724/9!−!534/4!>292/6!X
napomena: zadatak pod c) se moè re{iti i na slede}i na~in:
⋅ u{ − ug 231 − 21
R b−3b >! ⋅ b ⋅ (M − b) >///> ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2>292/6!X
2 2
α b−M 2/76
(Ov g )b−M > D ⋅ [(Sf g )n1−M − (Sf g )n1−b ]⋅ Qsgo ⋅ ε u
(Ov g )b−M >!1/775/! (2/52 ⋅ 21 6 ) ( )

1/6 1/6 
− 1/8 ⋅ 21 6 /!)!1/816!*1/44!/!2>76/74
 
λg 3/62⋅ 21.3 X
αb−M!>! (Ov g )b−M / >76/74/! >!2/76! 3
mL 2 nL

9/49/ Vazduh temperature!ug>31pD-!struji sredwom brzinom!3/6!n0t preko ravne plo~e duìne!b>6!n!i

{irine!c>2/6!n. Povr{i plo~e se odràvaju na stalnoj temperaturi od u{>:1pD/!Odrediti toplotni
protok sa plo~e na vazduh u laminarnom delu strujawa, turbulentnom delu strujawa kao i ukupni du`
cele plo~e.
mls
vazduh
c
Sfls ⋅ ν g 6 ⋅ 21 6 ⋅ 26/17 ⋅ 21 −7
mls!>! > >4!n
x 3/6
kako je M>b>!6!n!?!mls strujawe vazduha na duìni mls je laminarno a na
duìni M−mls turbulentno
n3
napomena: υg!>26/17!/21−7 (vazduh na temperaturi!ug!>31pD)
t
⋅ u{ − ug
R mbn!>! ⋅ mls ⋅ c >///
2
α mbn
1. korak: fizi~ki parametri zavazduh na temperaturi!ug!>!31pD
X n3
λg!>!3/6:!/21−3! -!!υg!>26/17!/21−7!
nL t

ml!>!mls!>4!n
Sfg!>Sfls>6!/216
Qsg!> (Qs )Ug =31p D >1/814- Qs{!> (Qs )U{ =:1p D >1/7:


1/36 1/36
 Qs   1/814 
n>1/6-!!!o>1/44-!!!q>1 -!!!εU!>!  G  =  >2-!!!D>1/775
 Qs{   1/7: 
Ovg!>!1/775/!)!6!/216!*1/6!/!)!1/814!*1/44!/!2!>!528/:4
6. korak: izra~unavawe koeficijenta prelaza toplote!)αmbn*
λg 3/6: ⋅ 21.3 X
αmbn!>!Ovg!/ >528/:4! >!4/72! 3
mL 4 nL
⋅ :1 − 31
R mbn!>! ⋅ 4 ⋅ 2/6 >2248/3!X
2
4/72
⋅ u{ − ug
R uvs!>! ⋅ (b − mls ) ⋅ c >///
2
α uvs

ml!>!b!−!mls!>3!n
(Sf g )mls >Sfls>6!/216-! (Sf g ) M > x ⋅ M = 3/6 ⋅ 6

>9/4!/216
υg 26/17 ⋅ 21 −7

1/36 1/36
 Qs   1/814 
n>1/9-!!!o>1/54-!!!q>1 -!!!εU!>!  G  =  >2-!!!D>1/148
 Qs{   1/7: 
(Ov g )mls −M > D ⋅ [(Sf g )nM − (Sf g )nls ]⋅ Qsgo ⋅ ε u
(Ov g )mls −M >!1/148/! (9/4 ⋅ 21 6 ) ( )

1/9 1/9 
− 6 ⋅ 21 6 /!)!1/814!*1/54!/!2>687/24
 

6. korak: izra~unavawe koeficijenta prelaza toplote!)αuvs*
λg 3/6: ⋅ 21 .3 X
αuvs> (Ov g )m / >687/24/! >!8/57! 3
ls −M mL 3 nL
⋅ :1 − 31
R uvs!>! ⋅ (6 − 4 ) ⋅ 2/6 >2677/9!X
2
8/57
⋅ ⋅  ⋅ 
R 1−m =  R mbn  +  R uvs  >2248/3!,!2677/9!>3815!X
  1−mls   mls −M
9/4:/!Vertikalnu plo~u (zanemarqive debqine), visine!i>3/5!n!i {irine!b>1/9!n!sa obe strane (u

pravcu kra}e strane) opstrujava vazduh temperature!ug>31pD. Toplotni protok konvekcijom sa plo~e na
vazduh iznosi!6!lX/!Odrediti sredwu brzinu strujawa vazduha, tako da se temperatura na povr{ima
plo~e odràva konstantnom i iznosi u{>81pD, smatraju}i da je strujawe vazduha turbulentno po celoj
plo~i.
i vazduh
⋅
⋅ u − ug R
R >! { ⋅b⋅i⋅3 ⇒ α!>! !>
2 (u { − u g ) ⋅ b ⋅ i ⋅ 3
α
6111 X
α!>! !>37! 3
(81 − 31) ⋅ 1/9 ⋅ 3/5 ⋅ 3 nL
1. korak: fizi~ki parametri zavazduh na temperaturi!ug!>!31pD

X n3
λg!>!3/6:!/21−3! -!!υg!>26/17!/21−7!
nL t


ml!>!b!>1/9!n
Qsg!> (Qs )Ug =31p D >1/814- Qs{!> (Qs )U{ =81p D >1/7:5

1/36 1/36
 Qs   1/814 
n>1/9-!!!o>1/54-!!!q>1 -!!!εU!>!  G  =  >2-!!!D>1/148
 Qs{   1/7:5 
ml 1/9
Ov g = α ⋅ = 37 ⋅ >914/1:
λg 3/6: ⋅ 21 −3
5. korak: izra~unavawe Rejnoldsovog broja
2
 Ov g n
Ovg> D ⋅ Sfn o q
g ⋅ Qsg ⋅ Hsg ⋅ ε U ⇒ Sfg!>!  
 D ⋅ Qs o ⋅ Hs q ⋅ ε 
 g g U 
2
 914/1:  1/9
Sfg!>!   > 4/295 ⋅ 21 6
 1/148 ⋅ 1/814 1/54 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 
 
Sf g ⋅ υ g 4/295 ⋅ 21 6 ⋅ 26/17 ⋅ 21 −7 n
x!>! = !>!7!
ml 1/9 t
9/51/!Vaqanu, vertikalnu bakarnu plo~u, visine!3/3!n!i {irine!1/:!m sa obe strane opstrujava vazduh
sredwe temperature!31pD-!sredwom brzinom!7!n0t. Sredwe temperature obe povr{i plo~e iznose
81pD-!a zidova velike prostorije u kojoj se plo~a nalazi!31pD/!Odrediti toplotni protok koji se
odvodi sa plo~e (debqinu plo~e zanemariti) ako se strujawe vr{i u pravcu kra}e strane.
⋅ ⋅  ⋅ 
re{ewe:!!!!!!!  R  >  R qsfmb{  ,  R {sb•fokf  >!3126/7!,!:23/4!>!3:83/:!X
 ∑  23  24

9/52/!Iznad horizontalne ravne betonske plo~e, duìne M>3!n, toplotno izolovane sa dowe strane,
suv vazduh stawa (q>2!cbs-!Ug>394!L) proti~e brzinom x>4!n0t. Ako se pod dejstvom toplotnog
zra~ewa, na gorwoj povr{i plo~e ustali temperatura U{>434!L, odrediti povr{inski toplotni
protok (toplotni fluks) tog zra~ewa i grafi~ki predstaviti raspored temperatura u betonskoj plo~i
i okolnom vazduhu.
rep{sb•fop
Ug U{
vazduh, x>4!n0t rtpqtuw/{sb•fokf rsfgmflupwbop

α
U{>dpotu
toplotni bilans ozra~ene povr{i:
r ep{sb•fop = rsfgmflupwbop + r bqtpscpwbop

5
 U{ 
 
U{ − U3 U2 − Ug  211 
r ep{sb•fop = r ep{sb•fop ⋅ (2 − ε ) + + +
δ 2 2
λ α ε ⋅ Dd
  U{ 
5 
   
2  U − Ug  211  
r ep{sb•fop > ⋅  { +  >///
ε  2 2 
 α ε ⋅ Dd 
 
ε!>!L!/!εo!>!1/:9!/!1/:5!>!1/:3
α!>!@


X n3
λg!>!3/62!/21−3! - υg!>25/27!/21−7
nL t
ml!>M!>3!n
x ⋅ ml 4⋅3
Sfg!> = >5/35!/216
υg 25/27 ⋅ 21 −7
Qsg!> (Qs )Ug =21p D >1/816- Qs{!> (Qs )U{ =231p D >1/7:9

1/36 1/36
 Qs   1/816 
n>1/6-!!!o>1/44-!!!q>1 -!!!εU!>!  G  =  >2-!!!D>1/775
 Qs{   1/7:9 
Ovg!>!1/775/!)!5/35!/216!*1/6!/!)!1/816!*1/44!/!2!>496/37
λg 3/62 ⋅ 21 .3 X
α!>Ovg!/ >496/37/! >5/95! 3
mL 3 nL
  U{ 
5    434  
5
      
2  U − Ug  211   2  434 − 394  211   X
r ep{sb•fop > ⋅  { + > ⋅ +  >938/7! 3
ε  2 2  1/:3  2 2  n
 α ε ⋅ Dd   5/95 1/:3 ⋅ 6/78 
   

⋅
9/53/!U istosmernom razmewiva~u toplote tipa cev u cevi!zagreva se! n f>2611!lh0i!etanola!od
U2>21pD!to!U3>41pD/!Grejni fluid je suvozasi}ena vodena para!q>1/23!cbs!koja se u procesu razmene
toplte sa etanolom potpuno kondenzuje. Etanol proti~e kroz cev a para se kondenzuje u anularnom
prostoru. Unutra{wi pre~nik unutra{we cevi iznosi!e>211!nn/!Zanemaruju}i toplotni otpor
prelaza sa pare na cev, toplotni otpor provo|ewa kroz cev kao i toplotne gubitke u okolinu odrediti:
a) maseni protok grejne pare
b) duìnu cevi
b*
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
R 23!>!∆ I 23!,! X U23 ⇒ I 2!>! I 3
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
nq ⋅ i2 + nf ⋅ d qf ⋅ U2 = nq ⋅ i3 + nf ⋅ d qf ⋅ U3
2611
⋅ 3/56 ⋅ (41 − 21)
⋅
⋅ nf ⋅ d qf ⋅ (U3 − U2 ) lh
nq = > 4711 >9/67!/21−3!
i2 − i3 3495 t
lK
!i2>36:2 )i′′-!!q>1/23!cbs*
lh
lK
!i3>318! )i′-!!!q>1/23!cbs*
lh
lK
dqf>3/56! specifi~ni toplotni kapacitet etanola odre|en za sredwu
lhL
21 + 41
temperaturu etanola: Uf!>! = 31pD
3
b)
⋅
⋅ ∆UTS R sb{
R sb{ = ⋅M ⇒ M!>! !>///
2 l ⋅ ∆Uts
l
⋅
R sb{!−!interno razmewena toplota u razmewiva~u izme|u pare i etanola
l!−!koeficijent prolaza toplote sa pare na etanol
∆Uts!−!sredwa logaritamska razlika temperatura izme|u pare i etanola

para-!i2 ⋅ para-!i3
R sb{
etanom-!U2 etanol-!U3
prvi zakon termodinamike za proces u otvorenom termodinami~kom sistemu ograni~enom

⋅ ⋅ ⋅
konturom K: R sb{!>!∆ I 23!,! X U23
⋅ ⋅
R sb{!> nq ⋅ (i2 − i3 ) = 9/67 ⋅ 21 −3 ⋅ (36:2 − 318) >315/18!lX
U
∆Unby!>5:/26!−!21>!4:/26pD
∆Unjo!>5:/26!−!41!>!2:/26pD para
5:/26 5:/26
4:/26 − 2:/26
∆Uts!> = 39/4pD
4:/26 41
mo
2:/26
etanom
21
M
2 2 2 e 2
= + mo 3 + ⇒ l> e2 ⋅ π ⋅ α >///
l e3 π ⋅ α Q 3π ⋅ λ e3 e2π ⋅ α f
2
!!!!−!!toplotni otpor prelaza sa strane pare, zanemaren uzadatku
e3 π ⋅ α Q
2 e
⋅ mo 3 !−!toplptni otpor provo|ewa kroz cev, zanemaren u zadatku
3π ⋅ λ e3
2
!!!!−!!toplotni otpor prelaza sa strane etanola
e2π ⋅ α f
αf!>!@

1. korak: fizi~ki parametri za etanol odre|eni za sredwu temperaturu

U + Uf3 21 + 41
etanola u cevi: Ufts = f2 = >31pD
3 3
X lh
λg!>!1/294!! ! ! ρg!>!89:! 4
nL n
lK
µg!>!2/2:!/21−4! Qb ⋅ t dqg!>!3/56!
lhL

e23 ⋅ π
B
ml!>! 5 ⋅ = 5 ⋅ 5 >e2>211!nn
P e2 ⋅ π
dqg ⋅ µ g 3/56 ⋅ 21 4 ⋅ 2/2: ⋅ 21 −4

Qsg!> > >26/:4
λg 1/294
d q{ ⋅ µ { 3/92 ⋅ 21 4 ⋅ 1/7:6 ⋅ 21 −4
Qs{!> >///> >21/:8
λ{ 1/289
µ{-!λ{-!dq{ fizi~ki parametri etanola na temperaturi!U{>5:/26pD

X lK
µ{!>!1/7:6!/21−4! Qb ⋅ t ! λ{!>!1/289! ! dq{!>!3/92!
nL lhL
ρ g ⋅ x ⋅ mL 89: ⋅ 7/8 ⋅ 21 −3 ⋅ 1/2
Sfg!> >!///> >!5553/4!!!!!prelazni reìm strujawa
µg 2/2: ⋅ 21 −4
⋅ 2611
5⋅
5 ⋅ nF 4711 >7/8!/21−3! n
x!>! >
3
ρ g ⋅ e2 ⋅ π 89: ⋅ 1/23 ⋅ π t

1/36 1/36
 Qs   26/:4 
n>1-!!!o>1/54-!!!q>1-!!!εU!>!  g  >  >2/2-!!!!D>L1>//!/>24/9
 Qs{   21/:8 
L1!>g!)!Sf!*>!24/9
Ovg!>24/9!/)!26/:4!*1/54!/!2/2!>!61

λg 1/294 X
αf!>!Ovg! ⋅ >61! ⋅ . 4
>!:2/6 3
mL 211 ⋅ 21 nL
X
l> e2 ⋅ π ⋅ α f> 1/2 ⋅ π ⋅ :2/4 >39/86!
nL
⋅
R sb{ 315/18
M!>! !> >!362!n
l ⋅ ∆Uts 39/86 ⋅ 21 .4 ⋅ 39/4
9/54/!U kqu~alu vodu pritiska!q>21!cbs-!koja pri konstantnom pritisku isparava u proto~nom kotlu,
potopqeno je 31 pravih cevi, unutra{weg pre~nika!e>:6!nn/!Kroz cev !)pri konstantnom pritisku,
q>2!cbs*-!brzinom!xg>7!n0t-!struji dimni gas!)sDP3>1/24-!sI3P>1/22-!sO3>1/87*/!Temperatura gasa na
ulazu u cevi je!571pD-!a na izlazu iz wih!371pD/!Ako se zanemari toplotni otpor provo|ewa kroz
zidove cevi kao i toplotni otpor prelaza sa cevi na kqu~alu vodu odrediti:
a) koli~inu vode koja ispari u kotlu )lh0t*
b) !potrebnu duìnu cevi
b*
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
R 23!>!∆ I 23!,! X U23 ⇒ I 2!>! I 3
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
n x ⋅ i2 + neh ⋅ d qeh ⋅ U2 = n x ⋅ i3 + neh ⋅ d qeh ⋅ U3
⋅
⋅ neh ⋅ d qeh ⋅ (U2 − U3 ) 1/59 ⋅ 2/25 ⋅ (571 − 371) lh
nx = >///> >6/54!/21−3!
i3 − i2 3126/4 t
⋅ e3 π 1/1:6 3 ⋅ π lh
n eh = ρ eh ⋅ x ⋅ ⋅ o = 1/673 ⋅ 7 ⋅ ⋅ 31 >1/59!
5 5 t
lK lh
dqeh>2/25! ! specifi~ni toplotni kapacitet i gustina dimnnog ρeh>1/673! 4
lhL n
gasa odre|eni za sredwu temperaturu dimnog gasa: Uf!>
571 + 371
= 471pD
3
lK
!i2>!873/8 )i′-!!q>21!cbs*
lh
lK
!i3>3889! )i′′-!!!q>21!cbs*
lh

b)
⋅
⋅ ∆UTS R sb{
R sb{ = ⋅M ⇒ M!>! !>///
2 l ⋅ ∆Uts
l
⋅
R sb{!−!interno razmewena toplota u razmewiva~u izme|u dimnog gasa i vode
l!−!koeficijent prolaza toplote sa dimnog gasa na vodu
∆Uts!−!sredwa logaritamska razlika temperatura izme|u dimnog gasa i vode
dimni gas gas-!U2 ⋅

dimni gas-!U3
R sb{
voda-!i2 para-!i3

⋅ ⋅ ⋅
ograni~enom konturom K: R sb{!>!∆ I 23!,! X U23
⋅ ⋅
R sb{!> n eh ⋅ d qeh (U2 − U3 ) = 1/59 ⋅ 2/25 ⋅ (571 − 371) >21:/55!lX
U
∆Unby!>571!−291>!391pD
∆Unjo!>371!−!291!>!91pD 571
371
391 − 91 dimni gas
∆Uts!> = 26:/76pD
391
mo
91 voda
291 291

2 2 2 e 2
= + mo 3 + ⇒ l> e2 ⋅ π ⋅ α eh>///
l e3 π ⋅ α x 3π ⋅ λ e3 e2π ⋅ α eh
2
!!!!−!!toplotni otpor prelaza sa strane vode, zanemaren uzadatku
e3 π ⋅ α x
2 e
⋅ mo 3 !−!toplptni otpor provo|ewa kroz cev, zanemaren u zadatku
3π ⋅ λ e3
2
!!!!−!!toplotni otpor prelaza sa strane dimnog gasa
e2π ⋅ α eh
αeh!>!@
1. korak: fizi~ki parametri za dimni gas odre|eni za sredwu temperaturu

Ueh2 + Ueh3 571 + 371
dimnog gasa: Uehts = = >471pD
3 3
X lh
λg!>!6/47!/21−3!! ! ! ρg!>!1/673! 4
nL n
lK
µg!>!41/4!/21−7! Qb ⋅ t dqg!>!2/24:!
lhL

e23 ⋅ π
B
ml!>! 5 ⋅ = 5 ⋅ 5 >e2>:6!nn
P e2 ⋅ π
ρ g ⋅ x ⋅ mL 1/673 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 1/1:6
Sfg!> !> >21683
µg 41/4 ⋅ 21 −7

U 564
n>1-!!!o>1/54-!!!q>1-!εU!>2/38!−!1/38 ⋅ { >2/38!−!1/38 ⋅ >2/188-
Ug 744
M
predpostavimo ! ?61! ⇒ εM>!2 ⇒ D>1/132 D>1/132!/!εM!>1/132
mL

Ovg!>1/132/!)21683!*1/9!/)!1/75!*1/54!/2/188>41/:4
λg 6/47 ⋅ 21 .3 X
αeh!>!Ovg! ⋅ >41/:4 ⋅ .4
>28/56! 3
mL :6 ⋅ 21 nL
X
l> e2 ⋅ π ⋅ α eh> 1/1:6 ⋅ π ⋅ 28/56 >!6/32!
nL
⋅
R 21:/55
M!>! = >!7/7!n
l ⋅ ∆Uts ⋅ o 6/32 ⋅ 21 −4 ⋅ 26:/76 ⋅ 31
M
provera pretpostavke iz 4. koraka:! ?61
mL
M 7/7
> >7:/6!?61!! ⇒ pretpostavka je ta~na
mL 1/1:6
⋅
9/55/!U razmewiva~u toplote sa suprotnosmerim tokom fluida zagreva W >7111!n40i!se )!pri!q>212/4
lQb-!u>1pD*!vazduha (ideala gas) od po~ete temperature!U2>!51pD!do krajwe temperature!U3>91pD-
pomo}u vode temperature!Ux2>:1pD. Procewena vrednost koeficijenta prolaza toplote iznosi!l>611
X0)n3L). Ukupna povr{ina za razmenu toplote iznosi!B>29!n3/!Odrediti maseni protok vode!)lh0t*/
voda-!Ux2 ⋅
voda-!Ux3
R sb{
vazduh-!U2 vazduh-!U3
⋅ 7111
⋅ 212/4 ⋅ 214 ⋅
q⋅W 4711 >3/27! lh
n wb{evi = >
Sh ⋅ U 398 ⋅ 384 t


⋅ ⋅ ⋅
ograni~enom konturom K: R sb{!>!∆ I 23!,! X U23
⋅ ⋅
R sb{!> n w ⋅ d qw (U3 − U2 ) = 3/27 ⋅ 2 ⋅ (91 − 51) >97/5!lX
⋅
⋅ ∆UTS R sb{ 97/5
R sb{ = ⋅B ⇒ ∆Uts !>! > !>!:/7pD
2 l ⋅ B 1/6 ⋅ 29
l
:1pD
∆Uts =
(:1 − 91) − (Ux3 − 51) voda
:1 − 91
mo
Ux3 − 51 91pD
Ux3!>!@
@
vazduh
51pD
pretpostavimo!ux3>71pD ⇒ ∆Uts >25/5pD (nije ta~no!)
pretpostavimo!ux3>59pD ⇒ ∆Uts >9/:pD (nije ta~no!)
pretpostavimo!ux3>5:pD ⇒ ∆Uts >:/6pD (ta~no!)

⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
R 23!>!∆ I 23!,! X U23 ⇒ I 2!>! I 3
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
n x ⋅ i x2 + n w ⋅ d qw ⋅ U2 = n x ⋅ i x3 + n w ⋅ d qw ⋅ U3
⋅
⋅ n w ⋅ d qw ⋅ (U3 − U2 ) 3/27 ⋅ 2 ⋅ (91 − 51) lh
nx = > >1/6!
i x2 − i x3 488 − 31:/4 t
lK
ix2>488/1! )q>2!cbs-!Ux2>:1pD*
lh
lK
ix3>31:/4! )q>2!cbs-!Ux3>5:pD*
lh

Termodinamika-Zbirka (Ciganovic)

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Termodinamika-Zbirka (Ciganovic)

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zbirka zadataka iz termodinamike strana 1

2/2/ Vazduh (idealan gas), 2)q2>3!cbs-!w2>1/5416!n40lh*!kvazistati~ki (ravnote`no) mewa stawe do

dipl.ing. @eqko Ciganovi} {fmlp@fvofu/zv

dipl.ing. @eqko Ciganovi} {fmlp@fvofu/zv

dipl.ing. @eqko Ciganovi} {fmlp@fvofu/zv

Pri temperaturi toplotnog izvora UB>!62:/72!L!promena entropije sistema ima minimalnu

 U q d q (62:/72 − U2 ) d q (U3 − 62:/72) 

dipl.ing. @eqko Ciganovi} {fmlp@fvofu/zv

prvi zakon termodinamike za proces od 1 do 2

dipl.ing. @eqko Ciganovi} {fmlp@fvofu/zv

2/6/!Dvoatomni idealan gas )o>3!lnpm* ekspandira kvazistati~ki adijabatski od U2>711!L!do!U3>411!L a

X23 = n ⋅ x 23 = n ⋅ d w (U2 − U3 ) = o ⋅ )Nd w * ⋅ (U3 − U2 )

X23 = 3 ⋅ 31/9 ⋅ (411 − 711) >−23591!lK

R 34 = n ⋅ r34 = n ⋅ dq (U4 − U3 ) = o ⋅ )Ndq * ⋅ (U4 − U3 )

R 34 = 3 ⋅ 3:/2 ⋅ (361 − 411) >!−3:21!lK

drugi zakon termodinamike za proces 1−2:

dipl.ing. @eqko Ciganovi} {fmlp@fvofu/zv

prvi zakon termodinamike za proces 1−2

X23!>! −3296/37 − 21 ⋅ 1/76 ⋅ (411 − 834 ) >676/35!lK

prvi zakon termodinamike za proces od 1 do 2

drugi zakon termodinamike za proces od 1 do 2

dipl.ing. @eqko Ciganovi} {fmlp@fvofu/zv

zadaci za ve`bawe: )2/9/!−!2/21/*

2/9/ 3 mola troatomnog idealnog gasa stawa )q>:!cbs-!U>484!L*!kvazistati~ki (ravnote`no) politropski

dipl.ing. @eqko Ciganovi} {fmlp@fvofu/zv

dipl.ing. @eqko Ciganovi} {fmlp@fvofu/zv

prvi zakon termodinamike za proces 2B3:! )R 23 * B = ∆V23 + )X23 * B !!!!!)3*

oduzimawem prethodne dve jedna~ine )2* i )3*!!dobija se:

)R23 * B = )X23 * B − )X23 *C , )R 23 *C >211!−!71!,!31!>!71!lK

prvi zakon termodinamike za proces 2−3:! R 23 = ∆V23 + X23

b> 2 ⋅ 398 ⋅ 434 >:3812

:3812⋅ q33 + 3/88 ⋅ 2122 ⋅ q 3 − 2/97 ⋅ 2128 = 1 ⇒

dipl.ing. @eqko Ciganovi} {fmlp@fvofu/zv

 W 4968 4968   1/3 4968 4968 

prvi zakon termodinamike za proces 2−3: R 23 = ∆V23 + X23

R23>! 1/13 ⋅ 31/9 ⋅ (468/63 − 378/24 ) − 86/53 >−49/36!lK

dipl.ing. @eqko Ciganovi} {fmlp@fvofu/zv

2/25/ Dvoatomnan idealna gas )o>3!lnpm* kvazistati~ki mewa stawe od 2)U>411!L-!q>2!cbs*!do

prvi zakon termodinamike za proces 2−3: R 23 = ∆V23 + X23

R23>! 3 ⋅ 31/9 ⋅ (:11 − 411) − 711 >!35471!lK

dipl.ing. @eqko Ciganovi} {fmlp@fvofu/zv

Oduzimawem pretnodne dve jedna~ine dobija se:

Postupak grafi~kiog predstavqawa promene entropije sistema zasnovan je na jednakosti

1. linije kojom predstavqamo promenu stawa radnog tela

2. linije kojom predstavqamo promene stawa toplotnog ponora

Obe ove povr{ine predstavqaju razmewenu toplotu izme|u

dipl.ing. @eqko Ciganovi} {fmlp@fvofu/zv

zadaci za ve`bawe: )2/27/!−!2/28/*

dipl.ing. @eqko Ciganovi} {fmlp@fvofu/zv

2/29/ Vazduh (idealan gas) stawa 2)q2>23!cbs-!U2>366pD* ekspandira nekvazistati~ki adijabatski sa

dipl.ing. @eqko Ciganovi} {fmlp@fvofu/zv

2/2:/ Kompresor proizvo|a~a B radi izme|u pritisaka qnjo!>2!cbs!i qnby>!:!cbs. Kompresor

Sa termodinami~kog aspekta kvalitetniji je ona kompresija kod koje je

1. na~in: ve}i stepen dobrote adijabatske kompresije

dipl.ing. @eqko Ciganovi} {fmlp@fvofu/zv

Deqewem prethodne jedna~ina (1) i (2) dobija se:

Po{to je koli~nik stepena dobrote ve}i od 1 to zna~i da je stepen dobrote

(∆t tj )B < (∆t tj )C ⇒ kompresor proizvo|a~a A je kvalitetniji

dipl.ing. @eqko Ciganovi} {fmlp@fvofu/zv

2/31/!Pet kilograma kiseonika (idealan gas) ekspandira nekvazistati~ki politropski po zakonu

dipl.ing. @eqko Ciganovi} {fmlp@fvofu/zv

o−κ 2/32 − 2/5

dipl.ing. @eqko Ciganovi} {fmlp@fvofu/zv

)R23 * B = )X23 * B − )X23 C , )R 23 C >211!−!71!,!31!>!71!lK